Conference Session

Panel: Embedding Writing in Experiential Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Corneal, Grand Valley State University; Debbie Morrow, Grand Valley State University; Tracy Volz, Rice University; Ann Saterbak, Duke University; Susan Conrad, Portland State University; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.; Kenneth Lamb, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; William A. Kitch, Angelo State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

effectively (Student Outcome g) [1] as part of anengineering program’s accreditation process. The methods in which engineering programsincorporate the writing instruction into their courses varies greatly. Some engineering programsintegrate intensive writing instruction within first year level Introduction to Engineering courses[2], other programs incorporate it into upper-level theoretical courses [3], while others scaffoldmultiple writing topics over a series of classes [4], [5]. A recently published study by Donald etal. [6] describes the requirements of the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) toinclude a general education component to engineering degrees that complements the technicalcurriculum and provides students with the broad

Conference Session

Strategies for Success and Sanity for Academic Parents

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Stanford University; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

focus of this practice paper is provide a more holistic discussion of observationsin the classroom and provide narrative feedback from students. The most interesting andrelevant results from this data is summarized in the following section.Results and DiscussionStudent Feedback on PartneringStudents generally preferred the partner quizzes over individual quizzes. This data is presentedin previous work (Reckinger, Manuscript in preparation). Table 2 and Table 1 summarizestudents’ negative and positive comments, respectively. These comments presented are chosenas representative of the comments received. These comments indicate that many students foundpartnering helpful for their learning, and helped reduce stress levels during the quiz time. This

Conference Session

The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Virginia Tech; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

developing educational software applications. The intent was to showhow computing and engineering professionals could make a positive difference in the lives ofothers, even if limited to working from behind a computer screen. However, the project waslargely self-directed by the students, as each team picked the subject for a provided grade leveland then wrote a software application for it. While the project allowed students to displaytechnical competency, it embraced a person-centric view towards learning as an internal process.In his seminal work, Kolb discusses the characteristics associated with the concept ofexperiential learning [1], where thoughts and ideas are not fixed, but are formed and reformedthrough continuous processes grounded in

Conference Session

Design in the BME curriculum

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy E. Allen, University of Virginia; David Chen, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

two of thethree objectives, and 83.3% met all three objectives. However, in the spring clinic-focusedversion of the class, only 57% of 21 students met all three objectives, and 5 students met onlyone or none of the objectives. Additionally, course evaluations for the January term version werehigher than the spring version (4.76 vs. 3.78 course mean on a 5-point Likert scale). We believethe improved results for the January term course may be due to one or more of the followingfactors: 1) the focus on specific patients—and resulting increase in empathy and motivation—rather than a more impersonal clinical observation, 2) the diversity of majors present in theJanuary term course (only half were biomedical engineering majors), and 3) the

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

important roleof learning-by-discovery approach. [1], [2], [3]Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics concepts are involved in numerous educational and careerfields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, medicine, and other general sciences, which areall important and growing fields in the job industry. Therefore, learning the basics ofthermodynamics and fluid mechanics is vital in the education of students. Learning about energyand energy efficiency is fundamental to engineering students as well. Theoretical concepts arebetter understood if students are involved in practical approach of learned concepts. [4]Specifically, the first law of thermodynamics describes the natural and proven law that all energyis conserved and allows quantification of

Conference Session

Engineering in a Societal Context

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Reddy, University of San Diego; Gordon D Hoople, University of San Diego; Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

formation as engineersand non-engineers work together. While we understand this study to be limited in scope, thefeedback provides preliminary evidence for collaborative research across disciplines and howprofessional skills are fostered in the classroom.IntroductionUndergraduate engineering students are often trained in disciplinary concepts and techniques oftheir specializations, but are rarely given opportunities to work with collaborators from differentdisciplines. In Gary Lee Downey’s words, the very educational processes “producing engineersas outcomes” [1] may neglect key professional skills that those engineers need.Skills that relate to collaborating with peers in different disciplines are increasingly necessary forpracticing engineers

Conference Session

Active Learning Methods in Action

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom McCormick, Virginia Military Institute; James C. Squire, Virginia Military Institute; Gerald Sullivan P.E., Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

to make the device aesthetically pleasing. Thesecond type of demonstrator is a professionally manufactured device which has been specificallyconstructed for classroom use. It has been designed to clearly delineate its individualcomponents and demonstrate their functionality in an aesthetically pleasing manner. Thisresearch compares the effectiveness of these devices in order to determine which type of deviceis most conducive to student learning and retention.Prior ResearchThis investigation builds upon our prior research which showed that “raw” demonstrations weresuperior to “polished” demonstrations for all measures of learning [12]. This researchdifferentiated raw and polished demonstrations by characteristics listed in Table 1. However

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin E. Sherwood, Stony Brook University; Angela M Kelly, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

importance of supporting women as underrepresented participants intheir university-based STEM community. They felt a personal responsibility to share theirinsights as academically and socially integrated upperclassmen. Findings suggest that mentoringprograms should leverage the skills and achievements of peer mentors while enhancing theirleadership transitions through the development of the self-determination of their mentees.IntroductionGender disparities in participation in engineering have been persistent in the U.S. for manyyears. Although the number of bachelor‘s degrees in engineering gradually increased by about30% from 2000 to 2012, the actual number of degrees awarded to women has remained nearlyconstant (Figure 1). In light of the increase

Conference Session

Design and the Capstone Experience

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory K Watkins P.E., California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Peer Project Management for Capstone Design TeamsAbstractThe mechanical and mechatronic engineering programs at California State University Chicoconclude with a robust, externally funded, two-semester capstone design experience. Students inboth majors work in interdisciplinary teams on year-long design projects sponsored by industrialpartners. Project teams are assigned a faculty advisor whose role [1] is multi-faceted, but doesnot include day-to-day project management or responsibility for project success.Design projects in industry typically have an assigned project manager (PM) with responsibilityfor overall project success as well as a lead role in initiating, planning, executing, monitoring,and controlling the project

Conference Session

Undergraduate Peer Educators: Mentoring, Observing, Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

National Academy of Education / Spencer Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Svihla studies learning in authentic, real world conditions; this includes a two- strand research program focused on (1) authentic assessment, often aided by interactive technology, and (2) design learning, in which she studies engineers designing devices, scientists designing investigations, teachers designing learning experiences and students designing to learn.Ms. Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico Catherine (Cat) Hubka, MFA, holds dual appointments at the University of New Mexico in the Depart- ments of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBE) and Department of English. For CBE, she is em- bedded in the 300 and 400 labs where she supports

Conference Session

Creating a Positive Environment for Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Thomas D. Rockaway, University of Louisville; Gerold Willing, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

will introduce the PRIMES program, and a description regarding the use of UTAs andpeer led groups of students in a Mechanics I: Statics course. This course used the mandatory in-class peer led group implementation. The Statics’ UTAs attended each class meeting, and duringthe final 30 minutes, they worked with groups of students on graded assignments. The studentsgenerally self-selected into small study groups and interacted with the same UTAs throughoutthe semester. In this manner, the students built relationships with the UTAs and the studentsreceived immediate feedback regarding current topic materials.1. IntroductionThe Partnership for Retention Improvement in Mathematics, Engineering, and Science(PRIMES) is a University of Louisville cross

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Competency and Skill Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

around these skills.IntroductionThere appears to be an ever-increasing body of knowledge associated with being a skilledengineer in practice [1-4]. This includes foundational knowledge, technical information relevantto a particular engineering discipline, and professional skills that cut across all engineeringdisciplines. Leadership is one of the professional skills that appears to be gaining increasingrecognition. A search of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) AnnualConference proceedings identified a generally increasing number of leadership-focused paperseach year (Figure 1; regression slope 2.0 papers/year, p .006), based on leadership in the title,conference session name, tagged topics, or tagged divisions [5

Conference Session

Accreditation and the BOK

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

an industrial exemption, or due to other circumstances). ASCE has articulatedthese KSA outcomes in the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge (CE BOK). The first editionof the CE BOK from 2004 [1] included 15 outcomes (the 11 ABET EAC A to K outcomes [2], 1depth outcome, and 3 professional breadth outcomes). An updated version of the CE BOK(BOK2) was published in 2008 and was expanded to 24 outcomes, each mapped to a level ofachievement in Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy that was to be achieved during a Bachelor’s degree,during a Master’s degree or additional formal education, and/or via on-the-job experience [3]. Itis expected that the KSA needed for civil engineering professional practice will evolve andchange over time; thus, review of the CE BOK

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri I

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

pseudo-Cisco IOS, they are not suitable for teachingCisco Academy content. However, the home-built routers do implement well-understood routerfunctions and capabilities. A review of these implementations appears in the paper forcompleteness.I. IntroductionBased on the first-hand experience of converting an aging mini-tower PC into a network router,it was decided to change to a different form factor PC chassis. A form factor whereby the PCwould meet general business criteria, such as being compact, disk-less, and fan-less. Thecomputer used as the server in this project is a product marketed by Qotom [1]. Figure 1 showsthe device front and back view. Note the width (6 inches) and the depth (5 inches) of the device. Figure 1

Conference Session

Cognitive Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rongrong Liu; Jiabin Zhu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

proposed tobe widely adopted in engineering education because prior research have suggested its effectivenessin improving students’ problem-solving skills, collaboration skills, and academic achievement [1].By converting lecture-based courses into a project-based learning environment, students learn tocollaboratively solve multidisciplinary, complex problems.Moreover, it has been reported that students’ participation in PBL activities could be beneficial fortheir epistemological development [2]. Personal epistemology refers to students’ reflections on “thelimits of knowledge”, “the certainty of knowledge”, and the “criteria for knowing” [3]. Expertengineers demonstrated higher level of epistemological development than novices [4]. Priorresearch

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kosta Popovic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Janie Szabo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Pilot study on experience of engineering students in multimedia-enhanced introductory Physics labsIntroduction Both literature [1] [2] and anecdotal evidence suggest that students, on average, do notcritically read textbooks before coming to class. This lack of student preparedness is detrimentalto creating an active and engaging learning environment. The increase in students’ reliance onmobile phones and computers over books, further exacerbates this issue. While previous studieshave shown that students learn better from reading print texts over digital texts [3], the studentsexhibit clear preference for digital medium; in addition to that, forcing

Conference Session

NGSS & Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E. Lopez, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

few states also modified standards related to climate change and theage of the earth, which though controversial in some settings, are not relevant to our presentanalysis of the integration of engineering. In addition to the states listed, after many heateddebates, New Mexico has indicated its intention to adopt the NGSS in July 2018.Table 1 shows the states that have adopted the NGSS, in order of adoption. Ten states adoptedthe NGSS within a year of its release, and another 10 states have adopted them in the years since.The first 14 adoptees were all NGSS lead states that participated in the development of thestandards, making Connecticut the first state to adopt the standards that had not been involved intheir development.Table 3 - The

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malle R Schilling, University of Dayton; Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

with math than men. These results suggest two things: a co-ed camp model maynot be the ideal model for fostering women’s interest in engineering, and a single-sex campmodel can have positive effects on the women who attend and participate.IntroductionDuring World War II, manufacturing companies such as GE and Curtiss-Wright began to hirewomen to function as engineers when the men left to fight in the war [1], [2]. Although thewomen were not formally trained as engineers, many were hired in engineering roles to ensurethat the manufacturing companies could produce aircraft parts needed to support the war. Whenthe war ended and the men began returning to their manufacturing jobs, women’s place in theengineering workplace became obsolete. However

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Bernd Steffensen, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

such a large and unwieldy discourse, it is difficult to get acomprehensive view or deep understanding, though it is very easy to see that the concept appeals   1  to a diverse range of stakeholders. Within this vast literature, for example, it is unclear whether •   formal educational systems can “produce” such individuals; •   it is best to think in terms of T-shaped individuals, groups, organizations, or processes, or in altogether different terms; or •   the T-shaped ideal in technology entrepreneurship is something new versus the latest incarnation of long-standing discussions about the role of non-technical

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; Decker B. Hains, Western Michigan University; Brock E. Barry P.E., United States Military Academy; Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Leslie Nolen CAE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Committee on Education on issues of importance to the undergraduate and graduate level education of civil engineers. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 The Third Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge: An Update and OverviewIntroductionIn October, 2016, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) launched the Body ofKnowledge 3 Task Committee (BOK3TC), and in 2017 an update on the task committee’s workwas provided at the ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition in Columbus, OH [1]. Thatpresentation and paper provided a summary of the findings of the committee followingcritical reviews of published literature and an initial survey of

Conference Session

Mentoring Practices and Project Teams

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Paul Lorona, Oregon State University; Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-ended work they face inengineering practice [1]. The study described in this paper was part of a broader institutionalchange initiative where we are attempting to address this issue. Shifting student activity fromabstract decontextualized assignments to meaningful, consequential learning, we put students inthe role of engineers working on teams [2]. We believe this shift will more effectively developthe next generation of engineering practitioners, innovators, and entrepreneurs. In theserealistically situated tasks, students engage in activities that require them to activate disciplinaryknowledge and practices to solve real world problems.The change initiative has focused on shifting student activity in collaborative learning sessions,or

Conference Session

Course Structuring for Effective Student Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel W. Baker Ph.D., P.E., Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Colorado State University. Topics will include: the learningcurve and use of Geogebra, how assignments built around interactives encourage student use,and future plans for the use of Geogebra in Statics and Dynamics.Educational Basis of StudyThe use of active learning (across its various forms) has been broadly found to enhance studentlearning [1], however care must be taken to create active learning tools which are well-structuredand delivered. As one example of active learning, the use of physical and virtual interactives (orthe combination thereof) for both in-class teaching and outside of class learning has often beenshown to enhance student learning [2]. Similar to all other learning materials, the way in whichinteractives are used can be as

Conference Session

Construction Division Technical Session 2: K-12 through Adult Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Torres, Texas State University; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University; Kristin Marie Kibling, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

enjoyed teaching the topic andtheir perception of learning the software increased. The survey also revealed that theteaching group benefited from the expertise of the QM and that the remaining studentspreferred the student-led lecture. The homework grade average of the two comparativelectures showed a higher average grade for the student-led lecture (94%) over theprofessor-led lecture (88%) in Spring 2016. The Spring 2017 semester showed similarresults, in which the student-led lecture (95%) had higher average grades than theprofessor-led lecture (85%). It can be concluded that the course was not adverselyaffected by the peer-teaching methodology, but also that peer teaching may havecontributed to improved student learning in this course.1

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Samuel J. Dickerson, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-category rubric from the published literature. The preliminaryresults have been promising, showing evidence of students’ appreciation of the reflectiveapproach in their interviews and depth in their EAR responses. The interview data alsohighlighted lessons on improving our initial implementation of simulation for this type ofreflection and comparison.1. Introduction and Relevant LiteratureWe recently developed a classroom-based, simulation-centric approach to instruction in anundergraduate microelectronics course. In this approach, SPICE simulation tools werefrequently used for lectures, post-exam reflection, and in-class activities involving pairsimulation, a variant of the pair-programming technique. The instructor implemented this newapproach

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3 – Course and Program Outcomes

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zachary David Asher, Colorado State University; Nicole L Ramo, Colorado State University; Thomas H. Bradley, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

modernchallenges to engineering include scale, multidisciplinary aspects, hierarchy, and complexity 1 . Asthe prevalence and relevance of these problems increase, engineering education must beresponsive 2,3,4 and many universities are including a special focus of multidisciplinaryengineering in basic courses 5 , capstone courses 6,7 , laboratories 8 , clinics 9 , and programs 10,11,12 .Overall, as course content is adjusted to the state-of-the-art, there may be a natural shift tomultidisciplinary engineering. One example of this shift is an automotive vehicle design course at our university titled“Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains”. This course employs mechanical engineering andelectrical engineering skills equally to successfully design and simulate

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Oudshoorn, Northwest Missouri State University; Rajendra K. Raj, Rochester Institute of Technology; Stan Thomas, Wake Forest University; Allen Parrish, United States Naval Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

globalsociety at large.Index terms— Computing accreditation, program accreditation, best practices, quality improve-ment.1 IntroductionABET 1 is the main accreditation body for programs in Computing, Engineering, EngineeringTechnology, and Applied and Natural Science in the United States. Currently, ABET accredits3,709 programs at 752 universities in the United States and 29 other countries 2 . ABET is orga-nized into four commissions that carry out accreditation activities in their respective disciplineareas of applied and natural sciences, computing, engineering, and engineering technology. Tobe accredited, a program must satisfy ABET’s criteria that are centered on what students actuallylearn, whether the curriculum, faculty and facilities are

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

important roles in engagingengineering students in professional and academic development. In the context of ethicsspecifically, philosophers and the philosophical ethics that derive from their work have regularlyhelped shape the theories, direction, and practices of many applied domains. On questions ofpatient and health care in the U.S., philosophers formed the core of early ethical work thatdeveloped into the robust domain of bioethics [1], [2], [3]. On questions of animal health andwelfare, philosophers led the charge in theorizing and arguing against an uncriticalanthropocentrism [4], [5], [6]. On questions of the environment, philosophers again have playedan early seminal role in setting the conceptual stage and framing the landscape of ethics

Conference Session

The BEST InDEED

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

writing.IntroductionAssessments from capstone courses can be used to determine where the curriculum may need tobe changed or reinforced, or where additional practice in high-level skills is needed.[1]According to a past National Design Survey, 87% of capstone programs surveyed cover writtencommunication while 83% address oral communication and 73% teach project managementtopics.[2] Paretti also discussed a number of best practices for teaching communication incapstone design, and places particular emphasis on instructor actions that promote bettercommunication. One practice was to explicitly connect the required content and format of agiven document with how the information was going to be used, for example to evaluate thedesign, offer a progress update, or to provide

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

McKenzie Caroline Lawry, Lipscomb University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

the Thermal-Fluids lab in the engineering college. The watersource heat pump as installed is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 The water source heat pump was installed in the Thermal-Fluids Lab with the supply air shown at the far right and various sensors along the lengthIn Figure 2, a virtual diagram of the water source heat pump system is shown as it would be seen in theTracer SC software. Note that live measurements are shown on the diagram in the Tracer SC software, buthave been removed here for simplicity. The air flow through the ducting system starts with the return atthe top of the image and the supply shown at the right. Starting at the supply, a damper restricts the amountof air flow through