Conference Session

Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoff Wright; Paul Skaggs, Brigham Young University; Richard Fry, Brigham Young University; Brian Howell, Brigham Young University; Richard West, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

inculcatethe principles and techniques of innovation. Awards were provided to the top three teams. Beforethe Innovation Boot Camp was completed, there was a final summary discussion session wherestudents were asked to share their reflections of the Innovation Boot Camp, and to identify if,how, and what they learned and developed. At then end of the evening students were given asecond Torrance Creativity Test – which we would later grade and compare with their resultsfrom when they first took the Creativity Test. Exit surveys were emailed to each student at theconclusion of the Innovation Boot Camp. Additionally, several students were randomly selected

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara T. Scharf, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster P.Eng., University of Toronto; Kamran Behdinan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

associated with getting to know teammates from other cultures, and/ormore reflection about what the project entailed – perhaps also stemming from a reductionin shared notions of what was important due to the linguistic/cultural heterogeneity of thegroups. This could be an interesting area for future research.ConclusionsTaking linguistic issues into account in team formation in highly multicultural classroomshas the potential to improve student engagement and reduce specific language-basedproblems that were known to occur when students were left to form their own teams.Given the increase in multiculturalism in Western countries in general (e.g. [11]), and theCanadian government’s push to increase the number of international students in Canadato

Conference Session

DEED Melange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Matthew T. Siniawski, Loyola Marymount University; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

toindividual student assignments without providing connections to previous or future work, ordirectly to learning outcomes. Monitoring proficiency toward each standard allows for a richerassessment and reflection of student achievement.Various educational benefits from SBG arise as a result of the personalized, clear, andmeaningful feedback provided to students regarding their learning and development.Assessments are made about the quality of student work based on specific objectives thatstudents are made aware of at the beginning of a course.1 This provides fairness and transparencyby grading each individual student based on the quality of their current work alone, regardless ofhow other students in the course perform or on the student’s previous

Conference Session

Design Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Cory Brozina, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Jintana Nina Phanthanousy, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

excellence in capstone teaching.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0846605. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.Bibliography1. Pembridge, J.J. and M.C. Paretti. "The Current State of Capstone Design Pedagogy." in American Society in Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exhibition. 2010. Louisville, KY.2. Paretti, M.C., et al., "Managing and Mentoring Capstone Design Teams: Considerations and Practices for Faculty." International Journal of Engineering Education, 2011. 27(6): p. 1192-1205.3

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laura R. Murphy, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Thanina Makhlouf, University of Michigan; Eytan Adar; Sophia Brueckner, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

reflected on their concepts acrossboth concept generation sessions. Our research goals were to identify how designers consideredpeople and whether their process changed with the request to explicitly include drawings ofpeople within sketches. The conceptual sketches and associated “think-aloud” transcripts werethen analyzed to determine the impact of the representational prompt on engineers’ thoughtprocesses and design outcomes. With a simple intervention to represent people within sketches,we found several positive effects on how engineers considered people during design.BackgroundHuman-centered design (HCD) has been an important approach in engineering since the 1980s.This framework is commonly used in design when solutions to problems are

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

James Righter, The Citadel; Joshua D. Summers, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

on designer one “frequently if not always” for transitional tasks such asplanning, setting team goals, and developing strategies. The number “1” in the (1,2) positiondepicts designer 2’s reliance on designer 1 for the same function. The relations reflect the surveyresponses of the designers and are directional and of equal magnitude. The disconnect of nodesthree, four, and five to the other designers in this DSM indicates a weak connection of the networkat this particular threshold and function [61]. Twelve DSMs are constructed representing the threeleadership functions and three communications modes at two distinct frequency levels. Designer (Sink) 1

Conference Session

Impact of COVID-19 on Design Education 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sheng Lun (Christine) Cao, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

[10], as online learningexperiences lacks the overall interpersonal connections that would otherwise be present in face-to-face courses [11]. Hands-on learning also proves to be challenging, such as medical studentsreporting that “online classes proved to be an excellent opportunity for theoretical subjects likebasic sciences but not suitable for clinical subjects like clinical skills” [4]. These challenges areall reflected in engineering design education, where social group dynamic is vital for projectsuccess, and the hands-on component cannot be conveyed as effectively online.Many of the concerns around the impact of online learning on students and the effectiveness ofcontent delivery for engineering design education can be addressed with

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elizabeth Rose Pollack, Michigan State University ; Gavan Alexander Sarrafian, Michigan State University; Michele J. Grimm, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

resumes on file, especially from successful internsor contractors who could just as easily by-pass the online job advertising recruitment process. Also, it shouldbe noted that job description may not provide a complete reflection of the type of work an engineer does onthe job. The nature of the work conducted by engineers evolves as time and projects go on, meaning theactual activities of a practicing engineering may be very different from those that were written into the jobadvertisement. In addition, the rate of occurrence of activities within a job posting is unlikely to reflect theproportion of time spent on each activity by the engineer. While acknowledging these limitations, the researchteam does not claim that the findings of this paper

Conference Session

Student Feedback and Assessment in Design

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andreas Febrian, Utah State University, Engineering Education; Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Devanshi Shah, University of Georgia; Xiaoou Yang, University of Georgia; Beshoy Morkos, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

empathy. A design project is given to students enrolled in a Design Methodologies course –which serves as a Capstone Design Precursor – at a small private, engineering focused university.Student empathy was collected through a survey that combined two existing empathy instruments.Student empathy was calculated before and after the product design assignment. Further, studentsperformed stimulated reflection to discuss the challenges observed with their design.The results of the study suggest that while students recognize the importance of empathy, theassignment itself did not improve their empathy scores. Students did not see a statisticallysignificant change in their empathy scores before and after the assigned based on the surveyinstrument

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Design Teams

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Jamie Gomez, University of New Mexico; Martin A. Watkins, University of New Mexico; Tryphenia B. Peele-Eady Ph.D., University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

havesome kind of engineering analysis” and pressed them to explain why their project was “sogreat.” Her concern reflected the instructor’s comment, “What can you really uniquelycontribute as an engineer?” as she pressed, “Why is there a need for it?” The studentsexplained the potential for saving lives by having a way to detect symptoms of shock.Steve’s team struggled to define this as a design problem and resisted reframing theproblem. Instead, they treated the problem as well-structured and their task as finding theright answer, primarily adopting a performance orientation. Vignette 4: Feb 4Daniela: I just thought that something bothers me the fact that (.) yeah we're gonna put the sensor on the stomach (.) right? During surgery

Conference Session

Research on Design Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cassandra Telenko, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amit Shashikant Jariwala, Georgia Institute of Technology; Christopher Saldana, Georgia Institute of Technology; Todd Sulchek, Georgia Institute of Technology; Shannon K. Yee, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy C. Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Thomas Kurfess, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

activitiesmust be structured to meet the appropriate knowledge levels and learning goals. Students mustbe clearly informed in their role as researchers or contributors to research. As part of this role,they should be given some level of autonomy, such as the ability to tweak the experiment orgiven access to equipment or tools for their creative projects. Despite the level of autonomy thatstudents thrive on, it is important that faculty realize students may be slow to question ahypothesis when engaging in experiments. They thus require mentoring and reflection withregards to research methods. Faculty must also invest in these activities by purchasing orproviding access to equipment, or consulting with students regularly. Additionally, many ofthese

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory A Cooper, United States Air Force Academy; Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force Academy, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Chad Bruce; Sarah Galyon Dorman; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kevin Otto; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

understand the implications of early design steps until much later in the course whichdoes not allow for reflection and improved learning. One of the key early design process steps isthe analysis of customer needs. Through experience it has been observed that students struggleto grasp the importance and nuance of this stage of design. This unfortunately can lead to furtherchurn, rework, and major schedule impacts later in the time-constrained capstone. This struggleis not limited to only the educational domain, but is a challenge for many in the engineeringdesign industry.4Without a clear understanding of what lies ahead for a student, there is a tendency to take eachstep only at face value, without appreciating the integrated fashion in which

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Timothy W. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Emily A. Waterman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Student Empathy and Human-Centered Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benedikt von Unold, Stanford University; Annette Isabel Böhmer, Laboratory for Product Development and Lightweight Design; Tua A. Björklund, Aalto University Design Factory; Nicolas Ledl, Stanford University; Udo Lindemann, Laboratory for Product Development and Lightweight Design; George Toye, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Studies in Engineering Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessie Marshall Zarazaga, Southern Methodist University, Lyle School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

diagrammatic structures that areable to reflect ideas. Beyond its expressive visualization and communicative role the map allowsthe designer to construct a simplification and abstraction of space, manipulating image and ideain the process of exploration [31]. Like diagramming, map-making is a subtractive processimplying a fixation on one aspect of the world, be it roads, geology, or fluid current [32], [33].Through observing and marking the map, decisions are made of what is seen and what omitted.Strategic thinking is embedded in such work, an active thinking process which can serve as anexploratory design tactic.Furthermore, the designer’s engagement in two active processes of map-making, observation andannotation, add additional value. Through

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-Centered Design 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cristian Eduardo Vargas-Ordóñez, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

essential for the creation of attitudesrelated to solving social problems as well as for developing the abilities that could help them. This vision has been appropriated for American engineering curricula considering thatengineering can have a humanistic approach through specific courses or methodologies, theassessment of their activities from a perspective of the ethics, and the reflection about therelationship between engineering and technology, including its impacts [8]. In that sense, themain objective is deconstructing engineering from a utilitarian perspective, based on effectivityand loyalty to institutions, to reconstruct it in a libertarian or communitarian perspective based

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl D. Sorensen, Brigham Young University; Robert H. Todd, Brigham Young University; Taylor Halverson, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

determining the values of critical design parameters, using focused physical or focused analytical prototypes. c. Perform a basic FMEA analysis to identify critical risks that should be addressed in a project. d. Manage the complexity of the detailed design phase through the use of a Work Breakdown Structure and project schedule based on that structure. e. Create a final prototype that reflects, to the extent possible, the product information package. f. Perform and document acceptance tests that determine how well the final prototype meets the final specifications developed in the concept

Conference Session

Design Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Charles Cappello, York College of Pennsylvania; Takeshi Jonathan Ei, York College of Pennsylvania; Edward Miller Jr., York College of Pennsylvania; Dan Bosse, Weldon Solutions; Berne S. Edwards, Graham Packaging Company; Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen N. Kuchnicki, York College of Pennsylvania; Gregory M. Link, York College of Pennsylvania; Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania; Scott F. Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

and validation work performed on the prototype.One of the current projects at YCP reflect the growing need for multidisciplinary thinking [2] and theapplication of a broad range of engineering tools: the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC)project. For the 2010-11 academic year, a team of ten computer, electrical and mechanical engineeringstudents designed and fabricated an all-new ground vehicle for YCP’s second showing at the IGVC [4].The vehicle was designed for autonomous operation to include the capabilities of detecting and reactingto obstacles in its path, recognizing and following established lanes, and navigating to and fromprescribed way points. A variety of sensing, computing, structural, and electromechanical

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ala A. Qattawi, Automotive Engineering Department at Clemson University –International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR); Paul J. Venhovens, Clemson University; Johnell Brooks, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Design Teams 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine; Alejandra Hormaza Mejia, University of California, Irvine; Mark E. Walter, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the team’s stated goals clear from the beginning? How successful do YOU think the team was in achieving its stated goals?IQ15. Considering all your activities (academic, social, work, family, etc) at the time, what priority was your project work, and why?Proposed Data AnalysisWe will use an inductive-deductive thematic analysis approach to our data analysis [20]. Usingthe literature on teaming and psychological safety, we will create a preliminary code book. Then,based on the interview data, we will update the code book to reflect ideas and concepts that arisefrom the data.Expected ResultsBased on the literature review, we expect to find themes related to psychological safety, includingpersonal characteristics, past experiences

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jarod White, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

as the end artifact (Lande & Leifer, 2009). The notion of learningprofessional work, like a “prototyping culture” (Schrage, 1996), can sometimes support courselearning goals. Oftentimes though the purpose of learning of a design process, and in particular,the discrete steps and associated values, takes a secondary role to the creation and delivery of afunctional system. There is less time than might be desired for reflection (Turns et.al, 2014),especially within the design process, in seeking feedback and actually doing iterative design.Iterative physical prototyping to learn and refine concepts further (Buxton, 2007) may suffer dueto time constraints.Future Time HorizonStudents’ futures thinking has been explored, though not within the

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Aaron Carpenter, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Juval V. Racelis, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Alexander Cabal, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Beth Anne Cooke-Cornell, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James R. McCusker, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Lynette Panarelli, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

; Sexuality Knowledge Community. Alex has an expertise in facilitation of training programs as well as performing institutional scans and program reviews. He has worked with higher education institutions, non-profits, and for-profit organizations on their inclusion efforts. Alex believes that authentic dialogue, reflection on our identities, an understanding of our history, and direct and consistent action are key to creating a more inclusive environment. Alex graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications with a concentration in Public Relations from the University of Hartford and completed his Master’s Degree in Student Personnel Administration in Higher Administration at Springfield College. He currently serves as

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stanley Shie Ng, Biola University; Ryan Striker P.E., North Dakota State University; Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University; Ellen M. Swartz, North Dakota State University; Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University; Mary Pearson, North Dakota State University; Grace Sangalang Ng, Biola University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

a specific program or course experience.While half the students showed an overall positive experience, further research needs to explorestudents' experiences in other courses and at other institutions of varying demographics;therefore, results cannot be generalizable. However, there is significant value in exploring thesestudent’s experiences, as small institutional experiences can be easily overlooked. Future workalso includes implementing MOOCIBL in other disciplines, grade levels, and other under-resourced venues.The student interviews provided rich reflection and feedback using MOOCIBL for an under-resourced academic program. Due to high costs and resources, a Cardiovascular Engineeringcourse would not be feasible to teach at a small

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tugba Karabiyik, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Ying Ying Seah, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Xudong Huang, Concord Consortium; Shannon Hsianghan-huang Sung, Institute for Future Intelligence; Charles Xie, Institute for Future Intelligence

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, prior andafter engaging in the project-based learning activities. Therefore, further studies might include apre-test and written reflections from the students related to their recognition, interests andenjoyment, performance or competence in engineering design. In addition, we did not havesufficient data to assess students’ scientific understanding or engineering performances. Hence,we could not draw conclusions on whether the project-based learning approach in this studyimproved students scientific understanding and engineering skills.In conclusion, our results show that project-based learning has the potential of improvingstudents’ interest and performance in engineering. Specifically, we learned that students’ interestis highly correlated to

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher D. Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Jake Fava, Siebel Center for Design; Sneha Subramanian, Siebel Center for Design

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

4 5 am comfortable documenting my biases, assumptions, and predictions.2 As I work on a project, I 1 2 3 4 5 actively reflect on my biases, assumptions, and predictions.3 I am comfortable generating 1 2 3 4 5 potential solutions to a problem.4 In design, I know how to 1 2 3 4 5 generate multiple alternative solutions.5 I know how to develop a plan 1 2 3 4 5 of action that outlines next steps and possible challenges.6 I know how to create a prototype. 1 2 3 4 57 I know how to communicate 1 2 3 4

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Pamela L. Dickrell, University of Florida; Andrea Goncher, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

improvements to first-year experiences. One example skill category thatemerged in each class standing category was teamwork skills. Students who participated in thissurvey after taking the course found skills related to teamwork as useful. The skills developedfrom working in a team are an important outcome of first-year design experiences. We found thatas students reflected on the course with more time removed from taking the course theyidentified different aspects of teamwork as useful. For example, freshmen included timemanagement, sophomores highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of working in a team, andjuniors liked how the team project simulated real-life work experience. The multiple perspectivesimply that the team-based component of the

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amin G. Alhashim, University of Oklahoma; Megan Marshall, University of Oklahoma; Tess Hartog, University of Oklahoma ; Rafal Jonczyk, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland, and Pennsylvania State University; Danielle Dickson, Pennsylvania State University; Janet van Hell, Pennsylvania State University; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

other cases, the complexinterplay between these two factors is completely ignored [22].Lastly, the subjectivity of those scoring the responses plays a large role in the outcome of theresults. As mentioned above, before scoring can take place a categorization process is sometimesnecessary. This is done in order to calculate the flexibility dimension. Scorers judge the meaningor intent of a response based on their understanding, and hence, subjectivity is inherent to theprocess. In this paper, we use the dimensions of originality, flexibility, fluency, and elaboration,as presented by Bayliss [28], as the foundation for our scoring method. We provide details of theproposed scoring method in Section 3, along with a reflection on the problems

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Meagan Flus, University of Waterloo; Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Ada Hurst, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

classes (MTE, ME) received an additional workshop on problem finding. 4. One class (MTE) was required to write a reflection on the field experience. This paper presents the first steps in evaluating the efficacy of the interventions. Toperform this evaluation, two research questions were posed: 1. How do students identify, select, and justify their capstone design project problem statement, and are there structural differences in how students who received the intervention perform this step, versus other students? 2. Were the interventions helpful in teaching students about needs identification? This paper specifically looks at student perceptions of their design methods and thehelpfulness of the interventions. A

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

requires that students, in their senior year,synthesize their education of a whole person by reflecting on their humanitiesclasses, courses and experience in their area of specialization, and theirresponsibility to the world.To satisfy the university’s senior synthesis requirement, students in senior designare required to write a paper combining the humanities, scientific, social, ethicaland religious perspectives of their education. In this paper, the students examinetheir personal and intellectual development, their major field of study, and theirfuture. The paper focuses on the student's comprehension of the complexity ofthe world and how engineering can be used to approach real-world issues andproblems with humanity and sophistication.For