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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 197 in total
Conference Session
Models of community engagement practices
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tiago R. Forin, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Paper ID #9369A Personal Account on Implementing Reflective PracticesMr. Tiago R Forin, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tiago Forin is a PhD student in Purdue University’s School of Engineering Education. He is an active researcher in cross disciplinary practices in Dr. Robin Adams’ XRoads Research Group. He is also in charge of developing assessments for Purdue’s Global Engineering Program. His background is in Civil and Environmental Engineering where he received a BS from Florida State University and a MS from Purdue University
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Srinivas Mohan Dustker, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bandi Surendra Reddy, Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management; Rohit Kandakatla, KG Reddy College of Engineering and Technology; Gopalkrishna H. Joshi, KLE Technological University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Paper ID #34247Role of Reflection in Service Learning-based Engineering Programs: ACross-cultural Exploratory and Comparative Case Study in India and theUSAMr. Srinivas Mohan Dustker, Purdue University, West Lafayette Srinivas Dustker is a Ph.D. student in Engineering Education at Purdue University. He received his B.E. in Industrial Engineering and Management from B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India and his M.S. in Industrial and Operations Engineering from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.Mr. Bandi Surendra Reddy, Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management Surendra Bandi has been with Hyderabad
Conference Session
Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Reddy, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Conference Session
Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Callie J. Miller, James Madison University; Jason Forsyth, James Madison University; Shraddha Joshi, James Madison University; Kyle G. Gipson, James Madison University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Conference Session
Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Wei Lu, Texas A&M University; Mary E. Campbell, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
bearingeducational experience in which students (a) participate in an organized service activity thatmeets identified community needs, and (b) reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gainfurther understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and anenhanced sense of personal values and civic responsibility” (p. 112). Service-learning has beenadopted into higher education curricula for many of its proven benefits, including improvedstudent civic engagement [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], critical thinking [8], and interpersonal skillslike communication skills [9], [10] and collaboration skills [11], [12], [13]. Based on this well-accepted definition, in spring of 2017, we designed and launched theHunger-Free Texas
Conference Session
Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Howard L. Greene, Ohio State University; Kaleb Eldridge, Heart to Honduras; Patrick John Sours, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
development to come together moreregularly, to form more cross-program and cross-discipline collaborations and be increasinglyreflective of the work that we do with local and global partners. We have noticed that thisthoughtful reflection has begun to transform our mindset as we have prioritized the importanceof sustainable benefit to communities. That mindset change is exemplified in our vocabulary –the words we use to honestly describe our efforts to others or ourselves. Specifically, the wordsthat describe the attitudes we bring, the relationships we form, how we work together, theoutcomes we experience and finally, the resultant feelings of the community, have allexperienced a shift from left to right in Figure 1.When the focus of service
Conference Session
Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of San Diego; Matias N. de Paula, University of San Diego
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Conference Session
Engagement In Practice: Integrating Community Engagement into Engineering Curricula
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ines Basalo, University of Miami; Jonathon Anthony Toft-Nielsen, University of Miami; Scotney D. Evans, University of Miami
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
Engineering Education, 2018 Engagement in Practice: Incorporating Service-Learning in a Mechanical Engineering Measurements Lab – A Case StudyIntroductionThe purpose of service-learning is to provide students with a connection between the classroomand their community with a reflection component involved [1]. However, despite evidencepointing to deeper learning and development of critical thinking skills when enough opportunityfor reflection is included in service-learning [2]-[3], reflection is not widely used in engineering[3]. This study describes the incorporation of service-learning into an existing group project in anundergraduate mechanical engineering measurements lab at the University of Miami in the fallsemester of 2017, and how
Conference Session
The D/M/A of CE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lindsey Anne Nelson, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
community partners.Engineers typically find benefit in consulting with the client at key stages in the design process,especially when defining the problem for the engineering team and when evaluating prospectiveideas.6 Engineers operating with human-centered design methods should take time to discernneeds of various stakeholders in order to define good engineering design problems.4 The purposeof this paper is to discuss how engineering students responded to a problem-finding task whenthese students were expected to find evidence of a design challenge during a site visit to acommunity organization. I will discuss the targeted student population, detail the design of alearning experience that matched key features of service-learning pedagogy, reflect
Conference Session
Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Linjue Wang, The Ohio State University; Turhan Kendall Carroll, The Ohio State University; David A. Delaine, The Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
; Inclusion. He is investigating university-community engagement as empow- erment settings and working to further the research agenda of the global community of practice within Diversity and Inclusion in Engineering Education. His research laboratory aims to support an inclu- sive, global pipeline of STEM talent and to unify the needs of the engineering education stakeholders in order for engineering education to more accurately reflect societal needs. Diversity and inclusion, univer- sity/community engagement, informal learning, action research, and student led initiatives fall within the scope of his academic endeavors. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 A pilot study
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maija A Benitz, Roger Williams University; Li-Ling Yang, Roger Williams University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. Jacoby conciselydescribes service learning as “a form of experiential education in which students engage inactivities that address human and community needs together with structured opportunitiesintentionally designed to promote student learning and development” [1].The main components of community engaged learning are service, academic content, partnershipand reciprocity, and finally, analysis or reflection [2]. The service should provide support andsolutions for overcoming a community identified need, while also deepening students learning ofengineering concepts. The community engagement work provides an opportunity for students toapply their classroom learning in a real world setting, with the intention of enriching theirunderstanding of
Conference Session
Community Engagement in Engineering Education: Program Models
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shoba Krishnan, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
; providesinterdisciplinary projects of the students’ choice; and includes structured reflection as a keycourse component.This paper presents a case study on a global project where the students gained experienceworking for real world clients on problems with real world constraints and insight on howengineers impact and influence the world around them. The project was developed by theEngineers Without Borders (EWB) Student Chapter. The EWB students involved in this projectenrolled in the course to prepare for the non-technical components of the task including ethics,communication, and leadership. The course also addresses the engineering design process toassist students in applying their technical skills on the project.Through the use of study surveys and student
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Dan D Nale PE, The Citadel - Civil & Environmental Engineering; Rebekah D Burke, The Citadel
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
experience[1]. It is not possible to understand the processes of service learning without considering Kolb’sexperiential learning model [2, 3]. Kolb used the term “experiential learning” to describe hisperspective on learning in order to link his ideas to their roots in the works of [4, 5, 6] and toemphasize the central role that experience plays in the learning process. Within Kolb’sexperiential learning theory [2, 3], learning is described as a four-stage cycle consisting ofconcrete experience (feeling dimension), reflective observation (reflecting dimension), abstractconceptualization (thinking dimension), and active experimentation (doing dimension).In order to develop graduates who possess the knowledge, skills, and teamwork necessary to
Conference Session
Engagement In Practice: Integrating Community Engagement into Engineering Curricula
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan E Canney P.E.; Elizabeth O'Brien, Seattle University; Teddi Callahan
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. Student teams also presented their work to thecommunity partner. In addition to the final drawings and presentation, students were graded onan individual reflection paper about the design process and given peer evaluations to grade howthe team worked together. Because drafting classes (e.g., AutoCAD, Revit, Solidworks) arecommon among many engineering disciplines, this approach is seen as a model of how CE maybe incorporated easily into many engineering programs. In addition to explaining the coursedesign, this paper presents summative reflections from the professor, a community partner, andthe Center for Community Engagement coordinator about successes and failures with respect tothese projects. These reflections are provided as learning
Conference Session
Community-Engaged Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities in Light of COVID-19 Paper Presentations 2
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Paul A. Leidig P.E., Purdue University at West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University at West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division, Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Society of Professional Engineers. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Engagement in Practice: Project-Based Community Engagement Model Preliminary Case StudiesAbstractEngineering engagement is typically project-based, which introduces elements andconsiderations not explicitly covered by models commonly used in service-learning andcommunity-engaged learning. A model specifically for project-based community engagementwas recently developed to facilitate reflection on program design, development, and analysis.Two cases are examined using this model as test examples of how it can be operationalizedacross diverse programs. The application
Conference Session
Designing Opportunities for Youth Engagement in STEM
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Mary Anna LaFratta, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University; Lane Graves Perry III, Western Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
opportunities for the engineering and artstudents to learn to apply their discipline knowledge in real-world applications, practicecollaboration, develop mentoring skills, critically reflect upon their learning, and integrate sound,technology and visual graphics into interactive two-dimensional compositions. For the FSFclients, it is an opportunity for them to work directly with university students on the universitycampus and to engage in experiential learning by making and designing a two-dimensionalcomposition that extends the boundaries of traditional design and imagination. The initiation ofthis idea started more than two years ago and has been shaped by many discussions between theauthors and one author’s participation in the WCU Faculty Institute
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
James L. Huff, Harding University; Degnan William Lawrence; Amanda Coleman
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
LawrenceAmanda Coleman c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Reauthoring Engineering Identities as Belonging to a Community-Engaged ProfessionAbstract: In this scholarly practice paper, we critically examined if and how engineeringstudents in a first-year design course internalized their professional identity as engineers whowere engaged in their communities. We describe the course, which used human-centered designprojects as a mechanism to partner with community organizations. Based on a thematic analysisof three reflective essays (n = 105) for each student (n = 35), we found four distinct patternsrelated to identity development in relation to community engagement. We
Conference Session
Socio-cultural Elements of Learning through Service
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
student reflections and course evaluations. In addition, it describes how thesefindings can inform this program specifically, as well as other courses and programs using aservice-learning pedagogy, especially those that engage in design.IntroductionThe past several years have seen a dramatic increase in community engagement activities inengineering education, as evidenced by the record breaking creation of the CommunityEngagement Division of ASEE. However, as the number of community engagement effortsincrease, it is important to understand the impact of community engagement experiences toinform best practices and to ensure that the efforts are positively benefitting all of thestakeholders. Although our program, EPICS, is a well-established
Conference Session
Lessons Learned through Community Engagement of Engineering Students
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lynne A. Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University; James M. Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; J. Kevin Taylor, California Polytechnic State University; David W. Hey, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
study was conducted consisting of a quantitative instrument and qualitativeanalysis of written reflections and focus groups transcripts. The 74-item Ableism Index includessubscales on intergroup anxiety, resistance to equalizing policies, negative internal states,contempt, phobic, and confidence. It was administered to students pre- and post- their capstonedesign class during which students worked on either an adapted physical activity service-learningproject or an industry-sponsored project. Students responded to directed reflection prompts ondesign, clients, and teaming in written essays. Eighteen focus groups were conducted withstudent teams who worked on adapted physical activity design projects. This paper reports on theresults of a
Conference Session
Special Session: Building Intentional Community Partnerships
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julia D Thompson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Marybeth Lima, Louisiana State University; Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
specific interactions, activities, and the languageof community engagement partnerships as transactional, cooperative or communal. In addition tothe theoretical grounding, the paper also provides a summary of the activities that we will befacilitating during the special session, including analyzing cases and design tools, reflecting oncurrent program structures, and creating an action plan to implement changes in the participants’current, anticipated, or imagined engagement programs. By the end of the special session,participants will be able to evaluate their past, current or future partnerships, observe howprogram structures can influence partnerships, and assess the differences that these partnershipscan make in the success or failures of
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
M. Loraine Lowder, Kennesaw State University; Christina R Scherrer, Kennesaw State University; Kevin Stanley McFall, Kennesaw State University; David R Veazie P.E., Kennesaw State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. “Service learning is anintentional and collaborative pedagogical practice that engages students in structured service toaddress an identified community need and help them ‘gain further understanding of coursecontent, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility[4]’[5].” Support documents for our QEP go on to highlight the importance of service learningbeing academically integrated with the course learning objectives while focusing oncommunity needs, involvement of the community partner in the design of the service learningproject, the importance of structured student reflection throughout the project, and a preferencefor the service learning experiences to last the majority of the semester. A service
Conference Session
Measuring the Impact of Community Engagement on Students
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew Siniawski, Loyola Marymount University; Sandra G. Luca, Loyola Marymount University; Jeremy S. Pal, Loyola Marymount University; Jose A. Saez, Loyola Marymount University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
reflection component on personal development, social impact, academic enhancement,university mission, and ethics. A mixed-methods approach was used to examine differencesbetween first-year engineering students who participated in service-learning projects during thefall semester of 2014 and those who did not. Students participating in service-learning projectsshowed significantly higher gains in confidence in both technical and professional engineeringskills. Female students in particular showed the most dramatic gains, with an average increase of81.6% in technical engineering confidence as a result of their service-learning course. The highergains in confidence can be attributed to the students learning more about how to identify andunderstand
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bowa George Tucker, UMass Lowell; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
OpportunitiesAbstractLearning through Service (LTS) is an umbrella term that includes, both curricular andextracurricular activities, reflecting that there are many models that exist currently for howfaculty use opportunities for students to learn while providing service to a community. Over thepast decade, Learning through Service has proliferated in higher education as an effectiveteaching and learning method. As the pedagogy continues to gain momentum, and manycolleges and universities in the United States have designed their engineering curriculum andextra-curricular activities to include experiential learning, including service-learning.Nevertheless, despite the curriculum overhaul and increase in the use of LTS in engineering,there have been limited studies to
Conference Session
Experiences in Engineering Community Engagement
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marybeth Lima, Louisiana State University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
engagement indicators, student retention, and percentage of alumni who are active incommunity engagement, and (3) discuss major lessons learned during the course of 15 years as acommunity engaged faculty member.IntroductionService-learning is defined as “a credit-bearing, educational experience in which studentsparticipate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs and reflect onthe service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of course content, a broaderappreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility.” (Bringle andHatcher, 1995). Service-learning in higher education was pioneered by Ernest Boyer (1990,1996) and by a number of others (Harkavay, 2004; Eyler and Giles, 1999
Conference Session
Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shoba Krishnan, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
design decisions and project costs. Projectsrange a wide variety of engineering majors including civil, mechanical, electrical, bio andcomputer. Through the use of student reflections, this paper attempts to identify the influence ofworking with civic regulatory bodies on student learning and student perception of their chosencareer path. As one group noted, the regulations impacting their project resulted in unforeseencosts but the entities who established these regulations were both purposeful and necessary toprotect the environment.IntroductionSanta Clara University is committed to providing educational opportunities aimed to instill theknowledge, habits of thought and action, and orientation to society that the university believeswill best
Conference Session
Measuring the Impact of Community Engagement on Students
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory Warren Bucks, University of Cincinnati; Kathleen A. Ossman, University of Cincinnati; Tony James Bailey; Leigh Anna Folger, University of Cincinnati; Rachel Schwind, Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati; Gabrielle Anne Notorgiacomo, University of Cincinnati Honors Program; Jacob Daniel Wells
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. Inaddition, a subset of the students in the course present their own experiences with the course andhow their participation has affected their view of engineering and their future careers. Thesestudents first reflected on their own unique experiences with the course, specifically focusing onworking in a multidisciplinary and vertically-integrated team, the development of teamwork andtechnical skills, and the impact of the course on their view of engineering. After reflecting, eachstudent analyzed the reflections of the other participating students and the commonalities anddifferences in the experiences were identified and are presented, with implications for similarcourses/programs.Background:One of the significant issues facing engineering over the
Conference Session
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Engineering Education towards Attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Cowan, James Madison University; Elise Barrella P.E., James Madison University; Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Robin Anderson, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering, Community Engagement Division, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering
Principles of SustainableEngineering for application in civil and environmental engineering (CEE) courses, and wasrecently updated through systematic literature review to reflect a broader set of evaluationcriteria. The rubric’s constructs of sustainable design and their measures are being validated inthree phases consistent with the Benson model of construct validity.This paper will focus on efforts to iteratively validate the new rubric’s content by benchmarkingthe criteria against well-established sustainable development and design frameworks, includingthe UN Sustainable Development Goals, STAUNCH© (Sustainability Tool for Auditing forUniversity Curricula in Higher-Education), and the Envision™ Infrastructure Rating System.These three frameworks
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Chelsea Cefalu, Lafayette College ; Arthur D. Kney, Lafayette College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Aspirations: Overcoming barriers to success and developing character through pre- and post-secondary school partnershipsAbstractThe goal of this study is to improve understanding of how participation in learning and teachingpartnerships between elementary classrooms facing high barriers to success and collegeclassrooms can: 1) influence the knowledge of, interest in, and aspirations toward post-secondaryeducation in populations less likely to explore college; 2) impact college students’ sense of civicknowledge, civic learning, civic reflection, and civic efficacy. Qualitative evaluation methodsdesigned by Lafayette College’s Landis Center for Community Engagement in
Conference Session
Engaging Community through STEM partnerships
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Schaffer, Santa Clara University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
emphasis. Students arerequired to (i) engage in 16 hours of community-based learning experiences and (ii) performcritical reflection and evaluation of their experiences. A primary goal of the ELSJ requirement isto foster a disciplined sensibility toward power and privilege, an understanding of the causes ofhuman suffering, and a sense of personal and civic responsibility for cultural change.The specific learning objectives of an ELSJ class are as follows:ELSJ LO1. Recognize the benefits of life-long responsible citizenship and civic engagement inpersonal and professional activities (Civic Life);ELSJ LO2. Interact appropriately, sensitively and self-critically with people in the communities inwhich they work and appreciate the formal and informal
Conference Session
Relevance of and Models for Community Engagement in Engineering Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James L. Huff, Purdue University; Dulcy M. Abraham, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
cognitive, behavioral,and attitudinal domains of global competency.10Overview of Service-LearningService-learning is the intentional integration of service experiences into academic courses toenhance the learning of the core content and to give students broader learning opportunitiesabout themselves and society at large. Service-learning has been defined “a credit-bearingeducational experience in which students participate in an organized service activity that meetsidentified community needs and reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain furtherunderstanding of the course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced