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Displaying results 4981 - 5010 of 5364 in total
Conference Session
Teams, Capstone Courses, and Project Based-Learning
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John M. Mativo, University of Georgia; Nicola W. Sochacka, University of Georgia; Kathryn Marie Youngblood, University of Georgia; Doug Brouillard, Eaton Corp. Supercharger; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #17786Developing Real-life Problem-based Learning (PBL) Activities through Part-nership with IndustryDr. John M. Mativo, University of Georgia Dr. John Mativo is Associate Professor at the University of Georgia. His research interest lies in two fields. The first is research focusing on best and effective ways to teaching and learning in STEM K- 16. He is currently researching on best practices in learning Dynamics, a sophomore engineering core course. The second research focus of Dr. Mativo is energy harvesting in particular the design and use of flexible thermoelectric generators. His investigation is both for
Collection
2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Qing Li
is higher than their male counterparts. Astin and Astin (1992) have indicated that a femalestudent with a high SAT math score and a strong science orientation is a good indicator for enrollment forengineering majors. Sax (1996) has also shown that a female student with the motivation of making a theoreticalcontribution to science is the best predictor of enrollment of a STEM graduate degree. Some researchers believethat, through well designed intervention programs, female students’ tinkering and technical self-efficacies andtheir belief in societal relevance of engineering can be increased to make a difference in their attitudes towardsthese traditionally male dominated fields (Baker, et. al., 2007).Ethnicity. In order to encourage more
Conference Session
Integration of Engineering and Other Disciplines (Including Liberal Arts)
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Hennessey Wikoff, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Cynthia Wise Barnicki, Milwaukee School of Engineering; James R. Kieselburg II, Grohmann Museum at Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering
the purpose he envisioned; that the collection be used as aneducational tool through which viewers would gain a better understanding of past ways of works,industrial and engineering principles, and over 400 years of human achievement.As a result of his connection with MSOE and admiration for the school and its programs, Dr.Grohmann ultimately decided that it was the best venue for fully exploring the potential of his artcollection. So, in 2001, he made the initial gift of nearly 500 works to the school with the initialplan being to display the works on campus while researching individual works, artists, andsubject matter. In making this gift, the ultimate goal was to establish a venue that would be apermanent home for the housing, care, and
Conference Session
Developing ABET Outcomes F--J
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Thomas Litzinger
Engineering· Ability to design something that does not already exist.· In short – engineers are problem solvers.· Engineers develop new technologies to make life better or more enjoyable.· Engineers transform natural resources into valuable products.· Engineering seems to blend technical knowledge with creativity.· Engineering is the practical application of accumulated scientific knowledge. … I consider it to be as much of an art form as it is a science.· Engineers push society in new directions by applying the knowledge and technology at their fingertips.Goals of Engineering – Why do engineers do what they do?· To make life in general easier for the client (not necessarily society), whether that means designing a better ballistic missile or
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 4A: Retention Programs and Strategies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Megan McSpedon, Rice University; Ann Saterbak, Rice University; Michael Wolf, Rice University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
of the academic rigor and transition issues they are facing. Thecombination of rigorous coursework, the freedom to try and fail, and significant peer and staffsupport allows for the failure and mastery experiences needed to develop self-efficacy and agrowth mindset.19, 24Other aspects of RESP were also designed based on a number of best practices in the field.Research demonstrates study groups are a crucial aspect of success in undergraduate STEMprograms.25 Because most students in RESP were among the most capable in their high school,few arrive at Rice having worked extensively in groups of equally capable peers. Additionally,students from groups traditionally underrepresented in STEM fields may resist asking for help soas not to confirm
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manish Roy, University of Connecticut; Maria Chrysochoou, University of Connecticut; Connie Syharat, University of Connecticut
a faculty member in 2019 at the University of Connecticut. His research interests lie in the field of concrete technology with a focus on finite element modeling of ultra high performance concrete. He is also interested in educational research. He is presently working on redesigning the Soil Mechanics course, which incorporates inclusive teaching practices considering the experience and needs of neurodivergent learners. This project is a part of an NSF-funded IUSE/PFE:RED grant.Connie Syharat Constance M. Syharat is a Ph.D. student and Research Assistant at the University of Connecticut as a part of two neurodiversity-centered NSF-funded projects, Revolutionizing Engineering Departments (NSF:RED) "Beyond Accommodation
Collection
2008 GSW
Authors
Pradeep K. Bhattacharya; Jiecai Luo
the university [8]. This will reducetheir training cost somewhat and give university feedback to the students in ethicalchallenges. Outreach programs should be renovated. Under graduate researches should turntheir style from traditional to practice based nontraditional applications. New EngineeringResearch Centers should be made and industries should buy in such efforts. Design clinicsshould be held in summer with the technical assistance of industries to train and motivatestudents. Increase in global cooperative education should be nurtured. Engineering studentsshould have compulsory participation in engineering student organizations which can providethem a vehicle for service to the engineering college and the surrounding community
Conference Session
Distance Learning in ET Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Megan Mize, Old Dominion University; Rochelle Rodrigo, University of Arizona; Alok K. Verma P.E., Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
for universities with first year engineering programswhich have lectures for hundreds students at the same time and very high student per professorratio. One example of such a course can be Mechanics (Mora, Sancho-Bru, Iserte, & Sánchez,2012). ePortfolios could be designed to help assess formative, continuous, and transfer of learningin courses with a large number of students, as well as for assessing graduate engineering programs(Kajfez et al., 2013), or supervision of final engineering projects (Filella et al., 2012). Furthermore, ePortfolios can document experiential learning and research-based learningthrough online engineering labs through cloud-based personal learning environments (Terkowsky,May, Haertel, & Pleul, 2013
Collection
2024 ASEE-GSW
Authors
Kendra L Wallis, The University of Texas at Arlington
UnitedNations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (SDG 4, SDG 5, and SDG 10). Proceedings of the 2024 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX Copyright  2024, American Society for Engineering Education 2Based on lessons from The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement,1 it is important to firstidentify the goal of education and then to identify the best way(s) to reach that goal. Finally, thispaper considers the impacts of improving methods to meet the goal. In their book Investment inLearning, Bowen and Fincher assert that three primary goals of education are 1) practicalcompetence
Conference Session
Active Engagement: From the New Engineering Librarian's Perspective
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Jane Dooley, Dalhousie University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
Phone: 494-3428 Figure 2 Sexton Design & Technology Library Subject SpecialistsWhat does a subject specialist do?≠ Maintains a Subject Guide web page on the Library’s website Includes: links to journal indexes and abstracts, full text databases, e-journals, user guides, key reference sources, and selected web sites≠ Selects books in their subject areas for the library’s collection≠ Assists library patrons with research queries at reference desk≠ Instructs students in research methods and library resources and servicesWhat can your subject specialist do for you and your students?≠ Integrate information
Conference Session
Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Paras Mandal, University of Texas, El Paso; Eric D Smith, University of Texas, El Paso; Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Oscar H. Salcedo, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
knowledge concepts, and skills from each of the workshop presentations?MethodParticipants. The targeted program participants were undergraduate and graduate master’sstudents at various stages of their program with major emphasis on upperclassman.Research Design. The design used to address the research questions was a cross-sectional designwhich allows for the gathering of individual’s perceptions and opinions about fundamentalaspects of a program, issue, or intervention. This type of design is very effective since itprovides a quick “snapshop” of current behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs in a particularpopulation.Instruments. As a means of assessing the quality of the individual workshop presentations, aworkshop evaluation scale was developed. This
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Larry Shuman; Justin Chimka; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre; Jack McGourty; Harvey Wolfe
specific cognitive and behavioral skills. Thebasic application requires each team member to rate both themselves and their teammateson a series items designed to identify skills and behaviors found to be important forengineering graduates and practicing engineers. (See Figure 1 for an example.) Anadministrative authoring system enables the instructor to quickly create an electronicversion of the survey (in disc format). Each student is given a disc and instructed tocomplete the survey at a convenient time. The computer-collected data is then compiledby the administrative application. Reports are automatically generated, giving eachstudent a confidential, developmental feedback report that presents self and team ratingson each survey item and
Collection
2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference
Authors
Omar Ahmed Raheem Al-Shebeeb, West Virginia University; Austin Harper; Ahmed Shoyeb Raihan, West Virginia University
Evaluation, CAD Toolpath Simulation, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies,Operator Training Optimization1. Research Objectives and ScopesThis paper served as a vehicle to prepare students for working with smart manufacturing technologiesusing three exercises to support their learning. These exercises aimed to develop student’s proficiencywith creating butt, tee, and lap joints using the Miller MobileArc™ AR Welding System. Students alsoused computer aided design (CAD) software, Fusion360, to generate a plasma cutter toolpath for partdesigns provided through eCampus. Once the data for AR welding and plasma cutting tool paths wascollected, a computational analysis was performed to evaluate energy consumption, material depositionrate, and deposited
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Case Studies
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Alice Trussell
information resources.ABET 2000+Included in the qualitative measurements introduced in the ABET 2000 criteria wererequirements specifying that graduates have an understanding of ethical responsibilities and thatthey incorporate that knowledge in a major design experience. These requirements are found inCriteria 3 and 4. Criterion 3, Program Outcomes and Assessment, states “Engineering programsmust demonstrate that their graduates have: …(f) an understanding of professional and ethicalresponsibility. … Each program must include an assessment process with documented results.”1Criterion 4, Professional Component, builds upon the outcomes of Criterion 3: “Students mustbe prepared for engineering practice through the curriculum culminating in a major
Conference Session
Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University ; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
Paper ID #9574Distinctive and Unique Outreach Programs: Promoting Academic Excellenceand DiversityMs. Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University Paula is a first year Civil Engineering Ph.D. student and graduate of the Master of Environmental Engi- neering program at Texas Tech University. Her research interests include water and wastewater treatment, focusing on non-selective advanced oxidation processes for small scale water treatment facilities. Paula participates in outreach programs to help recruit female and URMs to STEM related careers.Dr. Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University Dr. Audra Morse, P.E., is the Associate
Collection
2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Radian Belu
energy conservation, the structure, operation anddesign of PV, WECS and hybrid power systems, the structure, operation and design of a PV orWECS system, the environmental impacts associated with the energy production, the use anddisposal of PV modules or a component of a wind energy conversion system.2.2 Activities for Hands-on Laboratory ExperienceIt is well known that good laboratory experiences increase the interest of students in an area byconnecting the theory to practice facilitating an active learning process18-22. An interestingstrategy have been developing at school of technology of our university to have a well trainedengineering force with a focus on renewable energy and its related aspects, specifically byinvolving the design
Conference Session
Motivating students to achieve
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Elizabeth Davis; David Socha; Valentin Razmov
about what has happened and what is possible in order to create a muchricher design experience and understanding; the cost of this is the higher overhead to the team.Providing a range of techniques allowed each student to assess which practices worked best forthat student’s personality and background, as well as for different situations they mightencounter. Different people may learn better through different types of reflective practices.Typical introverts8 may prefer the privacy of a journal to participating in team retrospectives,while extroverts may be more effective the opposite way. Writing and talking use different partsof the brain. Many people think better when they are physically active20.‡ This includes increasing the value all along
Conference Session
Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Xiannong Meng; Luiz Perrone; Maurice Aburdene
transferable.The strength of the track approach is recognized by the National Security Agency (NSA). Thisgovernmental agency has created stringent, 10-point criteria for the evaluation of programs inComputer Science and Engineering and in Information Assurance. If these criteria are fullysatisfied, the institution is awarded the designation of National Center of Academic Excellence inInformation Assurance Education (NCAEIAE). Criteria 8 in the list in specifies that a qualifyingprogram must have declared concentrations in information assurance [12]: “Academic program, within a nationally or regionally accredited 4-year college or graduate-level university, has declared concentrations in IA. Identify the courses required for each
Conference Session
Technology-Enhanced Learning
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Cramer, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Robert Jeanne, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Moira Lafayette, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Michael J. Litkow, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Amber R. Smith, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Lillian Tong, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
Agricultural and Life SciencesBibliography 1. Phase 1 Report: Creating a culture for scholarly and systematic innovation in engineering education: Ensuring U.S. engineering has the right people with the right talent for a global society (2009). Washington, D.C.: American Society for Engineering Education 2. Hagner, P.R. (2000) Best Practices in Faculty Engagement and Support, paper presented at Educause conference, 2000. 3. C. H. Crouch, J. Watkins, A. P. Fagen, and E. Mazur, "Peer Instruction: Engaging Students One-on-One, All At Once," in Research-Based Reform of University Physics, edited by E. F. Redish and P. J. Cooney (American Association of Physics Teachers, College Park, MD, 2007
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: S-STEM 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Stephanie S. Ivey, University of Memphis; Craig O. Stewart, University of Memphis; Shani O'Brien, University of Colorado Denver; Maryam Darbeheshti, University of Colorado Denver; William Schupbach, University of Colorado Denver; Karen D. Alfrey, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Paper ID #29081Launching the Urban STEM CollaboratoryProf. Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver Katherine Goodman is assistant professor at the University of Colorado Denver, and the associate director of Inworks, an interdisciplinary innovation lab. Her research focuses on transformative experiences in engineering education. She is currently division chair of the Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE).Dr. Stephanie S Ivey, The University of Memphis Dr. Stephanie Ivey is the Associate Dean for Research with the Herff College of Engineering and a Pro- fessor
Conference Session
Robotics
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cathy Burack, Brandeis University; Alan Melchior, Brandeis University; Matthew Hoover, Brandeis University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
community development. Mr. Melchior has served as the lead evaluation partner for the FIRST robotics programs since 2002 and has conducted more than a dozen studies of FIRST’s national after-school robotics programs. He is currently the co-Principal evaluator on the multi-year longitudinal impact study of FIRST programs.Matthew Hoover, Brandeis University Matthew Hoover is a Senior Research Associate at the Center for Youth and Communities at Brandeis University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018Do After-School Robotics Programs Expand the Pipeline into STEM Majors in College? I. IntroductionFor more than a decade
Conference Session
Student Learning and Teamwork
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Martin John Wagner, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Barbara L Christe, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Eugenia Fernandez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Learning and an Editor of the Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Her research focuses on the scholarship of teaching and learning related to learning with technology. Page 25.331.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Comparing First-Year Engineering Technology Persisters and Non-PersistersIntroductionScience, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education is a growing national priority.“Scientific and technological innovation continues to play an essential role in catalyzing thecreation of new industries, spawning job growth
Conference Session
Tools of Teaching and Learning
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Elizabeth Davis; David Socha; Valentin Razmov
their own experience, and which of the reflective practices they have continued to use.We report elsewhere16 on the reflective practices that students found valuable and continued touse after the class.When we designed the course, we did not anticipate writing these papers, and so did not organizethe course in order to do research; our goal was to teach effectively. Thus, we only haveanecdotal evidence about the causes for student learning or the impact of conflict in particular ontheir learning.Comparing our course with previous instances of it is difficult because we taught it in a verydifferent way. We used many “unusual” techniques, including reflective techniques, 2-hourclass sessions, teaching with our mouths shut, devoting almost one
Conference Session
Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Uhlig, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University; John Watson, National University; Howard Evans, National University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
. Watson teaches computer science and software engineering courses as an associate professor at National University (La Jolla, CA) while continuing research in the areas of human and machine cognition. He holds a joint doctoral degree in Education with emphasis on education technology and multicultural education from Claremont Graduate University and San© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Diego State University. His research work in metacognitive analysis has garnered a number of awards, including Phi Delta Kappa's 2002 Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation, and the top Award in Educational Research for the California State University. Dr. Watson has a B.A. in Economics
Collection
2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference
Authors
Wagdy H Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Nian Zhang, University of the District of Columbia (UDC)
innovative businessmodels. Based on their potential to create new key business applications, better products and2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018 – University of the District of Columbiasustainable environment, the estimated potential economic impacts of identified disruptivetechnologies is between $14 trillion and $33 trillion a year in 2025 [7].This paper is organized as follows. Section two of this paper will provide brief descriptions ofthe differences between sustainable and disruptive technologies. Section three will providedescription of key disruptive technologies and brief analysis of their economic and socialimpacts. Section four will provide a road map for creating courses to provide students withessential skill
Conference Session
Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cliff R. Mirman, Northern Illinois University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
a very advanced topic for the railroad industry. There are many safety and power issuesthat the research team examined. The railroad industry wanted to utilize the fuel cell as anauxiliary source of energy, thus, employing a smaller, more efficient diesel power plant toprovide power. The net result would be a cost and fuel savings over various regions and terrains.The design team determined that an SOFC (solid oxide) cell was best for this purpose. On boardgasification of biodiesel will be used for the fuel. Major components include SOFC, gasifier, gascleaning, heat exchangers for heat recovery/preheating and cooling. This cooling system has toremove heat from the fuel cell stack using bi-polar plates and remove heat from electric motorsand
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators: Tricks of the Trade II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen Benitez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Juan Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Yesenia Cruz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Marta Rosa, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
Industrial EngineersYesenia Cruz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Yesenia Cruz is a graduate student working at the International Service Systems Research Lab in issues of complex systems for disaster relief. She is president of the Student chapter of INFORMS at the UPRM.Marta Rosa, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Marta Rosa is a 4th year Industrial Engineering student at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez and is part of a group of undergrads that participates in opportunities for research at the IE department. Marta is a member of IIE.Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Dr. Alexandra Medina-Borja is an assistant professor at the University of Puerto Rico at
Conference Session
LEAD Tech Session #2: Assessing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Development.
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Volpe; Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Simmons, University of Florida; Danielle Weisenfeld, University of Florida; Jackson Carcaba, University of Florida
material in a short time.Future research may include work that begins to reconsider the centuries-old curriculum thatcontinues to take precedence when educating engineers and consider ways to integrate leadershipmore heavily into this curriculum. More research is needed on how to successfully integrateleadership into the robust and heavily technical engineering curriculum and the best practices orpedagogies for teaching leadership to undergraduate engineering students.ConclusionThis study examined the experiences and perspectives of 14 civil engineering students related totheir undergraduate education, out-of-class involvement, and career development. Intervieweesdescribed their involvement in a variety of OOCAs, which was the most influential to
Conference Session
Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 2
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cynthia Kay Pickering, Arizona State University; Erik Fisher, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)
, the proposed research has the potential to broaden participationin STEM by increasing engagement, retention, and graduation of underrepresented minorities.Second, in building SocioTechnical Learning capacity, the research will also contribute to newapproaches for community centered solutions that leverage cultural assets of underrepresentedstudents and consider alternative knowledges in collaborative technology design, development,and implementation. As students graduate and enter the workforce, they carry with them thecapacity to respond to human and societal dimensions of technology in daily practices.3. Conceptual FrameworkThe literature characterizes multiple separate flavors of social learning and techno-centriclearning in the context of
Conference Session
Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ida B. Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Marcus Rogers, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sienna Jasmine Bates, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Megan Celeste Piper
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computing and Information Technology
] “Cybersecurity Curricula 2017 Curriculum Guidelines for Post-Secondary Degree Programs in Cybersecurity,” Dec. 2017.[12] “ABET Approves Accreditation Criteria for Undergraduate Cybersecurity Programs.” https://www.abet.org/abet-approves-accreditation-criteria-for-undergraduate-cybersecurity- programs/ (accessed Jan. 15, 2021).[13] D. H. Tobey, R. A. Gandhi, A. B. Watkins, and C. W. O’Brien, “Competency is Not a Three Letter Word A Glossary Supporting Competency-based Instructional Design in Cybersecurity,” Cybersecurity Skills Journal: Practice and Research, vol. 20, pp. 32–38, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/57509751/Tobey__Gandhi__Watkins___OBrien_2018_Co