Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cristi L. Bell-Huff, Georgia Institute of Technology; Todd M. Fernandez, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kali Lynn Morgan; Paul Benkeser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joseph M. LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #28757A Vertically Integrated Portfolio Process to Foster EntrepreneurialMindset Within an Undergraduate Biomedical Engineering CurriculumDr. Cristi L. Bell-Huff, Georgia Institute of Technology Cristi L. Bell-Huff, PhD is a Lecturer in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University where she is involved in teaching and engineering education inno- vation and research. In addition to her PhD in Chemical Engineering, she also has an MA in Educational Studies. She has industrial experience in pharmaceutical product and process development as well as teaching experience

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Karl D. Schubert, University of Arkansas; Kristie Neff Moergen, University of Arkansas; Carol S. Gattis, University of Arkansas; Wen-Juo Lo, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

’ retention. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Integrating Innovation Curriculum - Measuring Student Innovation to Assess Course and Program EffectivenessAbstractThe USA is falling behind other nations in innovation, creating serious threat to the health,stability, and influence of our country. Industry is desperate to hire engineers able to innovate,and universities are developing programs to instill the innovative mindset required to improveglobal competitiveness [1].Innovation requires collaboration between engineering, business, and creativity to realisticallyprepare students to be innovators. Researchers at the University of Arkansas's College ofEngineering and Sam M

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #31751WIP: Integrating the Entrepreneurial Mindset into a SoftwareRequirements CourseDr. Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering Walter Schilling is a Professor in the Software Engineering program at the Milwaukee School of Engi- neering in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He received his B.S.E.E. from Ohio Northern University and M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Toledo. He worked for Ford Motor Company and Visteon as an Embedded Software Engineer for several years prior to returning for doctoral work. He has spent time at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, and consulted for multiple embedded

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Scott Duplicate Streiner, Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Bruce Oestreich, Rowan University; Ted Howell, Rowan University; Jennifer Tole, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Engineering Education at Rowan University. Prior to beginning that role, she spent five years as an Instructor in the Mechanical Engineering and Experiential Engineering Education Departments at Rowan. Kaitlin has a BS in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University and an MS and PhD in Environmental Engineering in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois.Mr. Bruce Oestreich, Rowan UniversityDr. Ted Howell, Rowan UniversityDr. Jennifer Tole, Rowan University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Integrating Entrepreneurial Mindset in a Multidisciplinary Course on Engineering Design and Technical CommunicationThe engineering curriculum at Rowan University includes a

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Garett Young, Arkansas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

concept aboutconductors or capacitance. Before the lecture began, they were required to trade the cards withanother student and then provide an elevator pitch on the educational concept and how it wasapplied. While this was not taking the technical information and placing it in a new context, itwas an attempt to get students to think outside the box in terms of how they could learn thematerial. As such, it coaxed students into considering perspectives beyond their own and hadthem integrate information from different sources which is a key aspect to the Connectionsoutcome of the KEEN framework.“A World with Infinite Conductance” was a post lecture problem-based learning activitydesigned to get the students to apply the concept of conductors to

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Heidi Morano, Lawrence Technological University; Susan Henson, Lawrence Technological University; Matthew L. Cole, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

dedicated to training faculty in entrepreneurially-mindedteaching pedagogies, curriculum modification, and facilitating collaborations with like-mindedinstitutions, KEEN works to enable the development of engineers that, along with their technicalskillset, exhibit an EM. Why is this mindset so valuable in engineering education?Much like during the generation of the Lawrence brothers, it is today’s engineers with anenterprising attitude that will make their impact on the world by investigating it with aninsatiable curiosity and by integrating their discoveries with their own knowledge andexperiences to develop truly innovative solutions that meet the needs of a rapidly changing world[2]. The KEEN framework [3] serves to describe the behaviors

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael J. Rust, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

24-27, 2018.[9] V.R. Mehta, D.R. Mikesell, “Implementing entrepreneurial-minded learning (EML) in a manufacturingprocesses course,” Proceedings of the 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT, June 24-27,2018.[10] H. Park, “Fostering and establishing an engineering entrepreneurial mindset through freshman engineeringdiscovery courses integrated with an entrepreneurially minded learning (EML) pedagogic approach,” Proceedings ofthe 2017 FYEE Conference, Daytona Beach, FL, August 6-8, 2017.[11] M.J. Rust, “Is there a global market for blood glucose monitors?” [Online]. Available:https://engineeringunleashed.com/cards/cardview.aspx?CardGuid=0adb727d-1429-400e-b1b5-5f7fb50ddd77[12] D.E. Melton, “Stacking entrepreneurially

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: First-year Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University; Xiaofeng Tang, Ohio State University; Eunjeong Park, Ohio State University; Alexia Leonard, Ohio State University; Jack DeLano, The Ohio State University; Kai Zhao, Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation, First-Year Programs

Paper ID #30820Integration of Entrepreneurial Minded LearningDr. Deborah M. Grzybowski, The Ohio State University Dr. Deborah Grzybowski is a Professor of Practice in the Department of Engineering Education and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at The Ohio State University. She received her Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering and her B.S. and M.S. in Chemical Engineering from The Ohio State University. Her research focuses on making engineering accessible to all students through the use of art-infused curriculum and integration of entrepreneurial minded learning (EML).Dr. Xiaofeng Tang, The Ohio State

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

theirmethodology. The difference between the two approaches is that the PjBL covers a broaderscope and may include several problems. In addition, PjBL focuses on the final product byapplying or integrating previous knowledge while the emphasis of PBL is on the acquisition ofnew knowledge [3].Currently universities are utilizing entrepreneurial-minded learning (EML) as well. ThroughEML students get to solve a problem in a fashion that creates value, which helps to createengineers to make an impact in the workplace [4, 5]. EML course modulus can be created byincorporating behavioral or complementary skills into student-centered pedagogy. Examples ofsuch skills are demonstrating constant curiosity, exploring a contrarian view of acceptedsolutions, assessing

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sunni Haag Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Roxanne A. Moore, Georgia Institute of Technology; Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Timothy Cone, Center for Education Integrating Science, Mathematics and Computing

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

: Programming, Teacher Experiences, and Student Outcomes in a Partner Hub Abstract The K12 InVenture Prize program has been creating the next generation of engineers andentrepreneurs through invention education since 2013. Its key components include teacherprofessional development, a semi-structured curriculum, an online platform for students toreceive periodic feedback on their inventions, and a culminating state competition event at theGeorgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The program is actively trying to reach more rural areas by engaging urban and small-town hubs located within rural counties. A total of 35 schools, 55 teachers, and over 200 studentsfrom a new hub were

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jennifer Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; Michael Scott Richards

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

path for classes similar to this.Students are exposed to applications of the material instead of collecting and analyzing signalsfor the sole purpose of a class assignment. Students are given flexibility in their experimentaldesigns which allows for creativity and curiosity. By proposing an additional application,students also appreciate how to create value.References[1] T. J. Kriewall and K. Mekemson, “Instilling the Entrepreneurial Mindset IntoEngineering”. The Journal of Engineering Entrepreneurship, vol. 1(1), pp. 5–19, 2010.[2] D. Jamison, “Framework for Integrating Entrepreneurially Minded Learning in Upper LevelCourses,” ASEE National Conference, Columbus OH, 2017.[3] K. Moustaghfir and N.T. Sirca, “Entrepreneurial learning in higher

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Competitions, Challenges, and Teams

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sandra Furnbach Clavijo, Stevens Institute of Technology; Matthew Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology; Kishore Pochiraju, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the considerableeffort of actually preparing and refining one. Furthermore, since such competitions are extra-curricular in nature, only a small percentage of undergraduate engineering students elect toparticipate: engineering coursework does not lend by itself to the practice of elevator pitching,and a crowded curriculum may not allow for engineering students to take business classes at all,or opt into elevator pitch competitions [9].Thus far, we have found that the University of Rhode Island has introduced an elective courseavailable for engineering students that is similar in nature to the one we offer at Stevens Instituteof Technology (Stevens) in that it requires an elevator pitch competition as an outcome of thecourse. At the University

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

integrating previous knowledge while the emphasis of PBL is on the acquisition ofnew knowledge [3].Currently universities are utilizing entrepreneurial-minded learning (EML) as well. ThroughEML students get to solve a problem in a fashion that creates value, which helps to createengineers to make an impact in the workplace [4, 5]. EML course modulus can be created byincorporating behavioral or complementary skills into student-centered pedagogy. Examples ofsuch skills are demonstrating constant curiosity, exploring a contrarian view of acceptedsolutions, assessing and managing risk, evaluating economic drivers, examining societal andindividual needs, understanding the motivations and perspectives of others, conveyingengineering solutions in economic

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrea T. Kwaczala, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

] M. Habibi and E. Diep, "Developing an integrated motion capture and video recording," in Preceedings: American Society for Engineering Education, Atlanta, GA, 2013.[8] S. Freeman, S. L. Eddy, M. McDonough, M. K. Smith, N. Okoroafor, H. Jordt and M. P. Wenderoth, "Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics," PNAS, vol. 111, no. 23, 2013.[9] R. R. Hake, "Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses," American Journal of Physics, vol. 66, no. 64, 1998.[10] L. Deslauriers, L. S. McCarty, K. Miller, K. Callaghan and G. Kestin, "Measuring actual learning versus feeling of learning in

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Competitions, Challenges, and Teams

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jared Schoepf, Arizona State University; Stephanie M. Gillespie, University of New Haven; Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University; Alison Cook-Davis, Arizona State University; Kristen Peña, Arizona State University ; Courtney Argenti, Arizona State University; Daniel J. Laxman, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

new schools to develop GCSPs as part of the NAE GCSP Proposal review committee. She is also actively involved in the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN), focused on students’ de- velopment of entrepreneurial mindset through GCSP and curriculum. Amy recently received the 2019 KEEN Rising Star award for her efforts in encouraging students to develop an entrepreneurial mindset. Amy has contributed to the development of a new hands-on multidisciplinary introduction to engineering course and a unique introduction to engineering MOOC. She is interested in curricular and co-curricular experiences that broaden students’ perspectives and enhance student learning, and values students’ use of Digital Portfolios to

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Assessment Tools and Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

parentheses, are asfollows:  Familiarity (583) concerns a basic awareness of a concept;  Usage (375) is the ability to apply a concept in a concrete way;  Assessment (152) indicates a level of mastery that involves the ability to select an appropriate approach from understood alternatives.FIGURE 2. PORTION OF ‘LEARNINGOUTCOMES’ SHEET IN CS2013 ‘CURRICULUMEXEMPLARTEMPLATE’ EXCEL FILE.Although developed to more readily allow a program to map their curriculum against theCS2013 Body of Knowledge, no computer science program is expected to implement all of theselearning outcomes; in fact, only 253 address what are referred to as “Tier 1” requirements,whereas nearly half (550) address purely elective content. While examining this sheet

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Entrepreneurship and IP

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Thomas M. Katona, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

deeper understandings of innovation.”In an interview study with three entrepreneurs who taught entrepreneurship, Hirshfield, Huang-Saad, and Libarkin (2017) examined how perceptions of the design process compared to LeanLaunch. The interviewees believed that failure and risk, in addition to other constructs such ascollaboration and empathy, were integral to Lean Launch. Risk and failure were also thingsperceived of as being critical in the design process. The authors note that, “the use of a LeanLaunch curriculum would allow engineering design instructors to teach and assess importantengineering skills...such as...failure.” Finally, Wang and Wong (2004) conducted a researchstudy of entrepreneurial interest; the scale that they use includes items

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: First-year Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Courtney A. Lemasney, Rowan University; Hayley M. Shuster, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation, First-Year Programs

. Researchers also could, in the future, consider the relationship between students’selected 3C and the “life experiences” discussed in the original reflection prompt. These effortscould lead to major improvements in undergraduate engineering curriculums, as well asempower undergraduate engineering students to recognize the importance of reflection andutilizing an EM.AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the Kern Family Foundation for conference registrationfunding for the authors of this paper.References[1] J. Turns, B. Sattler, K. Yasuhara, J. Borgford-Parnell, and C. J. Atman, “Integrating Reflection into Engineering Education,” in 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 2014, pp. 24.776.1-24.776.16.[2] D. A. Schön

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tess Hartog, University of Oklahoma; Megan Marshall, University of Oklahoma; Amin G. Alhashim, University of Oklahoma; Md Tanvir Ahad, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #31662WIP: Using neuro-responses to understand creativity, the engineeringdesign process, and concept generationTess Hartog, University of Oklahoma Tess Hartog is a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. Her inter- ests include creativity, engineering education, and neuroimaging. Her research focuses on understanding creativity and divergent thinking in engineering students via the use of electroencephalography (EEG).Megan Marshall, The University of Oklahoma Megan Marshall is an M.S. Aerospace Engineering candidate at the School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Making and Maker Spaces

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Donna M. Ebenstein, Bucknell University; Matthew Lamparter, Bucknell University; Sabrina Shankar; Nathan P. Siegel P.E., Bucknell University; Stu Thompson, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the curriculum, computer engineering-related electives, and senior design, his focus in the classroom is to ignite passion in his students for engineering and design through his own enthusiasm, open-ended student-selected projects, and connecting engineering to the world around them. He spends a great deal of time looking for ways to break out of the traditional engineering mold and to make engineering more broadly accessible to students. His research interest is the application of mobile computing to interesting, human-focused problems. He holds three degrees in computer engineering including graduate degrees from Virginia Tech and an undergraduate degree from NC State University. c

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Making and Maker Spaces

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kimberly B. Demoret P.E., Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

them. Some students may already beexperienced makerspace users; others may be eager to learn, but lack the confidence or initiativeto seek out what makerspaces have to offer. For example, Florida Tech has four high qualityacademic "making" facilities and free training on how to use the equipment available to thecampus community, but only a fraction of students take advantage of them. More class projectswith EML themes early in the curriculum may encourage future makerspace usage for co-curricular activity, better senior design experiences and an overall increase in self-efficacy.The work reported here attempts to address these issues in an incremental fashion. The firstsection of the paper describes a simple team project that could be used by

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mona Eskandari, University of California, Riverside; Ville Mikael Taajamaa, City of Espoo; Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

supplementing story findings. Nextsteps would integrate a more detailed discussion of the meaning of the mood data with thestory findings in the discussion.Since an expectation for negative consequences was such a prominent result in our study andappeared to be an intervening variable, a possible consideration for next steps in research is tocreate a research design focus with carefully defined negative consequences.6. ImpactIt’s useful to recognize how our students redefine the concepts of commitment to work andinnovation. Faculty should continue to be aware of how to, in addition to facilitating naturalsciences driven learning in engineering, increase innovative potential among their studentsinside and outside of the classroom. We realize it is a

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Assessment Tools and Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laine E. Rumreich, Ohio State University; Faith Logan, Ohio State University; Zachary Dix, Ohio State University; Nicholas Rees Sattele, Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Ann D. Christy P.E., Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Brunhaver et al. [19] produced similar findings about the difficulty ofassessing EM content in courses using the existing KSOs. The solution to this problem ofmeasurability proposed in that study was to develop an assessment of self-reported studentunderstanding of EM. The recommendation from this present study is to instead modify orredefine the objectives used to integrate EM content into curriculum to be measurable, ratherthan measuring it using a separate assessment tool.Although the sets of objectives analyzed in this study were difficult to use for the purposes ofmeasuring the EM content of courses, they can be used in other ways, including to help guide theprocess of generating EM course objectives. These objectives can also be useful for

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Assessment Tools and Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Siddharthsinh Jadeja, Rowan University; Elise Barrella P.E., Wake Forest University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #28962Creating a Master ”Entrepreneurial Mindset” Concept MapDr. Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University Dr. Bodnar is an Associate Professor in the Experiential Engineering Education Department at Rowan University. Her research interests relate to the incorporation of active learning techniques such as game- based learning in undergraduate classes as well as integration of innovation and entrepreneurship into the engineering curriculum. In particular, she is interested in the impact that these tools can have on stu- dent perception of the classroom environment, motivation and learning outcomes. She was selected to

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: First-year Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Scott Duplicate Streiner, Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Bruce Oestreich, Rowan University; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation, First-Year Programs

research explores the nature of global com- petency development by assessing how international experiences improve the global perspectives of en- gineering students. Dr. Streiner has published papers and given presentations in global engineering ed- ucation at several national conferences. Scott is an active member in the Center for the Integration of Research, Teaching, and Learning (CIRTL) both locally and nationally, as well as the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) and the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE).Dr. Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University Dr. Bodnar is an Associate Professor in the Experiential Engineering Education Department at Rowan University. Her research interests relate

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: First-year Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elizabeth Pluskwik, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Yuezhou Wang, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation, First-Year Programs

grading in the activities at the beginning and gradually withdrawfacilitation [20] as the students become more self-directed.Research MotivationWhile the current research done with the StRIP instrument has covered a number of specificengineering classes, we are interested in evaluating the students’ potential resistance across anentire engineering program that is dedicated to providing students with active learning experiences.Founded in 2010, the Iron Range Engineering (IRE) program transforms the landscape ofengineering education with its philosophy of integrated engineering, project-based learningcombined with an entrepreneurial mindset. Project-based learning (PBL) is inherently active innature, as students work with industry clients on a