Conference Session

Aerospace Teaching and Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maxwell Stuart Reid, Auckland University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

AC 2011-379: THE ASSESSMENT OF ETHICAL AND SUSTAINABLEENGINEERING STUDIES IN UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY EDU-CATIONMaxwell Stuart Reid, Auckland University of Technology Dr Maxwell Reid lectures in telecommunications engineering, and computer network engineering, at the Auckland University of Technology. He has researched and published many journal and conference papers on technology education, the role of a university as a critic and conscience of society, the need for an engineering code of ethics, and the principles of ethical and values-based decision-making in engineering. He has also published papers on effective teaching methodologies for engineering education in the post- modern period. Dr Reid is the

Conference Session

Preparing a Modern Aerospace Workforce

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Bibel, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

illustrated with related issues such as ethics, cost/benefitanalysis of safety improvements, role of government regulation, lawsuits, etc.Student response and interest were excellent. See limited assessment results at the end ofthe paper.In general the stories are fascinating and serve as a great starting point for numerousengineering discussions. The following are example crash stories and associatedconcepts of engineering science.PressureThe de Havilland explosive decompressions of the 1950’s are well known. Also wellknown is Aloha Airlines Flight 243 on April 28, 1988 in which an 18’ by 14’ section of aBoeing 737 fuselage blew out (see Figure 1). Amazingly all the passengers had theirseatbelts on and survived. Only one attendant standing nearby

Conference Session

Topics Related to Assessments and Outcomes

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Frederick, Mechanical and Aeropace Engineering; Rebekah Frederick, Homewood Academy for Girls

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

illustratehow this benefits the student’s ability, “to design a system, component, or process to meetdesired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political,ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.” The symposium described wasfilmed making it available to use at another time or institution.IntroductionLearning outcomes for aerospace design students often stress the practical application of studentknowledge. For example, aerospace programs are asked to show that students have “an ability todesign a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such aseconomic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Page 24.1094.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Space Shuttle Case Studies: Challenger and ColumbiaAbstractThe two Space Shuttle tragedies, Challenger and Columbia, have led to many papers on casestudies on engineering ethics. The Challenger disaster in particular is often discussed due to theinfamous teleconference that took place the night before the launch in which some engineerstried to postpone the launch. However, the space shuttle program itself is worthy of study as itrelates to the engineering design process, and the details of the Challenger and Columbiadisasters are worthy of discussion as they relate to a variety of sub-disciplines, including materialscience

Conference Session

Integrative Projects in Aerospace Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Weinstein, Northeastern University; Randy August, Northeastern University; Len Dow, Northeastern University; Jerome Tapper, Northeastern University; Francis Di Bella, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

processes, d. an ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or processes appropriate to program objectives, e. an ability to function effectively on teams, f. an ability to identify, analyze and solve technical problems, g. an ability to communicate effectively, h. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning, i. an ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities, j. a respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues, k. a commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous

Conference Session

Laboratory Courses and Programming in the Aerospace Curriculum

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Tracy L. Yother, Purdue University - Purdue Polytechnic Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

lists under DisciplineSpecific Content a requirement that include “topics related to professional responsibilities,ethical responsibilities, respect for diversity, and quality and continuous improvement” [10].Other commissions within ABET have retained an explicit requirement for lifelong professionlearning and development. The Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) has condensedthe Criterion 3 a-k to seven items with number seven being “an ability to acquire and apply newknowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies” [11]. The ABET ComputingAccreditation Commission Criterion 5 Curriculum states “The curriculum must combinetechnical, professional, and general education components to prepare students for a career,further study

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

examined was the K-12 and collegeSTEM education pipeline and, in particular, Boeing’s current role in this area. Based onobservations gained through this study, recommendations were proposed for an educationaleffort in STEM education.Attributes of an Engineer: A StudyA study, recently commissioned by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), identified thedesired attributes of the Engineer of 20202. These traits are: • Possesses strong analytical skills • Exhibits practical ingenuity; possesses creativity • Good communication skills with multiple stakeholders • Business and management skills; Leadership abilities • High ethical standards and a strong sense of professionalism

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG)

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

coursework requires students to engage in actsof ethical, global, and civic inquiry with professors and fellow students. Such acts of inquiryrequire students to think critically and creatively as they solve problems related to technology,scientific discovery, and design. These thinking skills also aid students outside of classroom asthey engage in experiential learning that fosters leadership skills necessary to serve communitieson and off campus4.Honor students get involved with the faculty to help with the research project. Because of theirinvolvement, students develop strong oral and written communication skills. They learn that inengineering fields, employers look for people who can communicate well. Landis5 indicates thatstudents rank

Conference Session

Spacecraft Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

, project management, experimental, ethical, andprofessional issues faced by practicing engineers on a daily basis. Even though space missionsand spacecraft systems are designed to operate in the presence of multiple failures, occasionally,these systems will still fail spectacularly. The reasons for failure include incorrect designdecisions, operator error, manufacturing defects, and lack of proper subsystem and system levelintegration and test. The odds of these failures occurring can be significantly reduced throughgood systems engineering practice. But, in some cases, the very systems engineering practicesthemselves directly contribute to the failure. The lessons learned from success and failures are apowerful aid to understanding, but it is

Conference Session

Advanced Aerospace Student Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Changho Nam, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

current technology. • Students as a CAD master drawings are professional quality.   Table 6. Capstone Project Assessment Results - ABET Outcomes h and i. OUTCOMES – h, i Professionalism–An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility, a commitment to on-going professional competence and possession of basic professional and organizational success skills. Level 1 Exhibits professionally appropriate behavior patterns, appreciates engineering as a learned profession and possesses daily success skills. Level 2 Accepts responsibility for their education, understands the major professional and

Conference Session

Innovations in Aero Curriculum and Program Level Administration

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

responsibility was only being demonstrated in data from the capstone design sequences.The committee felt that the addition of earlier opportunities to measure student understanding ofprofessional and ethical responsibilities would strengthen the program. As a result, this SObecame the focus of a change in our Engineering Communications course (ASE 333T) and inexercises in the new laboratory course (ASE 375) created to remedy the shortcoming notedabove under Outcome (b). Student Outcome (i): Evaluation of this student outcome, based on the work of currentstudents, creates an almost impossible task. We currently have no good way to evaluate “arecognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning”. However, we areadvised at

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Guerra, NASA; John A. Christian, University of Texas, Austin; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

course is structured in modules, such that a particular topic module can be pulled forinclusion in another class, thus allowing an easier opportunity for export. Furthermore, themodular structure allows for reordering of the 24 topics per the instructor’s preference. Giventhis approach, modules can also be added or deleted based on topic interest. In fact, there are anumber of topics worthy of inclusion in future versions of this course, including softwaresystems engineering, human factors, design for supportability and maintainability, and six-sigmaquality methodology. In addition to lecture modules, class time is also devoted to invited guestspeakers, watching relevant videos and introducing ethics and professional leadership concepts.The SE

Conference Session

Personnel Development & Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Subhanwit Roy, Iowa State University; Lorenzo D. Baber, Loyola University, Chicago ; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

tasks or projects to gain experience or knowledge. Attempt task Newly hired engineers complete their work tasks, √ independently understand the roles or methods of the jobs on their own. Positive Attitude Cultivating Have good Newly hired engineers maintain professionalism by √ √ work ethics working hard, doing high-quality work, and finishing tasks on time. Have self- Newly hired engineers remind themselves that their √ √ assurance opinions are valuable and to be

Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Mullins, Texas Space Grant Consortium; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

engineering program mustdemonstrate that graduates have: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering -- TDC participants apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering in the development of the designs to meet NASA requirements (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data -- TDC participants must analyze and interpret data that results from their design trade studies in order to choose from design alternatives (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

real world team design tasks and will perform design team managementfunctions. Ethics in engineering and management will be covered and the importance of safetyconsiderations, and reliability. Students will learn to develop a detailed design needs statementfrom a vague initial design goal. They will learn to carry out engineering trade studies and to workin an arena in which critical pieces of information are often missing. They will learn to makeassumptions, to work on the basis of those assumptions, and subsequently to modify or abandontheir assumptions as appropriate. They will learn that design is iterative and will develop judgmentthat will allow them to compare and evaluate design alternatives. They will learn to present theirresults in

Conference Session

Teaching Methodology & Assessment 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

George Frederick Halow, University of Michigan; Maia E. Herrington, University of Michigan; Melanie Spare, Siemens Digital Industries Software; Shannon O'Donnell, Siemens Digital Industries Software; Gilbert Morris, Retired (formerly Siemens)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

and teamwork skills; provide training in critical and creative thinking skills and problem-solving methods; produce graduates who are conversant with engineering ethics and the connections between technology and society…” [1]More recent data suggest that academia is not sufficiently moving the needle. Figure 1, below, isan excerpt from the 2017 Tech-Clarity report “Close the Engineering Skills Gap” [2] whereleaders of companies ranging from aerospace, automotive, machinery, energy, and consumerproducts industries indicate areas in which academia is not preparing students well for futureemployment. Figure 1: Top Skills Schools Do NOT Prepare Students Well For [2]Additionally, Listing 1 provides quotes

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

from Purdue University. She has served as a lecturer in Purdue’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Zoltowski’s academic and research interests broadly include the professional formation of engineers and diversity and inclusion in engineering, with specific interests in human-centered design, engineering ethics, leadership, service-learning, assistive-technology, and accessibility. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Phenomenography: A Qualitative Research Method to Inform and Improve the Traditional Aerospace Engineering Discipline I. Abstract This overview paper demonstrates the valuable attributes of phenomenography forinvestigating the

Conference Session

Learning in a Socially-Distanced Environment

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Wm. Michael Butler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kenneth Reid, University of Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Workplace Work Structures and Performance Assessment – Students are introduced to concepts such as matrix organizations and the yearly performance appraisal process • Job Search and Interview Practices – Students gain practical skills necessary for a successful professional job search • Engineering Ethics in the Workplace – Students are introduced to engineering ethics as it is practiced in the workplace along with receiving training typical of employees at companies such as Lockheed Martin • Industry Design Practices – Approaches to solve design problems in the workplace are introduced • Team Management in Industry – Course makes extensive use of teams to approach design problems

Conference Session

Space Side of Aerospace

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas W. Arrington, Texas A&M University; Nicolas Federico Hurst, Texas A&M 2015 Capstone Design Spacecraft; David B. Kanipe, Texas A&M University; Joanna M. Schiefelbein , Texas A&M University; David Charles Hyland, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realisticconstraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability(d) An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams(e) An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems(f) An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility(g) An ability to communicate effectively(h) The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,economic, environmental, and societal context(i) A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning(j) A knowledge of contemporary issues(k) An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

in the course, they are introduced to otherimportant aspects of engineering such as teamwork, communication skills, time management,personal responsibility and ethics. Details of the individual experiential learning activities andthe resulting outcomes are presented and discussed.1. IntroductionExperience shows that when students are engaged in activities that integrate both cognitive andsensory systems, they are more likely to maintain focus and have better retention of the subjectpresented. There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to support the positive impact ofexperiential learning that many experienced teachers know to be true through personalinteractions with students.The continuing interest in active, collaborative, cooperative

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

attitude and severe impediments to implementingadvancing learning. Pointed comments from the better-performing students reveal intensefrustration with the perceived dilution of work ethic and degree requirements, and cites thedamage being done to institutions, the industry and the morale of the best students by suchpractices. The innovative aspects of the course aimed to advance learning are tabulated with theirbenefits to the learners, and the risks.BackgroundWhat follows is a Case Study, in order to lay out the realities in depth, and help guide progress.The   multiple   decades   of   the   instructor’s   experience,   the   institution   has   risen   to   become  demonstrably  one  of  the  best  and  best-­‐regarded  in  the  world

Conference Session

Student Success, Learning Strategies, and Retention in the Aerospace Industry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University; Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

of engineering identity: definitions, factors, and interventions affecting development, and means of measurement. European Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 42(6), 1240-1262, Feb 2017, http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/uvMnAdrywrDPeXMbFicE/full, https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2017.128766423. A. Furnham & J. Marks (2013). Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Recent Literature. Psychology, Vol. 4, 717-728. doi: 10.4236/psych.2013.4910224. A. Furnham & T. Ribchester (1995). Tolerance of ambiguity: A review of the concept, its measurement and applications. Current Psychology, Vol. 14, 179-199. doi:10.1007/BF0268690725. W. G. Perry Jr. (1970). Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University; Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Schrader, W. M. Riggs, & R. P. Smith (1993). Choice over Uncertainty and Ambiguity inTechnical Problem Solving, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10, 1993,accessed on Jan. 30, 2019,https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/46980/choiceoveruncert00schr.pdf?s..[23] W. G. Perry Jr. (1970). Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years:A Scheme. Perry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1970. Reprinted by Jossey-Bass Higherand Adult Education Series, 1998[24] P. Fitch & R. S. Culver (1984). Educational activities to stimulate intellectual developmentin Perry’s scheme, Proceedings ASEE Annual Conference, ASEE Washington, DC, 712

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mark D. Maughmer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Benjamin T. Pipenberg, The Pennsylvania State University; Nicholas Jared Grasser, The Pennsylvania State University; Stephen Van Wert, The Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

thecourse are that students should, upon their completion of the course, be able to:1.) Complete the preliminary design for an aircraft such that it satisfies assigned specifications2.) Design a system, component, or process that meets given requirements in aircraft systems3.) Identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems4.) Function on multi-disciplinary teams5.) Communicate and present effectively the results and consequences of their technical efforts6.) Determine what the ethical responsibilities are to themselves, to employers, and to societyThe course has a lecture component as well as the laboratory sessions. The purpose of the lectureportion of the class is to support the students’ design and fabrication activities. As a result

Conference Session

Integrative Projects in Aerospace Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Jayaram, St. Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Page 11.274.2designing and developing the software required for smooth functioning of the BillikenSat1 inorbit. (Exploded View)Figure 1: External Structure of the BillikenSat 1. It is made of Aluminum 6061 and weighs 254gramsThrough this interdisciplinary senior capstone design program, it is our intention to provideundergraduate students with the benefit of experiencing real-life issues– such as designing asystem to meet realistic constraints such as economic, manufacturability, sustainability andprofessional and ethical responsibilities, as well as teamwork and communication skills.SATELLITE BUSThe satellite bus is made up of all the necessary subsystems that are essential for normaloperation of the satellite and completing its

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne W. Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Michael G. Schrlau, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Patricia Iglesias, National Technical Institute for the Deaf; Kate N. Leipold, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Timothy Aaron Nichols, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

students the opportunity to apply Mechanics of Materialsconcepts to analyze the design failure as well as investigate the ethics of the situation andappreciate the impacts resulting from engineering decisions. A two-part case study packet, designed and developed by undergraduate hearing and deafstudent researchers who have previously taken the course, was used to implement the case studyin each section. In the first part, a reading assignment with video links and a post-exercise Page 23.832.4questionnaire on the reading were posted on myCourses, an RIT online course management toolavailable to all students enrolled in the course. The post

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

therewas nothing to be done inside the classroom. Another exhortation is to give an additionalassignment grade free to every student if the class achieves an Evaluation Fill-In Rate above aspecified level. Many of us, including those who have decided to ignore the “Evaluation” andsuch other beauty contests, remain rather skeptical about the ethics behind such moves.Symptoms of The AilmentAnecdotal evidence suggests that there is a problem, with employers cited as grumbling that theyno longer could be sure of what they were getting when they hired a student with a given GPA.A senior professor was recently overheard telling his teaching assistant about his policy on

Conference Session

Design Courses 2, Aerospace Assets

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard Melnyk, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

a methodical and deliberate risk mitigation program. Works Cited[1] M. Hatfield, C. Cahill, P. Webley, J. Garron, and R. Beltran, “Integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System-Efforts by the University of Alaska to support the FAA/NASA UAS Traffic Management Program,” Remote Sens., vol. 12, no. 19, 2020, doi: 10.3390/RS12193112.[2] Federal Aviation Administration, “FAA Aerospace Forecasts Fiscal Years 2020-2040,” 2020.[3] R. L. Finn and D. Wright, “Unmanned aircraft systems: Surveillance, ethics and privacy in civil applications,” Comput. Law Secur. Rev., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 184–194, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2012.01.005.[4

Conference Session

Best Practices in Aerospace Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Hannigan, Mississippi State University; Keith Koenig, Mississippi State University; Lorenzo Coley, Mississippi State University; Christopher Hamm, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

shall: 1. Demonstrate a good understanding of mathematics, basic physical sciences, and engineering sciences. 2. Show proficiency in the use of analytical and problem-solving skills. 3. Be able to apply their design skills. 4. Be proficient in written, oral, and graphic communication. 5. Demonstrate an appreciation for the arts, humanities, and social sciences. 6. Conduct themselves ethically and professionally, and exhibit personal integrity and responsibility in their actions. 7. Be able to work in a multi-disciplinary team environment, and lead when necessary to accomplish a given mission. 8. Appreciate the need for lifelong learning.Program Outcomes:Our Program Outcomes are linked to the

Conference Session

Best Practices in Aerospace Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi Shryock, Texas A&M University; Helen Reed, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

(d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems Page 13.995.3 (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering