Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget Benson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Joseph Callenes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Paul Hummel, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

effectively on a team whose members together provideleadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks and meetobjectives” [1]. Educational research has shown that group work has a significant impact onlong-term material retention, critical thinking and communication skills. Group work can alsoincrease individual productivity and performance (a student can achieve more than working ontheir own), skills development (interpersonal, leadership, motivational), and knowledge about theself (identifying strengths and weaknesses) [2]–[4].Although group work has many benefits, in the worst case, it can also present many challengesincluding ostracism (some members may feel like an outcast in a group), unequal

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Woo Hyoung Lee P.E., University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

taught duringthe semester. During the proposal development (2-3 months), participants had a regular meetingwith the principal investigator (PI) to produce ideas and discuss their findings from literaturereviews. They also conducted a brief preliminary test on the ideas which were discussed andfinalized in the laboratory. For each project, a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)plan was created and their potential end users and partnerships were identified for theirtechnology applications.Leadership improvementThe engineering education community has begun to focus on leadership abilities ofundergraduate students in engineering fields [5]. Higher education institutions have beencriticized for their lack of success in instilling leadership

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Friesel, Technical University-Copenhagen; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

projects while American students went to Denmark at the end of the projectsin order to present the results of their work for the companies involved. The first face-to-face visitis absolutely crucial for the development of common goals in the project, as well as in order toestablish the proper communication during the entire project work. The visit is always planned incooperation with the American team as they are the host and provide both housing and activities forthe stay of Danish students. Danish students stay with a couple of the American students and theirmates and spend a lot of time socializing with them. By spending all this time together both parts ofthe team, Americans and Danish, are able to get a better idea of culture, language and

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Campbell, Imperial College London; Deesha Chadha, Imperial College London

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

exercise □ The Mr Men Book Exercise □ The Helium Stick Exercise □ The Egg Drop Exercise □ Why?5. Today helped me improve my teamwork skills6. Today helped me make friends with fellow students7. Today helped me get to know members of staff better.8. Finding out my Belbin team role helped me understand my role in teams better9. Today was fun10. I would enjoy similar workshops such as this in the future11. I consider teamwork an integral part of a chemical engineering education12. It is important that I am friends with the people I carry out group work with13. Today has changed the way I plan to approach group work while at University14. When carrying

Conference Session

Experiences of Multidisciplinary Engineering Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

students (Students 4-6) were somewhat vague in specifyingtheir ideal job position. Example student responses are as follows: Student 1 (Junior, Male): I'm very interested in joining a program such as FEMA or NIMS and working with a group of people who are familiar with disaster and figuring out an effective plan to mitigate disaster, to respond to the disaster, to act as disaster relief. Student 2 (Sophomore, Male): I would like to have a paid internship related to cybersecurity, in the coming summer to allow myself to get actual real world experience of what a job I might have later on would look like. Student 3 (Senior, Female): Upon graduation, I hope to apply for a few internships, to gain a

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arezou Harraf, Box Hill College Kuwait; Yuetong Lin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Worldwide ; A. Mehran Shahhosseini, Indiana State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

pinpoint the areas where the trainee lackscompetency in a fraction of the time of what current assessment methods would need on similartasks. The comparison map highlighted that the trainee had the necessary competency in regardsto the actions needed for a successful change plan. However, lacked the knowledge of theprocess flow to implement the strategy. This helped the trainer identify where they would needto focus in order to follow up with the trainee and bring up their competency to the desired level.ConclusionsAssessing training effectiveness and transfer is crucial for organizations (Zumrah et al. 2013;Kirkpatrick, 2004; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001). However, since current methods of trainingassessment are time-consuming (Rothwell, 2007), new

Conference Session

Technical Session 6: Modulus Topics Part 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville; James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Brian Scott Robinson, University of Louisville; James Christopher Foreman, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

areintroduced to a timer functional block that can be used in ladder logic to count inputs over a setlength of time.Instructor-Identified Advantages of the PLC-Arduino Combined Cornerstone ProjectAssessments related to the PLC implementation from student perspective(s) are not applicablesince there is no basis for student comparison to the course experience when PLCs were notutilized. In other words, course iterations in which Arduino was solely used and both Arduinoand PLCs used, respectively, were experienced by completely different cohorts. Previous studentsurveys administered upon conclusion of the course have been focused primarily on criticalthinking and teamwork development. For future course iterations, administrators plan to includestudent

Conference Session

Advancing Research on Engineering Leaders’ Confidence, Careers, and Styles

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Serhiy Kovalchuk, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, University of Toronto; Milan Maljkovic; Emily L. Moore, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

situated leadership learning insights of senior engineers [52]. By privileging deeplycontextualized leadership learning narratives over more traditional career path research methods—quantitative analysis of human resource records and large-scale industry surveys—we wereable to generate a dynamic, empirical strategy to examine how engineers learn to lead over thecourse of their careers. This data collection method also provided us with a useful way to test thedual career track model.Our sampling plan involved identifying 3-4 engineers with at least 25 years of experience in eachof eight industries, deliberately diversifying by career path and demographic background. InMarch 2018, we sent invitations and project descriptions to key informants in

Conference Session

Assessment of Student Learning and Skills

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William H. Guilford, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

Approach to Teaching Design Fundamentals to Large Numbers of Students and Its Effect on Engineering Design Self-efficacy,” presented at the 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 2017.[9] E. P. Torrance, The search for satori & creativity. Creative Education Foundation, 1979.[10] R. M. Berger, J. P. Guilford, and P. R. Christensen, “A factor-analytic study of planning abilities,” Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1–31, 1957.[11] K. H. Kim, “Can We Trust Creativity Tests? A Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT),” Creat. Res. J., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 3–14, 2006.[12] A. R. Carberry, H.-S. Lee, and M. W. Ohland, “Measuring Engineering Design Self-Efficacy,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 99, no

Conference Session

Wireless Technology

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University; Luis Eduardo Paredes, Guru Labs, L.C.; Jacob Morris, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

foreach student. At the end of the semester, they turn in a final written report and a finalpresentation which is evaluated by several faculties from the department. The following gradingrubric is used to assess these projects:Assessment of the ProjectsThe project final grade is calculated on a 100-point scale, with the maximum number of pointsfor each area of assessment as follows:Quality and rigor of research and research paper 25 pointsQuality of other deliverables (hardware design, integration,management plan, code, etc.) 15Degree to which project fulfills requirements specified inproject proposal 20Level of effort

Conference Session

ET Projects

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Eydgahi, Eastern Michigan University; Payam Matin, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Lukman G. Bolahan Anidu

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Space Vehicle Mission Planning Laboratory at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. In 2010, he joined Eastern Michigan University as an Associate Dean in the College of Technology and currently is a Professor in the School of Engineer- ing Technology. He has an extensive experience in curriculum and laboratory design and development. Dr. Eydgahi has served as a member of the Board of Directors for Tau Alpha Pi, as a member of Advi- sory and Editorial boards for many International Journals in Engineering and Technology, as a member of review panel for NASA and Department of Education, as a regional and chapter chairman of IEEE, SME, and ASEE, and as a session chair and as a member of scientific and international

Conference Session

ConstDiv Technical Session 3 - Social & Leadership

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

style for today’s construction industry. Cultivating thistype of leadership can improve competitiveness in both domestic and international construction.Incorporating Leadership into Construction Management TeachingConsidering the dynamics both in the domestic and international construction markets, the authoremploys several strategies to bring leadership skills’ development into the course content.   The College of Architecture, Construction, and Planning at the University of Texas at SanAntonio has initiated a collaborative course for Construction Science and Civil Engineeringstudents. Construction Capstone for construction students and Civil

Conference Session

Best Practices for Chemical Engineering Lab-Based Courses

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua A. Enszer, University of Delaware

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

outof 5) – which is somewhat ironic in the cases where comments were made on the use ofsignificant digits in student work. Also, as the faculty team teaching our laboratory courseschanges on a yearly basis, it takes time to get new members “on board” with this style ofevaluation. This said, it is critical to get raters to understand and agree on the algorithm in orderto obtain more consistent rubric results.We have already begun developing and implementing rubrics using this “two-column” approachin other courses and plan to investigate other features of this grading scheme, such as number ofstudent questions about grades before and after implementation. So far, anecdotally, facultyinvolved in the laboratory courses before and after the

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Alberto Rodriguez, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Daniel Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Michael D. Cook, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

degree from University of California San Diego. His interests include robot control, design of mechatronics systems, fluid power education, motion planning and optimal control.Dr. Daniel Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering Twenty-one years of industrial experience in mechanical engineering including eighteen years at the John Deere Construction & Forestry Division, doing dynamic system simulation covering fluid power, auto- matic controls, drive trains and machine dynamics. Eleven years teaching mechanical engineering in- cluding six at Milwaukee School of Engineering teaching automatic controls, fluid power and system dynamics. Primary interest: Simulation analysis of fluid power and mechanical systems.Dr

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandip Das, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

circuit diagram and explaining measurement procedure, dataplotting, data analysis, simulation or data fitting (if applicable), error calculations (if applicable),and conclusions. Since the set of these specific lab experiments were developed first time for anew course, a comparison with and without labs cannot be made, however the authors plan torecord student achievements for the next few semesters to better understand its impact which willbe reported later.Conclusions:A low-cost online remote laboratory system was designed and developed. The remote lab can serveas an excellent tool to perform various complex experiments on photovoltaic modules remotely.The system is available 24x7 and can support multi-user real-time parallel experiments

Conference Session

Faculty Development Technical Paper Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi M Sherick, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Constituent Committee

. frequently, send them your articles/papers.Coaching Drawing on knowledge from Be open to feedback. Ask questions; refrain from within through guided inquiry. Participate in formalize directing the thinking process. Increasing self-awareness and programs through trained Help others maximize their action planning. individuals (Executive potential. Coaching, ADVANCE)Protecting Shielding someone from Guidance regarding

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon S. Wu, California State University, Fullerton; Yong Seok Park, California State University, Fullerton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Class The goal is to implement HIPs for mechanical engineering students who are still intheir early part of the core mechanical engineering program. This course would be one of thefirst mechanical engineering courses required by the university that is not considered part ofthe general education curriculum. The purpose of this study is to track the effects of HIPs withcarefully planned pedagogies that would provide numerous benefits for the students, such asoverall increased learning gains and graduation rates. There are seven HIPs characteristicsused to measure the results at the end of the semester: these are (1) interaction with faculty, (2)interaction with peers, (3) feedback from instructor, (4) quality time spent on the course

Conference Session

Designing Opportunities for Youth Engagement in STEM

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Mary Anna LaFratta, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University; Lane Graves Perry III, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

exercise at hand. And a third example, the clients appreciate everyonewearing name tags before they know them well. The team believes that the Touch Board project,the interdisciplinary collaboration in a service learning project, and the general understanding ofhow to work with others, can be transferred elsewhere.Conclusions and Next StepsThe engineering course in this collaboration is the first one to be designated as a service-learningcourse (SLC) within the College. It is novel to carry out a service-learning project betweenEngineering and ART classes. The service-learning project described in this paper is ongoing inspring 2019 after careful preparations and planning. The authors met with the communitypartners in summer 2018, solicited more

Conference Session

Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Callie J. Miller, James Madison University; Jason Forsyth, James Madison University; Shraddha Joshi, James Madison University; Kyle G. Gipson, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

SolidWorks).As the course progresses, the students must transition from being assigned weekly deliverableswhich walk the students through the design project to being able to manage large assignmentsthat require longer term planning. Team size from 3 to 4 in the Fall increases to 6 to 8 in theSpring. In the Fall semester, the students are primarily working on gathering the requirementsand developing initial concepts, thus smaller teams of 3 to 4 are sufficient for this semester. Inthe spring semester, however, the students start prototyping, building proof of concepts andultimately fabricating the alpha and beta prototypes, thus the increase in team size in the Spring.This also allows the students to apply project management course work to the

Conference Session

Engaging Community through STEM partnerships

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiyin Lim, Santa Clara University; Sydney Thompson, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. inadvertently promise the community something that can’tProposing Plans be delivered. Propose a single idea. Propose 2-3 options Choosing the project or the design option will give the community more responsibility and

Conference Session

Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard L. Greene, Ohio State University; Kaleb Eldridge, Heart to Honduras; Patrick John Sours, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. Through a3-year process, the community works to restore internal and external broken relationships anduses the resulting unity as a foundation for effective collaboration with a broad array of partners.Second, we introduced plans for 1-2 graduate students to serve with the NGO in an immersivein-country community development experience during spring, the primary service-learningsemester. These persons have considerable presence in the communities during this period andkeep close contact with the university teams remotely working on community developmentinitiatives. This allows engagement in community discussions and feedback from direct sourcesto be incorporated, such that initiatives are increasingly collaborative and community-centric.Third, we

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Wilck, College of William & Mary; Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

studentsindicating that they are much more comfortable knowing how to plan for their Social Securityretirement decision and how to advise others (e.g., parents, friends) on what the best economicaldecision is for them. While we do not know which student comments came from engineers ornon-engineers, due to the number of positive comments it was a welcome project topic across-the-board.The academic motivation for the case study included Ted Eschenbach and Neal Lewis’s paperson the subject. The most recent paper showed that when to collect social security had smalldifferences in NPV but large differences in risk (i.e., standard deviation). By completing Parts 1-3 of the project, the students reproduced many of the calculations of that paper and certainlycame

Conference Session

The Best of First Year Programs: Best Paper Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory Brozina, Youngstown State University; Kerry Meyers, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Search:Born out of the shortage of qualified engineers in the U.S. (and around the world), research onengineering education has increased over the past decade and were highlighted in key NationalReports1-2. And while prior studies have focused on why students go into engineering initially3,there has been recognition that selecting an engineering major has not always been based onsignificant understanding of the profession4. It was recognized that an engineering educationalapproach based on a capstone design project offered tangible understanding of the field to studentsbut not until it was too late to reasonably change their intended plan of study, a study by Marinand Associates assessed the most important elements including student preparation

Conference Session

New Directions for ET

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-secondarylevel. They are usually three-year diploma program under the supervision of respective stateboard of technical education. These programs are kept outside the purview of university system.Often they are called Licentiate in Civil Engineering (LCE) or Licentiate in MechanicalEngineering (LME) or licentiate in other disciplines of engineering. A diploma course inengineering involves classes on fundamental engineering concepts. It is a professional course,planned in such a way that students may still take up jobs in the field of engineering once theyearn their diplomas. It can allow them to transfer into the second year of the B.Tech. or B.E.course. This, in effect, means the student may not have to take the eleventh and twelfth classexams. So

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Focusing on Student Success

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory Brozina, Youngstown State University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University; Nazanin Naderi, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

studying and time spent working on academic performance but focused specifically on theinteraction of motivation and ability with study time. They found that non-ability variables likemotivation and study time significantly interact with the ability to influence academicperformance. According to their findings, they argue that the amount of time spent studying or atwork had no direct influence on academic performance. Van der Meer, Jansen, & Torenbeek(2010) examine the issue within the context of first-year experience in higher education. Theyfound that a large proportion of students had realistic expectations about having to plan theirwork independently and having to spend significant time during the week on self-study. Yet,they found that

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Hung, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Daniel Weinman, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

drawings with the assistanceof the AR models. This paper discusses the development of the models, how the models areintergraded in the class, how the new teaching method is assessed, and the future plans of theproject. This paper also discusses the development of micro credentials such as micro certificatesor digital badges in Computer Aided Design (CAD).Development of augmented reality modelsAugmented reality is a new technology that has quickly become popular in the entertainmentindustry. For example, the augmented reality game “Pokémon Go” successfully demonstratedthe utilization of the technology in the game industry. The result of this application has beenremarkable. Additionally, augmented reality is widely used in educational research. Kim

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Athula Kulatunga, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

them by the university. The impressive projects thatwere completed by students show their understanding and the test scores prove that they were ableto learn a great deal about industrial robots. The goals for the initial assessment that was conductedto show that the robotics concentration is beneficial have been met. Student enrollment in the nextcourse is relatively high and this is only expected to increase as other students hear about thesuccess from the previous course offerings. The high ratings from the students show that there isdefinitely a demand for a robotics concentration and that the university should move forward withthis plan. In conclusion, the demand for robots is increasing, therefore enhancing college oftechnology and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Courses

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahdi Norouzi, Grand Valley State University; Janice S. Pawloski, Grand Valley State University; Huihui Qi, Grand Valley State University; Farid Jafari, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Conference & Exposition.5. Batstone, D. J. (2013). Teaching uncertainty propagation as a core component in process engineering statistics. Education for Chemical Engineers, 8, 132-139.6. Figliola, R. S., & Beasley, D. (2015). Theory and design for mechanical measurements. John Wiley & Sons.7. Kline, S. J. (1953). Describing uncertainty in single sample experiments. Mech. Engineering, 75, 3-8.8. Bevington, P. R., & Robinson, D. K. (1969). Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences., McGraw-Hill, New York.9. Moffat, R. J. (1985). Using uncertainty analysis in the planning of an experiment. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 107(2), 173-178.10. Al-Jobeh, Z., & Schueler, J. E., & Seeley, G. R. (1996

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Shenoda, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

made.IntroductionSustainability is, as stated in the United Nations Report on the World Commission onEnvironment and Development [1], the consideration of impacts to and preservation of theeconomy, the environment, and social equity (often referred to as “the three ‘E’s” ofsustainability) in the execution of any plan or project. Its growth as a field of study and as astandard of practice is understandable in light of concerns about dwindling resources, populationand developmental growth, and environmental sensitivity based on global warming and othernatural phenomena. Engineering in general, and civil and construction engineering in particular,is a field uniquely well-equipped to tackle the issues of incorporating sustainability into projectexecution. Indeed, the study

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nithil Kumar Bollock, Saint Louis University; Matthew Patrick O'Brien; Yan Gai, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; Stephen M. Belt, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

on encrypted devices and de-identified with a discreet participant code to maintain confidentiality.Experimental Design and Materials Data collection methods included EEG signals, AATD flight data, observations, videorecordings, surveys, and unstructured interviews. A pre-survey was given to the participantsprior to the flight-simulation sessions. The pre-survey included 21 questions related to flight andtraining hours, certifications, AATD experience, learning beliefs, etc. Participants were asked toperform the designated circuit twice in each session, with the first terminating with a missedapproach (Figure 2). The flight plan developed and used in this effort included: takeoff, enroute,arrival, approach, missed approach, enroute-2