Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Postcard Session 1: Retention and Student Success Strategies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy C. Helm, Arizona State University; Tami Coronella, Arizona State University; Tim Rooney, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

average 6-year graduation rate of 67.1%,and above the national average 6-year graduation rate of 59%. One-year freshman retentionrates for the Fulton Schools of Engineering reflected rates higher than the national average.The first-year freshman retention rate for students admitted in 2016 within the engineeringprogram was 86.1%. By comparison, 85.7% of all 2015 freshman were retained at ArizonaState University after one year and nationally, retention of freshmen was 60% after one year(source: ASU institutional data). Table 1: One-year Freshman Engineering Retention Rate by Term Initial Admit Term First Term (Spring) Second Term (Fall) Fall 2012 95.60% 88.10% Fall 2013

Conference Session

Program Evaluation Studies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, University of Arizona; Amy Annette Rogers, Delaware State University; James C. Baygents, University of Arizona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

via;abstract hypothesis, active testing, concrete experience and reflective observation. However, inengineering service learning, students work to create real solutions for a real customer. Whilethey might ride in and out of the iterative steps in the engineering design process, in the end theirideas must be resolved, not only with their engineering team members, but also with real peopleand situations in the world. In fact, it can be said that engineering service learning improves theeffectiveness of ELT due to its necessary connection to the real world.3. Methods3.1 ParticipantsData analysis for this paper will concentrate on selected questions from the ENGR 102 HScourse evaluations collected for Academic Years (AY) 2014-15, 2015-16 and

Conference Session

Engineering Career Attitudes

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of San Diego; Alberto López Pulido , University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

toacknowledge the material realities (e.g., the intersections of the sociocultural landscape, historyand cultural and political past and present that create complex interactions and interpretations oflived realities) of students whose embodied knowledge may not align to the structural norms offormal schooling [12]. The assumption that engineering is only created through one kind ofknowledge impacts the “acceptance of difference” [13]. It is important that students, especiallyLatinx students, see themselves reflected in the curriculum and provide spaces to engage them inengineering activities in their own language, culture, and communities.This paper introduces a new paradigm by inverting the logic portrayed in many studiesinvolving research that

Conference Session

Evidence-based Practices in Faculty Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katie Cadwell, Syracuse University; Michelle M. Blum, Syracuse University; Julie M. Hasenwinkel, Syracuse University; Carol Elizabeth Stokes-Cawley, Syracuse University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development Constituency Committee

-defined metrics,five of the six felt that their projects had been at least a partial success as measured by quantifiedstudent learning outcomes and/or student attitudes and comments. The sixth instructor felt thatthe evidence gathered was inconclusive. All six indicated that they planned to further revise andre-implement their course improvements in the next course offering.As part of the deliverables for completion of the Working Group, faculty were also asked tosubmit reflections of their experience in summer program. These reflections were a valuablemeans of helping faculty express their thoughts and provided feedback to the organizers aboutpositive aspects of the group and possible improvements for the next offering. Three mainthemes were

Conference Session

COED: Online and Blended Learning Part 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

computerassisted virtual environment (CAVE) EON Icatcher and EON Professional integrated developmentenvironment (IDE) software. Two groups of graduate students enrolled in the course for twoconsecutive years provided feedback through surveys, discussions, and informal interviews.Students gained practical experience with designing VR systems and VR environments,appreciated the labs, and were excited about their VR projects.IntroductionThe demand for new knowledge content is high in engineering education practice at the graduatelevel. It is expected that the graduate courses lead, or at least reflect, the current state oftechnological developments and scientific discoveries. To stay competitive and current,curriculum designers are under constant pressure to

Conference Session

International Collaborations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

International

of the US professors and/oradministrators by the students. Each situation was reviewed individually to determine ifassignment extensions or other interventions were needed so not to penalize the student.Findings and Opportunities for Future Program OfferingPrevious literary works, as described above, provide rich description of challenges andopportunities for future consideration when implementing programs in Africa, as well as anyother country outside of the United States. These prior documented findings, coupled withextensive student surveys provide an enhanced perspective on future challenges.Below highlights the many opportunities for improvement and consideration.After reflecting over the past several years, there have been many

Conference Session

Design in the BME curriculum

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hannah Yssels; Marina Crowder; Ozcan Gulacar, University of California, Davis; Jennifer H. Choi, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

. Sub Problems ASR (%) CSR (%) A. Identify Problem 70 70 B. Acknowledge Current Solutions 65 55 C. Acknowledge Current Solutions' Limitations 61 55 D. Identify User Needs 17 17 E. Address User Needs in Final Design 73 72 F. Formulate Engineering Metrics to Correlate to Defined User Needs 3 2 G. Address Engineering Metrics in Final Design 96 43This reflects in

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technology-II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farshid Marbouti, San Jose State University; Valerie A. Carr, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University; Morris E. Jones Jr., San Jose State University; Amy Strage

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

. Other programs reflecting Wei’s international reach include the college’s Poverty Alleviation/Service-Learning program and Engineers Without Borders. This global perspective is rooted in a vision of SJSU as a preeminent producer of forward-thinking problem-solvers. With this goal in mind, Wei has established the Silicon Valley Engineering Scholarship, a program that provides $5,000 of annual support for high-achieving students to pursue engineering careers. Wei is also a Principal Contributor to CSU (California State University) Engineering Academies, a statewide program that helps high schools better motivate and prepare students for the rigors of engineering education. Moreover, she supports the creation of high

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pritpal Singh, Villanova University; Teresa Genevieve Wojcik, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

used avariety of methods. First, a survey was developed and sent out to all 96 alumni/ae who had 4graduated from the engineering entrepreneurship minor program over the period 2011 to 2016.There was about a 30% response rate to the survey. The survey questions were similar to theones that had been used in a previous survey to assess how well the program was succeeding ininstilling the entrepreneurial mindset in engineering students. Details of that research effortincluding the questions used in the survey instrument were presented in [1]. The questions usedin the present survey were updated to reflect the KEEN student outcomes [2].Survey data

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Nadia N. Kellam, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University; Jeremi S. London, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

externally through the differentstages of the project. From an internal perspective, we have been intentional in reflecting onteam process, team dynamics, and team structure so that we modify and adapt as necessary tomaximize performance. From an external perspective, we are intentional to recognize and beresponsive to changes that happen in the larger ecosystem, i.e., our institution and professionalcommunity, within which we are situated.We are nearing completion of foundational aspects of the project and are transitioning during thepivotal year three to new focus areas and different phases of work. This paper provides asummary of our progress to date regarding meeting the project objectives, in addition to recentadjustments made to support our

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

mixed messages about the importance of professional licensure.In the Civil Engineering department at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, professionallicensure and/or significant engineering design experience for faculty is traditionally highlyvalued. ABET requires that design courses be taught by faculty who are professional engineers, orwho have qualification by degree and experience. This paper discusses the ethics of teachingtechnical content without licensure from the perspective of senior practicing civil engineers, andthrough personal reflection. This paper also shows initial survey data of the percent of faculty withprofessional licensure.To discern the ethics of licensure among faculty and whether or not faculty licensure plays a

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Peterson-Fairchild, Dixie State University; John Burns, Dixie State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

experiences inestablishing a new engineering collection and services from the ground-up.IntroductionThe rapid growth of engineering programs across many different types of institutions is welldocumented. As a recent ASEE Prism [1] article noted, “the growth curve coincides with anational push for STEM education by policymakers at all levels. It also reflects a recession-chastened generation of students seeking a degree that translates to a stable, well-paying job, andwidening opportunities for engineers in advanced manufacturing, computer science, and thebiomedical and biotechnology fields.” Reflecting this national trend, Dixie State University, apublic comprehensive university recently moved from offering a pre-engineering associatesprogram to

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Furse, University of Utah; Neil E. Cotter, University of Utah; Angela Rasmussen, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, source transformations, voltage and current dividers.  Unit 2: Node-voltage, superposition, Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits.  Unit 3: Op amp circuits, systems, digital logic.  Unit 4: RL, RC, RLC circuits.B. AssessmentBoth formative and summative assessments were used throughout the course to better understandthe student experience and the most challenging concepts. Assessments included weeklymuddiest point reflections and/or quizzes and self-assessments (depending on the professor), fourexams, and online feedback (every 3 weeks). 1. Muddiest Points (weekly)In weekly written Muddiest Point assessments, students related the concepts they found mostconfusing that week, and tried to explain them. A small amount of

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Horst Brandes P.E., University of Hawaii; Joe D. Manous Jr, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of one or both of these documents.Although similar in intent and based on equivalent Bloom’s taxonomies for their construct, thereare significant differences between the two that reflect variations in knowledge base and skills,but also somewhat contrasting visions and overall work approaches by the two groups. It shouldbe stated that with the exception of the first author, there was no overlap in the composition ofthe two committees and relatively limited interaction. The purpose here is to provide a briefoverview of the outcomes for each body of knowledge and to compare and contrast how bothefforts have progressed with recommendations provided for a unified process when it comestime to update the two bodies again. This information may be of

Conference Session

COED Modulus Topics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-10. During this timeof undergraduate research experiences, there has been a push from using inquiry into authentic science andauthenticity for classroom learning11-13.Some researchers stress the use tools such as the microscope or telescope, or activities like bioinformaticsand biodiesel production, or community collaborations and summer camps as the focus for authenticscience14-23. Tomas and Ritchie claim that integrating authentic science activities into classrooms assiststudents in learning how practicing scientists conduct research24. These types of authentic scienceexperiences can motivate students25.Interestingly, sometimes the terms are combined, such as the “reflection on authentic science inquiry26” and“authentic science inquiry27

Conference Session

Enhancing the Statics Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly B. Demoret P.E., Florida Institute of Technology; Jennifer Schlegel, Florida Institute of Technology; Matthew J Jensen, Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

[15]. Because the instructors are in effect observing each other and comparingoutcomes, there is both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to do well. Some self-improvementmodels are based on an action-observation-reflection cycle [16], but if instructors are teachingalone without external input, it may be difficult for them to be objective about their outcomesand take time to reflect how things might be better. Based on our experience with the Staticsprogram at the Florida Institute of Technology, we believe that when we work together to sharebest practices and compare data on outcomes, everyone wins. References[1] H. J. Walberg, R. A. Paschal and T. Weinstein, "Homework's powerful effects on

Conference Session

Girls in Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Susan Kathryn Eskin, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sara Love, Penn State Harrisburg

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

techniques employed in all of the workshopsare active-learning student-centered methods. The instructors decided at the inception of theprogram to present material in ways that each instructor had found to be most effective in theuniversity environment. All sessions used mini-lecture presentations followed by activities thatteach the concepts through demonstration or experiment that the students perform themselves.From the first year to the second, the biology and chemistry sessions were revised based onfeedback from students that indicated they had done the particular type of DNA analysis andpolymer synthesis before. The session descriptions below are reflections of the 2017 workshops;all of which were well received and were new to the students. A

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Breanne Przestrzelski, University of San Diego; Chell A. Roberts, University of San Diego; Leonard A. Perry, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

5students who had engaged in an internship were required to present lessons learned from theirexperience and reflect on how the ISP impacted their summer professional experience. Whilenot all students engaged in a summer internship program, it was later captured how thisinternship program might have had an effect on the student learnings from the program. Somestudents secured internships through direct industry contacts of the ISP, while others securedinternships through personal connections.The third and final term (Fall) of the first ISP cohort aimed to expose students to additionalprofessional skills through similar workshops to those of the Spring term. However, differingfrom the spring semester, these workshops were held primarily at industry

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn R. Gosselin, San Jose State University; Nicole Okamoto, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Teammates 2% 20% 78%The results show a much greater spread of answers from students. While students still tend tograde their follow students very high, an average of 10% of students for each rubric elementwere given ratings of “Beginning” or “Developing”, compared to less than 2% using theprevious rubric. The new rubrics provide instructors with more useful information to use whengrading and to share with students when mentoring them for improved teamwork.ConclusionsRevising a program’s existing assessment practices may take a lot of time – developingperformance indicators that accurately reflect the outcome, are measurable, and follow Bloom’sTaxonomy, along with creating grading

Conference Session

EDGD: CAD, CAM, and AI

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Rudy Ottway, Murray State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

ofdesign for manufacturability and assembly methods, and promotes teamwork. Challengesassociated with 3D printing desktop catapults include time and material for 3D printing. It iscritical for the instructor to work closely with students to challenge design decisions and providefeedback concerning manufacturability, assembly, and catapult performance. To assist inlearning project management, it is recommended to create a timeline that highlights criticalmilestones. After completing the catapult project students were asked to provide reflection statementsregarding aspects that were easy, difficult, and what they learned about design. Below are a fewsample student comments. 1. What was the easiest part of the catapult design project?“Giving

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Banner, North Carolina State University; John J. Classen, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological and Agricultural Engineering

, 250, 1e. 250, 1, 25f. 250, 25, 16. Regarding the main stages of LCA, drag and click the following terms to their appropriateareas.Interpretation, Impact assessment, Inventory analysis, Goal and scope definition7. Regarding the main processes, inputs, and outputs in a product’s life cycle, drag and click thefollowing terms to their appropriate areas.Transportation, Material extraction, Use, Materials and energy, End of Life, Emissions andwaste, Manufacturing8. Characterization is best defined as…Select one:a. The process of converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numericalfactors based on value-choices.b. The process of multiplying all substances by a factor which reflects their relative contributionto the

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel B. Oerther, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

ofEngineering Practice,” presented at the 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition [17] andan online discussion of, “Nursing Should be a STEM Discipline! Author Regards FlorenceNightingale as First Environmental Engineer,” which appeared in Reflections on NursingLeadership in February, 2018 [18].ResultsThe 2013 NAE report, “Messaging for Engineering: From Research to Action,” included anumber of calls to action [3]. Of great relevance to the members of ASEE was a call to include arecurring session on “messaging” at the annual ASEE conference and at the yearly EngineeringDeans Council Public Policy Colloquium. A search of the ASEE PEER document repositorywith the phrase, “changing the conversation,” identifies a total 214 publications from

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2: SE Applications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole A.C. Hutchison, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sergio Luna, Stevens Institute of Technology; William D. Miller, Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoong Yan See Tao, Stevens Institute of Technology; Dinesh Verma, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gregg T. Vesonder, Stevens Institute of Technology; Jon Patrick Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

methodology.The interviewees were asked questions in three broad areas: their personal definition of missionand their organizations’ definition of mission engineering; desired and actual competencies; andtheir vision for the future. Initial findings reflect the commonality across all organizations so thatpredominant organizations in the dataset do not dominant the results at the expense of insightsprovided by the set of organizations.There is also a rich body of work in the open source literature over the last ten years describingmission engineering applications, methods, and tooling. This literature search includes both peerreviewed journals and conferences as well as education courses and in-house publications andtraining. Finally, we have provided

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Conservation and Optimization

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

seatedperson in an office room, (2) tested and validated the accuracy of the system against a manualregistry record, and (3) conducted a parametric study calculating and comparing the cooling loadfor maximum versus partial occupancy level.Initial consideration of the obtained energy savings due to the usage of chair sensors clearlydemonstrates this system as a viable and low cost tool that can help building operators to lowerthe building energy consumption. A simple and low cost system was able to accurately detect alloccupants present in an office room. Results shown in Table 4 reflects an average of 15%savings in cooling loads. However, these savings were based on a predetermined occupancyschedules for a small office containing four chairs only

Conference Session

Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd France, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

with a CNC router (each of which includes a sensory pad related to the animal’stexture) and 3D printed plates and rotating shapes. Figure 4 included a number of ADL featuresthat required users to buckle, open, tie, insert, button, zip, and latch. Figures 3 and 4: Example therapy boards from Fall 2017Research MethodologyData for this investigation was collected from students’ self-assessments, written reflections, andpost-course interviews (audio recorded and transcribed). These interviews were semi-structuredin nature, following a general outline of questions related to the project’s learning outcomes,format, instructor’s role, and social responsibility; the students were encouraged to provide inputon any topics they found

Conference Session

Division for Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

consumption in residential and commercial buildings has increased significantly over thelast decade contributing to 40% of the US primary energy usage. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) for these buildings contribute to more than half this amount. A reductionin the HVAC energy consumption load would reflect a significant reduction in the total energyconsumed. Programmable thermostats are used to reduce energy consumption. However, howefficient the thermostats are in terms of representing the room temperature defines the level ofcomfort for the occupants inside the space. An increase in the variance between the thermostatvalue and the overall temperature distribution in a space would indicate inefficient representationand would

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin E. Sherwood, Stony Brook University; Angela M Kelly, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

friends with my mentor from three years ago and reach out to her for advice and previous mentees reach out to me often. The bonding has resulted in success that would not have happened without the program and community.Mentoring was prioritized by many of the women since they recognized the sustained impact oftheir efforts. They often viewed themselves as aspirational role models for the first-year studentswith whom they interacted. One student contextualized the importance of her work in terms offacilitating the growth of others: I think that I really prioritize mentoring. I think that it's something very important to me because just reflecting on my past year of mentoring, it's been very rewarding in the fact

Conference Session

Supporting Faculty in Course Development and Pedagogy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caitlin A. Keller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

observational reflections from the instructional designer, course evaluationsprovided by students, and course quality reviews conducted by online learning managers.Preliminary results indicate that establishing collaborative partnerships between faculty membersand instructional designers allows for the development of higher quality online courses.Additionally, stronger relationships between the design team have extended beyond the initialcourse design project, allowing for continued revisions for further improvement of the coursesand the undertaking of new design projects. It is expected that establishing a well-definedcollaborative course design model to be rolled out at the university will help to increase onlinecourse quality.Overview of the Faculty

Conference Session

Motivation, Attitudes, and Beliefs

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Adams, Kansas State University; Amy Rachel Betz, Kansas State University; Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

experience may lead them to share or disclose information they maynot have, potentially leading the interview process. The process of developing and validating aninterview protocol has proved to be an excellent opportunity to introduce engineering researchersto qualitative, educational research.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.#1738209. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation. ReferencesAmerican Academy of Arts & Sciences. (2017). The future of undergraduate education, the future of

Conference Session

Research Methods

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey T. Schimpf, The Concord Consortium; Molly H. Goldstein, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Jie Chao, The Concord Consortium; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Charles Xie, The Concord Consortium

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engaged in the design project. We estimateda student’s degree of engagement by the activity of their log files and selected the five most activestudents from each school. The average of design actions was 1104 and 1723 from the middleschool and high school, respectively. Given that the time for the design challenge and learningcontext were kept as similar as possible it is not clear why the average operations are notablydifferent between schools. This may reflect different levels of engagement between the high schooland middle schools’ students or that the high school students felt more comfortable with thesoftware and therefore made more design actions. Note that camera and note actions were notincluded in these tallies as both tend to be