Conference Session

Pre-College: Fundamental Research in Engineering Education (1)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emilie A Siverling, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Elizabeth Suazo-Flores, Purdue University; Corey A Mathis, California State University, Bakersfield; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Kyle Stephen Whipple, University of Minnesota

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

as part of the evidence and justification of their design ideas and solutions. Inthis paper, the focus is on the contexts that seem to prompt students to state instances of EBR. Inknowing this, we will have a better idea of scaffolds for EBR that can be explicitly integratedinto curricula and what situations teachers can observe for EBR. Thus, this study proposes theresearch question: What initiates the need for middle school students to use evidence-basedreasoning while they are generating a solution to an engineering design problem in a STEMintegration unit?Conceptual frameworkThe STEM integration framework21 is the conceptual framework underlying the larger project ofwhich this EBR study is part. According to this model of STEM

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Prins, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

realobject. Based on free responses it can be said that some students appreciated the link betweentheory and practice. The activity has gained interest at the author’s institution where two additional instructorshave adopted it. It is anticipated that it will evolve as a result of broader deployment.Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the James Madison University Quality Collaborative project,funded by Lumina Foundation.References[1] S. D. Sheppard and B. H. Tongue, Statics Analysis and Design of Systems in Equilibrium (revisd edition), Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.[2] F. P. Beer, E. R. Johnston, Jr., D. F. Mazurek, P. J. Cornwell and B. P. Self, Vector Mechanics for Engineers (11th edition), New York, NY: McGraw

Conference Session

Mechanics, Music, Meaning, and Mohr

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig M. Shillaber, Northeastern University; Joseph E Dove P.E., Virginia Tech; James K. Mitchell, Virginia Tech; Cristopher D. Moen; Victoria A Mouras P.E., Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

classbreaks into small discussion sections where students write and present on civil engineeringprojects and topics while experiencing their new profession first-hand through faculty-led fieldtrips. A specific sustainability module was added to CEE 2804 beginning in the Fall 2013 term.Prior to Fall 2013, CEE 2804 primarily focused on civil engineering as a profession and the CEEcurriculum requirements.Sophomore CEM students take CNST 2104-Introduction to Constructing Engineering andManagement. CNST 2104 focuses on CEM as a profession and the CEM curriculumrequirements. Students in CNST 2104 complete a semester design project addressing aninfrastructure need in a developing country, and receive a lecture and an assignment aboutsustainability

Conference Session

Student Division Development of Professional Skills Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan David Ortega, Purdue University, West Lafayette / Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Colombia; Ruth A. Streveler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Audeen W. Fentiman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Harsh Wardhan Aggarwal, Purdue University; Sayan Biswas, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University; Brandon S Coventry, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University; Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University; Abdel-Rahman Hassan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Margaret L McNamara, Purdue University; Smirti Nandan Paul, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Student

) “I have a solid mentorship experience as a graduate student as I have trained multiple undergrads and graduate students in my lab for different research projects. So, I think I would be able to do this well in my job as a faculty member.” Harsh (reflection) “Next [to teaching and research] is the planning for mentoring graduate students which, in my opinion, is the most fulfilling aspect of the faculty's job.” Hassan (reflection)Arguably, Hassan is intrinsically motivated towards mentoring and weighs it as important as teaching andresearch. From the students

Conference Session

Diversity and Inclusion

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Haskett, Georgia Southern University; Jonathan C. Hilpert, Georgia Southern University; Jenefer Husman, University of Oregon

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineering Education, and is a member of the editorial board of Learning and Instruction. In 2006 she was awarded the U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER grant award and received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the President of the United States. She has conducted and advised on educational research projects and grants in both the public and private sectors, and served as an external reviewer for doctoral dissertations outside the U.S. She publishes regularly in peer-reviewed journals and books. Dr. Husman was a founding member and first President of the Southwest Consortium for Innovative Psychology in Education and has held both elected and appointed offices in the American

Conference Session

Software Engineering Concepts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Goswami, North Dakota State University; Gursimran Singh Walia, North Dakota State University; Ganesh Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Mark E McCourt, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

grant funding over his career from NIH, NSF, AFOSR, and other sources. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Improving the Requirements Inspection Abilities of Computer Science Students through Analysis of their Reading and Learning Styles1. IntroductionDue to the complex nature of software development process, there is an increasing demand forskilled software engineers that is expected to grow more in future [1]. Students are expected tograduate with the necessary skillset for pursuing their careers in software industry. However,research [2] reports that students in academic settings mostly work on small scale projects andlack an exposure to industrial strength artifacts as well as team

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Miertschin, University of Houston, College of Technology (MERGED MEMBERSHIP WITH COE); Barbara Louise Stewart, University of Houston; Carole E. Goodson, University of Houston (CoT)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

deliver thequestionnaire. In general, Blackboard was the exclusive delivery interface for the online coursesand supplemented delivery for the hybrid and face-to-face courses.Table 1: Courses Used for Survey AdministrationFormat Level Course NameFace-to-Face Sophomore Information Systems ApplicationsFace-to-Face Junior Integrated Information SystemsOnline Junior Visual MerchandisingFace-to-Face Senior Database Admin. & ImplementationOnline Senior Research Concepts in HDCSFace-to-Face Senior Project Management & PracticeOnline/Hybrid

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

should be applied (e.g. DAST, SAST, IAST).  New hires need to understand technical capabilities to so that they understand why we care and how we prevent the vulnerabilities/threat associated with it.  It is surprising that even seasoned software and application developers don’t understand the basics of vulnerabilities, false positives and how to clean their code. This is a serious problem. 12. What security touchpoints does your company use to ensure security in developed products?  Proper project management and security milestones in the SDLC is very important. Best practices and industry standards are available however most developers don’t know they should have the proper tools to scan their own code for vulnerabilities and make

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Maher E. Rizkalla P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Mangilal Agarwal, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

participants Pre/post Students report changes in their career interests and academic S-STEM pathways?Participant OverviewDuring the summer of 2015, ten high school teachers (nine female and one male) from the localuniversity’s urban school districts spent six weeks on the university campus involved in variousareas of nanotechnology research. In the subsequent school year, they integrated some aspect ofnanotechnology into their course. Six of the teachers had five years or less of teachingexperience and four of the teachers had six to ten years of previous teaching experience.Participants were primarily female (n = 9). Teachers taught courses in astronomy, biology,biomedical sciences (through Project Lead the Way), chemistry, and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aneet Dharmavaram Narendranath, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

results.Homework assignments, examinations, end of semester design problem/project and student exitsurveys are used as metrics to check efficacy of pedagogy. This course on finite element methodstargets ABET criteria a,b,e,g,i,k.Paper OutlineThis paper describes (i) analytical mathematical techniques, viz., solution of differential equationsby the method of variables separable and Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals and (ii)computational tools, viz, MATLAB and its partial differential equations toolbox (pdetool) for anundergraduate elective course in finite element methods.In this paper, an introduction, literature review and brief philosophy of this study and the classdemographics are first described. A skill assessment exam is conducted to

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina S. Morton, University of Michigan ; Selyna Beverly, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Understanding the Discipline of Engineering

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory L. Heileman, University of New Mexico; Michael Hickman; Ahmad Slim; Chaouki T. Abdallah, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

object oriented programs. In Conference on Object- Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA), 1987. 4 D. Bland and D. Kumar. Patterns of curriculum design. In L. Cassel and R. Reis, editors, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology: Informatics Curricula and Teaching Methods. Springer, 2003. 5 J. J. Duderstadt. Engineering for a changing world: A roadmap to the future of engineering practice, research, and education. Technical report, The Millennium Project, The University of Michigan, 2008. 6 P. D. Galloway. The 21st-Century Engineer: A Proposal for Engineering Education Reform. ASCE Press, Reston, VA, 2013. 7 E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, and J. Vlissides. Design

Conference Session

Student Division Diversity and Persistence Related Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Blake Gegenheimer, Louisiana State University STEP ; Charles Algeo Wilson IV, Louisiana State University; Adrienne Steele, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

education. Currently, Adrienne works at Louisiana State University, managing all aspects of the STEP project that consists of a large-scale peer mentoring program in the College of Engineering. Previously, she founded and coordinated the Scope-On-A-Rope Outreach Program (SOAR) in the Department of Biological Sciences, where she worked for 10 years. Prior to her positions at LSU, Adrienne was the Science Education Curator at the Louisiana Art and Science Museum in Baton Rouge. Adrienne has a Master of Science degree in zoology from LSU, where she studied in the Museum of Natural Science collections, and an Education Specialist Certification in science education.Dr. Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan P. Gentry, University of California, Davis; Tanya Faltens, Purdue University (Network for Computational Nanotechnology)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, as the seminal article [18] has been cited over1000 times [19]. OVITO has also begun to be used as an educational tool. For example, theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign uses OVITO in their computational materialsscience curriculum [16]. In the activity reported here, OVITO is utilized to help studentsvisualize crystal structures and manipulate unit cells, producing images such as those shown inFigure 1, of the FCC unit cell sliced on the (110) plane.A BFigure 1. Projection view of the (110) plane in an FCC crystal structure, created and displayedusing OVITO. Atoms are scaled to be space-filling, and the unit cell outline can be displayed orhidden. Figure 1A shows a view of the (110) plane

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Gabriel Jimenez, Florida Atlantic University; Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

street performer) 6. Relating to negative and positive feedback (e.g., balancing a horizontal stick) 7. Quantitative measurement of degrees of stability and instability (e.g., jumping a rope; driving in a narrow street) 8. Open challenge (e.g., engaging audience to come up with their own conclusion on demonstration)The video and this paper end with a challenge to the viewer to make sure he/she actuallyexperience and further inquire about the concept of stability.We should notice here that this paper reports on larger scale on-going project that aims atexplaining basic control system concepts in a similar manner.IntroductionWhy are concepts in a Control Systems course so difficult for students to comprehend? A greatinsight that

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guo Zheng Yew, Texas Tech University; Aimee Cloutier, Texas Tech University; Stephen Michael Morse, Michigan Technological University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Paper ID #19659Are Better Teaching Methods the Answer to Improved Math Proficiency orAre We Simply Barking Up the Wrong Tree?Mr. Guo Zheng Yew, Texas Tech University Guo Zheng Yew is doctoral candidate in civil engineering at Texas Tech University with a focus on finite element analysis and glass mechanics. Prior to his graduate work in the United States, he obtained his Bachelor’s degree from Malaysia and has participated in research projects involving offshore structures in Malaysia. As a graduate part-time instructor at Texas Tech University, he teaches an introductory course in engineering to freshmen undergraduate

Conference Session

Action on Diversity - Supporting Students at Multiple Levels

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A Myers, University of Colorado Boulder; Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado Boulder; Tanya D Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder TANYA D. ENNIS is the current Engineering GoldShirt Program Director at the University of Colorado Boulder’s College of Engineering and Applied Science. She received her M.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and her B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Her career in the telecommunications industry included positions in software and systems engineering and technical project management. Tanya most recently taught mathematics at the Denver School of Science and Technology, the highest performing high school in Denver Public Schools. Tanya is currently a PhD candidate in the School of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; John Brooks Slaughter P.E., University of Southern California; Cathalina Juarez, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

’ propensity for innovationand creative problem solving affects such choices and persistence. This paper presents on thethree years year of a multistage research project funded by the National Science Foundation(NSF). The value of the study’s findings depends largely on an exploratory research design,which analyzes the pedagogical practices—practices designed to foster successful transfer fromcommunity college to four-year colleges and universities and how students’ innovative capabilityinfluences such transfer capacity. The goals of this research are: (1) to explore the pedagogicalpractices used to support non-traditional students in community colleges to persist in engineeringand science majors, (2) to understand whether such practices are effective

Conference Session

Qualitative Research Methods

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Polytechnic Institute and State University Dr. Matusovich is an Assistant Professor and Assistant Department Head for Graduate Programs in Vir- ginia Tech’s Department of Engineering Education. She has her doctorate in Engineering Education and her strengths include qualitative and mixed methods research study design and implementation. She is/was PI/Co-PI on 8 funded research projects including a CAREER grant. She has won several Virginia Tech awards including a Dean’s Award for Outstanding New Faculty. Her research expertise includes using motivation and related frameworks to study student engagement in learning, recruitment and retention in engineering programs and careers, faculty teaching practices and intersections

Conference Session

Encouraging Students to Think Critically

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington; Terri L. Lovins, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

evidence related to the knowledge gains associated with reflection activities in engineeringeducation, and it would be powerful to see the information about knowledge gains embedded inmore comprehensive research designs that connect the knowledge gains students report, thereactions they have to reflection activities, and more distal performance-based indicators oflearning (e.g., exam performance, design project success, job acquisition, employer satisfaction).We see the work reported here as helping the engineering education community build thecapacity to ask such questions.ContributionsThis work contributes to the conversation about the role and value of reflection in engineeringeducation. Specifically, the work has theoretical, empirical and

Conference Session

Technology for Faculty Development and Classroom Management

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian M. Nicholls, Southeast Missouri State University; Neal A Lewis, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

coursesubject. Using the course LMS to reinforce this education with items to read, tasks to complete,and a means of electronically collecting signed pledges of academic honesty is also a goodpractice across academia. However, some tools discussed here may not apply in all courses. Forexample, the randomized algorithmic questions work best with "bite-size" quantitative problemsrather than long multi-stage problems or more qualitative questions. Products such as Turnitin orSafeAssign can be helpful for evaluating students' writing assignments, but they won't help withan assignment to write code for a computer program to run. Some schools have developedmechanisms to evaluate coding projects for impermissible similarity, but that may not be capableof

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abdulwaheed Johnson, Pace University; Anthony Joseph, Pace University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

). Moreover, mobile commercepenetration is helping to spur mobile payment adoption [15].The concept of mobile payments was first developed by Coca-Cola in 1997, using a RadioFrequency-Identification (RFID) terminal. This spurred innovation of several other methods ofmobile payment over the years, such as PayPal which was founded by eBay in 1998, to replacethe existing payment methods [4]. However, end user acceptance of mobile payments has fallenshort of projections. Although some regions of the world have found more success in mobilepayments adoption than for example Japan, China, and Turkey, Asia Pacific in particular leadsthe mobile payment adoption charts, with the highest level of confidence in these transactions at65%, and in 2016 China

Conference Session

Nontraditional Teaching Approaches

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Pre-College: Engineering Undergraduates as Teachers

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Marissa H. Forbes, University of Colorado, Boulder; Denise W. Carlson, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

through the CU Teach Engineering program. Additionally, she mentors graduate and undergraduate engineering Fellows who teach in local K-12 classrooms through the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program’s TEAMS initiative, is on the development team for the TeachEngineering digital library, and is faculty advisor for CU-Boulder’s Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Her primary research interests include the impacts of project-based service-learning on student identity, pathways and retention to and through K-12 and undergraduate engineering, teacher education and curriculum development.Dr. Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder Janet Y. Tsai is a researcher and instructor in the Engineering Plus program at the

Conference Session

Exploring the Entrepreneurial and Innovation Mindset

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Schar, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Angela Harris, Stanford University; Beth Rieken, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

.96 .97 Q.2 Ask the right questions to get to the root of a problem .68 Q.3 Ask more questions than my classmates .87 .77 Q.4 Ask the kind questions that change the way others think about a problem Q.5 Ask questions that challenge fundamental assumptions Q.6 Ask questions to understand why projects or designs underperform Idea Networking I.1 Build a network of people for new perspective, refine my ideas .82 .79 I.2 Seek advice of students and faculty to test ideas I.3 Reach out

Conference Session

Addressing the Human Dimension in Teaching Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

the KS2 survey may bedue to the timing closely coinciding with a project deadline. There may also have been somesurvey fatigue associated with the third administration of the survey. These two factors mightalso have negatively affected the time and effort invested by those students who did respond.Two additional observations are that there is a visibly stronger correlation for the highest-performing students and that the normalized survey score generally under-predicts the examresult for the lowest-performing students. Bell (2005) observed that higher-performing studentsappeared to be better at estimating their knowledge than lower-performing students and attributetwo explaining factors.1. Low-performing students are generally less capable of

Conference Session

Student Division Innovative Research Methods Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cassandra Groen, Virginia Tech; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Student

, state, local and institutional policies and practice and that result in professional competency in civil and construction engineering.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Lisa D. McNair is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC) and CATALYST Fellow at the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology (ICAT). Her research interests include interdisciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include exploring disciplines as cultures, liberatory maker spaces

Conference Session

The Best of First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darlee Gerrard, University of Toronto; Kirstin Newfield, University of Toronto; Narges Balouchestani Asli, University of Toronto; Chirag Variawa, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

online survey. Two surveys were developed as partof this study to target the two participant groups: instructors and students. Additional dataconsidered in this study includes a schedule of the first-year engineering course workload(anticipated assignment, quiz, test, project, laboratory due dates) furnished by all first-yearcoordinators.The first survey was distributed to all first-year engineering course coordinators via email(N~10). The survey received a 50% response rate. This survey consisted of a template forcoordinators to provide consistent quantitative information regarding course deliverablesincluding, the topic of the deliverable, the weight of the deliverable in the course, the deliverabledue date, and the estimated time for the

Conference Session

The Best in DEED

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaryn Studer, Iowa State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jaclyn Kuspiel Murray, University of Michigan; Seda McKilligan, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the dialog between problems andsolutions could affect the solution space.Identification, development, and pursuit of alternative problem definitions are skills that arerarely taught, developed, or assessed, but are essential to engineering excellence.17 In a study byCross and Clayburn,18 each of the expert designers explored the problem from a particularperspective in order to frame it in a stimulating and productive way, challenging themselves toinnovate. In another study, the time spent on problem definition – particularly at higher levels ofabstraction - was positively associated with client satisfaction in students’ design projects.19 Thissupports the claim by Adams and Atman20 that problem scoping tended to be positivelyassociated with