Conference Session

Work-In-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell William Buccalo, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

engineering work, with over 60%of engineering seniors surveyed rating communication among the top five most importantengineering skills, in a 2010 study reported in Enabling Engineering Student Success [1].Chemical engineering educators have long recognized the need to educate students in written,oral, and interpersonal communication, and technical communication training has manifested inprimarily two different forms. Some university departments have provided supplementalcommunication training across multiple technical courses in the curriculum. Others have createdcourses dedicated to teaching Technical Communications (TC) to students. By necessity,technical courses that have a strong communication emphasis prioritize the instruction andmastery of

Conference Session

Work-In-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

knowledge[1] . Within a year, this project expanded to be included in a required junior level chemicalengineering course (and was no longer a part of the Introduction to Biomedical Engineeringelective). Over the past twenty years, this project is a required project for a wider spectrum ofrequired chemical engineering courses and has grown to include presentations to K-12 students –and has impacted almost one-thousand undergraduate chemical engineering students and over10,000 K-12 students. This is a work in progress, since the author would like to gather input as to what informationwould be helpful to provide to the community to enable this program to be transferable to otherinstitutions.Project Description The outreach project

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Lucian Alexander P.E., Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the last three years, and thus has been steadily increasing the extent ofsustainability concepts included in the courses. Recently, instruction in sustainability conceptswas expanded from the Design III course to the Design II course, as a result of the instructorreceiving internal grant funding for a course-redesign on a Title V I-CARE (Integrating a Cultureof Academic and Research Engagement) federal grant. For the course re-design, a newinstructional module was created on heat integration in chemical processes, and then a short termstudent project was assigned to students.The sustainability concepts that are discussed in the Design II and Design III courses are (1)recycling of unreacted feed or other chemical; (2) heat integration; (3

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Anastasio, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Heather Chenette, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Gregory T. Neumann, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Tony Ribera, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the gains in student learning, engagement, andskills in the existing course to verify instructor perceptions. Therefore, our goal was tobenchmark a broad snapshot of the current laboratory course sequence before implementing anycourse changes. Due to the complexity of the course learning objectives, the authors took amulti-dimensional approach. By using both self-assessment and direct assessment methods withvarious tools in each of these categories we sought to capture the effects of our currentpedagogical practices while creating a platform to assess future changes to the laboratorycurriculum. The four outcomes of interest were developments in knowledge, laboratory skills,attitudes, and writing skills.Table 1: Proposed assessments that cross

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Barr, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the increase of quality assurance and regulations set forth by government agencies,recording of data and results will be an important skill for those students to have. For instance,electronic notebooks can comply with CFR Title 21 Part 11: Electronic Records and ElectronicSignatures of the United States Food and Drug Administration.With increase of personal technology and implementation of “cloud” storage, many companiesare implementing some form of electronic laboratory notebooks. • In 1997, Collaborative Electronic Notebook Systems Association (CENSA) was formed through the support of eleven major pharmaceutical and chemical companies. [1] • In 2014, Takeda Pharmaceutical published an article regarding their E-Notebook Project

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janie Brennan, Washington University in St. Louis

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Thedemonstration will also include pre- and post-demonstration reflection activities to help studentsface their misconceptions, a feature that has been demonstrated to be key for learning fromdemonstrations [1].The activities will be piloted for the first time during the Spring 2018 semester. In addition tothe previously mentioned reflection activities, improvements in student learning of key conceptswill be assessed indirectly by comparing achievement on relevant quiz and exam questions from2017 and 2018. These preliminary results will be presented at the 2018 ASEE AnnualConference, where the author hopes to receive feedback and ideas for improvement.Activity 1: McCabe-Thiele Quiz GameThe McCabe-Thiele method is a traditional graphical method for

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Golpour, North Carolina State University; Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University; Lisa G. Bullard, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

cover the foundational topics of both thermodynamics and transport inCourse 1. Course 2 would then address more application-focused content in boththermodynamics and transport in addition to kinetics and reactor design.After this discussion it was determined that this online CHE bridging course will be offered in twoconsecutive semesters (fall and spring) at the authors’ institution as a distance education course.The two-semester bridging course, entitled “Core ChE Concepts: I and II”, is divided into fourcategories spread over the two semesters, as described in Table 1. As noted previously, the topicsshown in Table 1 are not presented sequentially but are integrated over both semesters.One open question is whether students taking an online

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Liberatore, University of Toledo; Katherine Roach, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

problems.IntroductionIn the 20th century, textbooks were a standard technology for higher education and engineeringeducation. In the 21st century, personalized electronics, such as smart phones and laptops, are usedat a much higher rate than almost any other resources, including textbooks, by digitally nativestudents. Similarly, very little information is available about textbook usage, and most researchshows a majority of college students do not read textbooks [1-6]. However, technology fromreading quizzes to interactive textbooks are beginning to measure positive results related to out ofclass reading and participation [7-15]. Specifically, fully interactive textbooks from zyBooks hasshown excellent results helping students in the lower third of the course as

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael D. M. Barankin, Colorado School of Mines; Kevin Stratman, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, often posted on the Learning Management System (LMS) (e.g., Canvas,Blackboard), because it allows students to watch at their own pace and typically allows forvisualization of the problems [1]. Viewership of videos typically peaks around exam times,indicating that students are using the videos to prepare for tests [2]–[4]. Research has shown thatthe majority of students generally enjoy learning through videos [2], [4]–[7]. Approximately 70-85% of students report that they find videos helpful and useful [2], [4], [5] Though such videosmay be well-liked, it is important to bridge the gap between how the use of videos relates to thegrades received by students. Some past research shows that student performance improves fromvideo use [5]–[12], others

Conference Session

ChE: Safety, Sustainability, and Global Opportunities

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sundararajan Madihally, Oklahoma State University; Randy Lewis, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. The Chem-E-Car competition is a powerful tool to enhance technical writing skills,provide engineering analysis opportunities [1], and apply team management skills. Since itsbeginning in 1999, the Chem-E-Car Competition has evolved as the major attraction at theregional, national, and international American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) studentconferences [2]. The basic principle of the competition is that each team has to design a car thatwill carry up to 500 mL of water and travel a specified distance (up to 100 feet). Teams arenotified of the water weight and travel distance one hour prior to the competition. A chemicalreaction must be used to propel the car, and no mechanical mechanisms may be used to stop thecar. The components

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in Student Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Peterson, Lamar University; David Cocke, Lamar University; Jewel Gomes, Lamar University; Hector Casillas, Lamar University; Morgan Reed, Lamar University; Jerry O'Connor, San Antonio College

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

riskcreative solutions. Exposure to, and acquaintance with, novel ideas fosters skill development andcritical thinking through processes that are not fully understood. It is from wading in these Page 12.799.2uncharted waters that one develops and hones the requisite expected “navigational” skills to3/5/2007 Page 1 of 11 AC 2007Paper2835journey and explore what is beyond convention. We should encourage students to reach beyondnational borders and faculty to reach beyond traditional teaching practices to simultaneouslyenhance learning and produce more creative engineers with a global perspective. Given thelimited

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in undergraduate and graduate programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Eric Maase, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

MATLAB and EXCEL/VBA. Page 12.173.4Case Study #1The Case Study as written in Jensen1 is intended for freshmen students. The goal is forstudents to investigate the factors affecting the dissolution of a proposed coating for anew pharmaceutical. The story is written from the perspective of two ChemicalEngineering students in “ChemE 101,” a fictional course. The learning objectives for thestudents reading and working on the case study are: 1) describe the factors affecting masstransfer between phases, 2) collect and evaluate data on mass transfer; and 3) evaluate amodel to describe mass transfer. These overall objectives remain appropriate for agraduate

Conference Session

ChE: Computers and Simulation in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Zollars, Washington State University; Christopher Hundhausen, Washington State University; Melissa Stefik, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the B. Draw a process flow diagram in which acetic acid (A) is extracted from a mixture of acetic acid and water (B) into 1-hexanol (C), a liquid immiscible with water in a single stage. Label each stream with enough values to fully characterize that stream (flow rate, composition, etc.). Provide a numerical value if possible or a symbol for an unknown value (e.g., m& for a flow rate). The following facts are given: 1) The acetic acid/water solution enters at a rate of 400 gm/min. The acetic acid compromises 11.5 % of the solution by weight. 2) The extract phase leaving the process contains 9.6 % acetic acid by weight. 3) The raffinate phase leaving the process

Conference Session

ChE: Retention and Outreach

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Zollars, Washington State University; Donald Orlich, Washington State University; William Thomson, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

majoring, in engineering. Recently the American College Testing organizationreported that between 1992 and 2003 the percentage of high school students expressing aninterest in majoring in engineering dropped from 9% to 6%1. In addition to the lack of numbersthere is also the recurring problem of the lack of preparedness among US students in math andscience2. To address these issues a proposal was submitted and funded by the National ScienceFoundation, Division of Elementary, Secondary, and Informal Education (ESI-9254358). Thiswas followed in the years 2004 – 2006 with a Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) grant(EEC-0338868). In both cases the activity arose from a conversation amongst chemicalengineering faculty members on what

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen White, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

13.432.3Assessments utilized in the kinesthetic active sessions were developed and scored by aninstructor (who also teaches the ES 201 course) who met with the authors to discuss specificsession learning objectives and general topics. The assessments were not seen by the authorsprior to their administration during the kinesthetic active sessions.Table 1 indicates the demographics of the students who participated in the kinesthetic activesessions, and table 2 provides the breakdown of these students into groups based on the degree oftheir preference for kinesthetic learning (based on the VARK, kinesthetic). Table 1: Demographics of the student population who participated in the kinesthetic active SLOs Number of students

Conference Session

Developing Communication/Teamwork Skills in ChEs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sibel Özgen, University Rovira i Virgili; Joan Alabart, University Rovira i Virgili; Magda Medir, University Rovira i Virgili

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

dozen students, which representsabout one third of PMP’s students, who have the highest potential to lead and manage aproject team and who are willing to do so. The selection process is structured in threemain steps: (1) pre-selection: academic qualification and motivation to be a leader, (2)screening: personality profile, (3) selection: demonstration of the leadershipcompetence. In the first step, all students enrolled in the PMP course have to fill out ashort form to check their academic eligibility for the position and their motivation to bea leader. In the second step, all PMP’s students are asked to complete threepsychometric tests: Belbin’s Team Role Inventory, Myers-Briggs Inventory, andLeadership Style Inventory. The analysis of the

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs II (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Bill Brooks, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

collection of the results for analysis. The initial deployment ofWISE in the curriculum is presented.Introduction:It has been shown that, with traditional instruction, students are better rewarded by rote learningthan by conceptual understanding.1 In fact, one study has shown that chemistry studentsdemonstrated a 38% success rate on conceptual problems as compared to a 95% rate onnumerical problems.2 However, it has also been shown that the lack of conceptual understandingseverely restricts the student’s ability to solve a new problem.3 Alternatively, concept-basedinstruction is based on the premise that the understanding of concepts is central to understandinga subject and extending knowledge to new problems and areas.4 By incorporating concept

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nichole Au, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

represents those engineers who will strugglewith energy issues over the ensuing century. In our Engineering Energy Solutions designproject, students are asked to design, construct, test, and evaluate a system for collecting, storing,transporting, converting, and utilizing renewable energy from a water, wind, or solar source.The overall goal of the project is to light a 1 cell AAA Maglite® light bulb after being allowed tocollect energy for 45 minutes and up to two hours.As part of the INSPIRES (INcreasing Student Participation, Interest and Recruitment inEngineering and Science) Curriculum (funded by the NSF), the design projects have been testedwith a wide range of students who include: high school pre-engineering students, freshmenengineering

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs II (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerardine Botte, Ohio University; Keeley Schneider, Ohio University; Bryan Boggs, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

chemical engineering at Ohio University’s Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. He received a B.S. in chemical engineering from West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVUIT). He is working on his dissertation under the guidance of Dr. Gerardine G. Botte, which focuses on ammonia as a source of hydrogen for fuel cells. Page 13.828.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 KIDS BIRTHDAY PARTIES: “HAVING FUN AND LEARNING ENGINEERING”Abstract According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)1, interest inscience, math, and

Conference Session

ChE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyerim Kim, Yonsei University; Jiyong Kim, Yonsei University; Yoon-Su Baek, Yonsei University; Il Moon, Yonsei University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. As the results of this class,52 out of 53 students have acquired the honor of receiving Green belt.IntroductionAs the industries are growing up on large scale and high density, the demand for more creativeengineers is increasing. Engineers need to have abilities to handle out multi tasks simultaneously.Therefore the engineer who not only is an expert in the industry field but also has creativity andcooperating skill is required and it is a new role of colleges to educate and discipline these novelskills. In this paper, the curriculum including the education for the theory of Six Sigma isdeveloped as shown in Figure 1. The curriculum proposed in this paper consists of two contents;1) Lectures for Six Sigma which include the definition

Conference Session

Developing Communication/Teamwork Skills in ChEs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan Alabart, University Rovira i Virgili; Sibel Özgen, University Rovira i Virgili; Magda Medir, University Rovira i Virgili; Hans-Joerg Witt, Witt & Partner

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

theirstudents to carry out an integrated design project based on a lactose recovery plant.1 Theintegrated design project approach devised by these instructors was based on a combination ofproject-based and cooperative learning methodologies.2 First-year students were organized into23 teams formed of 5-6 members. The challenge for these instructors was how to provide strongleadership to these project teams, as team leadership is one of the key elements to guaranteeproject teams’ success. The allocation of several professors to tutor each team was not practical,given the constraints of limited faculty staff and budget. Then, it was thought that senior studentsmight take on that role. Given that there was a compulsory Project Management course assignedto

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs I (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; David Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Donald Visco, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

types of surveys were as follows: 1. Getting enough sleep? 2. Has high school prepared you for college? 3. Do you feel safe on campus? 4. Any new romantic relationships? 5. Is partying getting in the way of schoolwork? 6. Exercise more or less than in high school? 7. Homesick? 8. Campus food options? 9. Susceptible to doing drugs / alcohol now? 10. Confidence in time management skills? Page 13.678.3It is noted that there is nothing about a student’s major listed in the top ten. Thus, afreshman engineering course requires a balance between what an instructor knows (orthinks) that a student needs, and what the students think they need

Conference Session

Developing Communication/Teamwork Skills in ChEs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Lefebvre, Rowan University; Loren Connell, Rowan University; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

necessarilyengaged by traditional problem-solving homework assignments.Assessment data, including comments on student course evaluations and comparison of studentfinal exam performance with and without the project, will also be discussed.IntroductionThis paper describes a five-week laboratory project integrated into a Bioprocess Engineeringelective course. Biological products span the entire range from “high volume, low value” to“low volume, high value.” In 2006, 4.9 billion gallons of ethanol was produced from corn, foran approximate value of $5.25 billion.1 In 2001, high fructose corn syrup sales in the U.S.totaled $2.6 billion.2 Industrial enzymes sales worldwide were $1.6 billion in 1998, with 25-30%used for detergents.3,4 An order of magnitude greater

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot Vigeant, Bucknell University; James Maneval, Bucknell University; Michael Prince, Bucknell University; Michael Hanyak, Bucknell University; William Snyder, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, problem definition, project evaluation, and deadlines that reallymean something.The educational objectives for our senior design sequence are shown in Table 1, andclosely correspond with traditional ABET expectations for such courses.Table 1: Course Objectives for Senior DesignContent Area ObjectivesProfessional Development • Enhance your ability to learn on your own in preparation for your professional careers.Teamwork • Continue to build the interpersonal skills required to be successful in a team environment.Problem Solving • Apply your knowledge base in chemical engineering (developed

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Decker, Wentworth Institute of Technology; William Hansen, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Robert Dewar, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

system for thegreenhouse will be in the form of closed loop geothermal heat pump system powered by a 7.5kW photovoltaic system.project designThe proposed greenhouse will be a south facing structure with a 25 ft. by 40 ft. footprint, asshown in Figure 1. The north wall of the greenhouse was moved away from the existing labbuilding wall to make room for an exiting stairway at the east end of the building. The floor ofthe greenhouse will be sunk approximately 5 ft. below the grade of the western side of thegreenhouse. See Figure 1 for western and southern elevations and a plan view of the greenhouse.The frame of the greenhouse will be made of metal and the walls will be finished with 3 inchwide brick and 3.25 inch thick fiberglass insulation on the

Conference Session

The Latest in Improving Learning in ChE Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Zollars, Washington State University; Christopher Hundhausen, Washington State University; Jonathan Brown, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

orprocedure to help students make the transition from written material to visual material.Aside from being an important skill in its own right, the ability to map a written problemto a visual diagram allows students to continue learning using their preferred learningstyle. As Felder and Silverman1 have found, the majority of learners at the college levelare visual learners. As shown in Figure 1, the students in our material and energy balanceare no different, showing a strong preference for a visual learning style (average score =- 5 on the Felder-Silverman scale). By creating a tool to aid in transforming writteninformation into visual images, we believed that we could help students develop anessential skill that they will need not only in the

Conference Session

Looking at the ChE Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Jacobson, Carnegie Mellon University; Rosemary Frollini, Carnegie Mellon University; Susana Steppan, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs II (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Birnkrant, Drexel University; Matthew Cathell, Drexel University; Priscilla Blount, Martha Washington Elementary School; Jean Robinson, Martha Washington Elementary School; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

structurally-colored thin films, for binding aqueous heavy metals. Matthew is a member of the ACS, AAAS, Sigma Xi, as well as ASEE.Priscilla Blount, Martha Washington Elementary School Priscilla Blount received her B.A. in Finance and Accounting and a M.S. in Education from St. Joseph's University. She has taught grades 1–8 in the School District of Philadelphia for the past 16 years. She is presently the lead teacher for math at Martha Washington Elementary School, and is a member of National Council for Teachers of Math.Jean Robinson, Martha Washington Elementary School Jean R. Robinson received a B.S. and M.S. in Education from Penn State University. She has taught grades 3–8, including

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs I (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Franklin King, North Carolina A&T State University; Shamsuddin Ilias, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2008-2368: A STUDY OF STUDENT RETENTION USING RAPID TESTINGAND REPETITIVE TESTING: PRELIMINARY CLASSROOM RESULTS FROMAN FE REVIEW COURSEFranklin King, North Carolina A&T State UniversityShamsuddin Ilias, North Carolina A&T State University Page 13.116.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Study of Student Retention using Rapid and Repetitive Testing: Preliminary Classroom Results from an FE Review CourseSummaryIn this study, we have attempted to improve our students’ retention of subject matterusing a strategy of rapid and repeated testing. The study was done during the fall 2007semester in a 1-credit, semester-long, review course

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Morales-Menendez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Tomas Lopez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Ricardo Ramirez Medoza, Institute Tecnologico De Monterrey; Luis E Garza, Tecnologico de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Page 13.451.2 Table 1 . Simulation/software research works.Principal Yea Approach/Comments Simulated systems Author rMansour24 1989 Commercially available simulation Traffic systems, HVAC and computer-aided control system systems, inverted pendulum design packages are used in teaching systems, etc. together with real-time software and with special programs developed for specific purposes.Cooper11 1999 CStation is a training simulator that Gravity drained tanks, heat provides students with a broad exchangers, pumped tank