Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

betweenlevels and types of abstractions.1 Introduction With the development of concept inventories and other conceptual assessment tools,engineering educators have become increasingly aware of the importance of teaching studentsabout concepts and conceptual frameworks rather than rote skills or lists of facts1. Students whopossess a consistent core conceptual framework are better able to recall knowledge, applyknowledge, and learn new knowledge, because the framework helps students synthesize theirknowledge into a manageable cognitive unit. In the context of long-established disciplines such as physics and chemistry, instructorscommonly agree upon a core conceptual framework for the discipline (e.g., Newton’s three lawsfor mechanics; and

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Paul J. Benkeser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Pamela Bhatti, Georgia Institute of Technology; Burton Dicht, IEEE; Douglas Gorham, IEEE; Chris Macnab, University of Calgary; Sadiq Mitchell, IEEE; Cherrice Traver, Union College; Stephen M. Williams P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Loren Wyard-Scott, University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

underpinnings of engineering. The problem is that in the early part of the programstudents don’t see any demonstration of what the practice of engineering is all about; thatengineers create the solutions that serve humanity and improve the quality of life. So they areleft with the impression that, “this is not what I signed up for” and they move to another major.The RWEP is intended to address this ‘first-year’ gap.It is widely known that we will need many more science, technology, engineering, andmathematics graduates in the coming years and there will be many job openings in these fields.As reported in the US News & World Report [1], there will be approximately 8M jobs in thesehigh technology disciplines within next 8 years. The shortage of

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention, and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Anthony Carnegie, Victoria University, Wellington; Craig A. Watterson, Victoria University, Wellington

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

to expect that in a growing knowledge economy that the demand for the digitalengineers could be even higher than these figures. Conversations between the authors andengineers from some of our major engineering employers state that the inability to recruitsufficient numbers of appropriately trained engineers is, in some instances, the majorlimitation to their company‟s growth.Figure 1 illustrates the poor ranking of New Zealand amongst its OECD trading partners. TheOECD average indicates that approximately 13% of all tertiary graduates can be classified asan engineer of some form. New Zealand scores below half of this average at 5.7%2.Figure 1. Comparison of percentage of engineering gradudates across 8 OECD countries.This shortage directly

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson P.E., Bucknell University; David Kelley, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

captured screenimages from test equipment; and interpret the results gathered by the team during the lab session.The lab notebooks were expected to meet standards that closely approximate those found inprofessional settings. The notebooks were to be submitted immediately at the end of thelaboratory period, requiring the note-taker’s focused and diligent attention throughout the entirethree hours allotted. Instructions describing the notebook guidelines were distributed to thestudents at the beginning of the semester and are summarized in Table 1 (edited for space andclarity). A short quiz on the notebook guidelines was given at the beginning of the first labsession to motivate students to become familiar with the expectations right away

Conference Session

Project-based and Cooperative Learning in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Ann Rursch, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University; Matthew Edward Sullivan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

theycould better understand and participate in the IASG. All students, no matter the skill level, wereinvited to both meetings each week. Additionally, there would be weeks where corporatepresenters would be in the Tuesday night meetings. The list of topics for the Fall 2011 IASGmeetings is listed below in Table 1. The IASG members record the lectures and post them onlineon the IASG web site (http://www.iac.iastate.edu/iasg/frontpage) for students to have access tolater as a reference or if they missed the lecture. There is also a historical archive with all pastyears’ lectures accessible to members on the IASG web site. Average attendance for the Fall2011 sessions was 50 at the general meetings and 30 at the beginner lectures.The IASG also has

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Improvement

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Steffen, Iowa State University; Phillip H. Jones III, Iowa State University; Joseph Zambreno, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

conceptual errors.II.A. Laboratory InfrastructureTo allow students to focus more on the specific components being taught in each MP, an initialhardware/software framework was provided. Students then expanded the capability of theframework in each of the MPs. An overview of the provided framework is shown in Figure 1,which supports the following capabilities: source code for an OpenGL API (absent componentsthe students will implement), communication protocol between the PC and FPGA board(software library and hardware interface), FPGA-based hardware Network-on-Chip, FPGA-basedDDR memory system, FPGA-based hardware DMA controller and FPGA-based DVI displayinterface hardware. Providing these capabilities allowed the students to spend their time

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Henry Hoe, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Altera represent the two companies that currently hold the greatest market shareamong FPGA implementations. Our laboratories are mostly equipped with FPGA developmentboards from Xilinx. The Basys 2 and Spartan-3E FPGA development boards are lower endboards that we primarily use for teaching purposes. Our labs are also equipped with severalhigher end (Virtex 5 and Virtex 6) boards that are used for research purposes. However, since allthe Xilinx boards utilize the same synthesis software package (ISE software donated by Xilinx touniversities) and the same high-level descriptor language (VHDL or Verilog) to specify designs,it is relatively easy for a student to migrate from the teaching to research oriented developmentboards.Table 1 summaries some

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Improvement

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlen Planting, Boise State University; Sin Ming Loo, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Microprocessors Course,” 2008 ASEE Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, June 22-25, 2008.2. S. Ming Loo and A. Planting, “Use of Discrete and Soft Processors in Introductory Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Curriculum,” ACM SIGBED Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2009. (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/sigbed/vol6_num1.html) Page 25.866.8

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg N Droge, Georgia Institute of Technology; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; JillL L. Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

.1. INTRODUCTIONDistributed laboratories contain experiments that can be done in various locations such as homes,classrooms, and dorm rooms. These labs utilize inexpensive equipment and student resourcessuch as laptops and do not require the specialized equipment housed in centralized laboratorylocations. As such, these experiments are well-suited for inclusion into lecture-based classes tobe done at the desks in the class room or to be taken home as a project. These types ofexperiments allow for a new pedagogical model that promotes for more complete integration oftheory and laboratory experience within the format of a standard lecture-based course1-2.To maximize the benefits of incorporating experiments into a lecture course, the

Conference Session

Integration of Research and Education in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

joshua fabian, Villanova University; Tyler A. Young, Villanova University; James Peyton Jones, Villanova University; Garrett Miles Clayton, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

from within the Matlab / Simulinkenvironment, and then to implement these designs directly on a hardware platform coupled to theKinect system. Students develop their designs using interconnected Simulink blocks andsubsystems, and the ‘build’ process automatically cross-compiles and downloads the model tothe target for execution. External mode capability can be used to monitor the target hardware asit executes in real time, enabling the user to tune model parameters and log data while theirapplication is running. An example showing how the Kinect can be integrated into a higher levelsystem design is shown as an example.1. IntroductionAdvances in low-cost, high-capability computing and sensing devices offer new opportunities forteaching

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart M. Wentworth, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

; Inan,3 and Ulaby et al.4 considers that transmission line effects may besignificant for wire length-to-wavelength ratio as low as 0.01. In this paper, a MATLABdemonstration5 illustrates when a distributed transmission line must be used to model wireinterconnects.Figure 1(a) shows a load RL connected to a source (of voltage vs and source resistance RS) Page 25.918.2through a pair of connecting wires of length l. The voltage across the load, vL, is to be examined Figure 1: (a) Connecting wires between source and load are modeled by a length l of transmission line. (b) Equivalent circuit with input impedance Zin replacing

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tooran Emami Ph. D., U.S. Coast Guard Academy ; Richard J. Hartnett, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

almostexactly like MatlabTM and MultiSimTM predictions) really does reinforce student learning.The lab procedure consists of four steps: (1) Students set the DSA to measure the open-loopfrequency response of the op-amp over two different frequency ranges. (2) Students thenmeasure the closed-loop frequency response of an inverting amplifier for two different gainsettings. (3) Students measure the output impedance of an inverting amplifier circuit as afunction of frequency. (4) Finally, they compare the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at theoutput and differential input, for unloaded and resistive load conditions. Frequency responsemeasurements are compared with theoretical expectations from MatlabTM and with MultiSimTMAC analysis simulations, thereby

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany/SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, and via homework) had the greatest gainsin general learning and transfer skills. Deep learning that included only peer collaboration didnot appear to be any more successful than traditional surface learning.1. INTRODUCTIONHands-on exploration of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)education principles, devices, and systems has historically been restricted to expensive, limitedaccess classrooms; student interaction with resources, materials, and tools are limited by time,instructor, and institutional policies and infrastructure. Although students may learn the “facts”and how to duplicate processes, there is little support for rehearsal of knowledge, development ofconnected learning, or generation of new knowledge. Learning

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Joseph Hass, Bucknell University; Juliana Su, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

programming language.1 Assembly languageprogramming is still used in about 60% of the projects but is rarely the primary language. WhileC++ is also a popular choice, twice as many projects use C as the primary language and assemblylanguage is more likely to be used than C++.Clearly, engineers designing embedded systems need to be familiar with both C and assemblylanguage programming, at least for the foreseeable future. Perhaps more importantly, theseengineers must understand the linkage between C code and assembly. They must have someunderstanding of how a compiler will convert their C programs to assembly language so that theymay write more efficient programs and effectively debug those programs. For example, studentsneed to learn how variable

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey S. Sumey, California University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

prototype system described in this paper was designedaround the USB4000 microspectrometer by Ocean Optics which in the visible/NIR configurationresponds to a wavelength range of 350-1100 nm. For the computing solution, the “Overo Fire”Computer-on-module (COM) by Gumstix Inc. was used. The COM is a six gram Linux-basedPC with WiFi roughly the size of a stick of gum. When coupled with their “Gallop” module,power conditioning, GPS and accelerometer functions are added. Completing the prototype is aUSB hub, a lithium-ion battery and power regulation module. Benefits of LiIon batteries includehigh power-to-weight capacity, relative temperature insensitivity, high charge rate and durability.The block diagram in Figure 1 shows the configuration of these

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Lawrence Carter, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Technology Sydney; Bernard Guillemin, The University of Auckland; Mark Andrews, University of Auckland; Waleed Abdulla, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

students identified and thenumber of Foundation tutorial sessions run are presented in Table 1. Course Year Class Size Number of Number of at-risk Foundation students tutorials Circ. & Sys 2008 149 42 6 Circ. & Sys 2009 133 63 13 Electromag. 2008 148 35 6 Electromag. 2009 131 42 5 Electronics 2009 131 38

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Van Arsdale, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; William Helton, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Thequestions asked about the prior experience of the student in preschool, middle school,high school, and post-high school. These questions included both academic and non-academic experiences. The answer options range 1-4 for each question to indicate theamount of exposure with that particular experience. The questions for the PEQ weredeveloped in [2] as an instrument help predict spatial ability test scores. It was derivedfrom a much larger series of questions about spatial experiences (approximately 480) thatthrough a series of pilot studies, was pared down to approximately 312 questions aboutformal academic subjects, non-academic activities, and sports [2]. These 312 questionswere reduced to the 148 that were used in this study. The results of [2

Conference Session

Student Engagement in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Rebeca Gonzalez, Chapin High School; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado; Alexandria Ogrey, University of Texas, El Paso; Mary Kay Roy, University of Texas, El Paso; Alan Siegel, NYU

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

ability to understand and apply foundational quantitative analysis skills and interest in pursuingSTEM studies. Our research plans include a longitudinal study of academic progress that examines thesuccess of students who pursue STEM studies after attending MPCT.Pedagogical Approach Our orientation is that programming techniques in early courses should be chosen to minimize cognitiveload while maximizing pedagogical value. The focusing of MPCT to introductory computation included asignificant reevaluation of the programming interfaces used to support coursework. The originalprogramming interface used the rich object oriented (OO) Java AWT toolbox exposed by the programmingframework of [1]. With this approach, even the design of extremely simple

Conference Session

Embedded System Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bin Wang, Wright State University; Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University; Yong Pei, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

receiverusing Matlab simulations. We would like to take the educational concept one step further toenable students to experiment and build SDR based working systems in their coursework andtraining. Transmitter Software Based RF DAC Communication Frontend Transmitter Receiver Software Based RF ADC Communication Frontend Receiver Figure 1. Typical software radio block diagram.Preliminary Course

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Nordstrom, Lipscomb University; John Pettit, David Lipscomb University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

acontinuous process of data collection, assessment, evaluation, and results-driven change can aprogram remain viable in the long term.Program Improvement ProcessWithin the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at Lipscomb University, our processof continuous improvement closely follows the ABET “Assessment for Quality Assurance” Page 15.101.2model3 and includes two major loops of activity: 1) an “Objectives” loop where data related toour Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) are assessed and evaluated and 2) an “Outcomes”loop where data related to our Program Outcomes (POs) are assessed and evaluated. Together,these loops produce evaluation

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

affect it. For example, if one establishes a schedule forstudying in the library after class for 4 hours each day. Initially the environment is acceptableand there is measured improvement in the retention of the materials being studied. However,once the outside temperature begins to fall, the library environment becomes uncomfortable.For this reason, study times are reduced to only one hour. The student must be recognize thatreducing one’s study time to only one hour is not sufficient and an immediate change must bemade to provide to a better environment. Two possible approaches are 1) to ask the librarian incharge if there are ways to modify the inside temperature or 2) find an equally suitable locationthat has a more acceptable temperature

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Cambron, Western Kentucky University; Stacy Wilson, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2010-1314: ASSESSING A PROJECT-BASED PROGRAM AFTER A DECADEMark Cambron, Western Kentucky UniversityStacy Wilson, Western Kentucky University Page 15.197.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 ASSESSING A PROJECT-BASED PROGRAM AFTER A DECADEIntroductionThe Department of Engineering at Western Kentucky University (WKU) was given the rareopportunity to develop entirely new engineering programs. On July 17, 2000, the Council onPostsecondary Education (CPE) approved the Strategy for Statewide Engineering Education inKentucky. This strategy is intended to address two primary issues: 1.) the need to increase thenumber of baccalaureate engineers in the

Conference Session

Embedded System Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sven Bilen, Pennsylvania State University; Okhtay Azarmanesh, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

using theirtheoretical knowledge of communication in those problems. In addition, hands-on experience isalways one of the best methods to learn what is learned theoretically.Student Experiences and Observations of the ChallengeIn the three years of participating in the Challenge, the Penn State students involved feel thatthey have gained significantly from their participation. Working on several different problemshas provided them solid grounding in concepts that were pure theory to them before.To give an example, the Penn State students designed a tree structure for a modulation-classification (MC) process (Figure 1) for part of their solution to the 2008 Challenge.2 Thestudents had elected to work on problem to “develop a smart radio terminal

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khalid Al-Olimat, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, construction, testing, and evaluation.” Simply, engineering design isthe use of theoretical knowledge to bring useful systems to reality.The structure of senior design experience varies from one university to another. Someuniversities offer this course as a one semester course and others offer it as a year-long course. Page 15.155.2ONU requires students to take a year-long (three quarters) senior design sequence. The sequenceconsists of three courses; senior design seminar (2-credit hours), senior design (3-credit hours),and engineering technical communication (1-credit hour). The list of senior design projects isgiven to students in the last week of

Conference Session

Innovations in Power Education in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Lau, Universidad del Turabo; Sastry Kuruganty, Universidad del Turabo

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the differential equations that describe thebehavior of synchronous machines.Transient stability is very rich in technical and mathematical content. As such it is a challengingtopic for students to grasp and for instructors to present. This paper uses spreadsheets toimplement the step-by-step procedure that is typical in a transient stability study. Unlikecommercially available power system software, spreadsheets expose the solution steps withclarity without obscuring the inner workings of the numerical methods employed.1. IntroductionStability is a major concern in the planning and operation of power systems. Networkdisturbances such as a short circuit in a transmission line, sudden loss of generation, or the lossof a large load may cause

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Wentworth, Auburn University; Dennis Silage, Temple University; Michael Baginski, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Engineering Education, 2010 Individualized MATLAB Projects In Undergraduate ElectromagneticsAbstractFour projects are described that require students to compose individualized MATLAB programs tosolve a problem in electromagnetics. These projects are: (1) vector electric field from anarbitrary charge distribution, (2) vector magnetic field from an arbitrary current distribution, (3)frequency dependent reflection coefficient looking into impedance matching networks, and (4)beam pattern for an arbitrarily arranged 4 dipole array.IntroductionMATLAB projects are often assigned in undergraduate electromagnetics courses, in part to satisfythe ABET criteria on use of modern engineering tools. The best

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Lau, Universidad del Turabo; Sastry Kuruganty, Universidad del Turabo

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

methods. Spreadsheets offer a transparentalternative − perhaps proximate to hand calculation − for students to better appreciate thenumerical methods for solving boundary-value problems.1. IntroductionMany phenomena arising in science and engineering are modeled by partial differentialequations (PDEs). In such cases the quantity of interest (e.g., temperature, potential, ordisplacement) is a function that depends on more than one variable (typically, space variables x,y, z and the temporal variable t). The heat equation, wave equation, and Laplace’s equation areamong the most common PDEs that undergraduate engineering students will encounter. Theusual practice is to introduce the student to the analytical solution of these equations via themethod

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Sreeramachandra K. Mutya, Gannon University; Kirankumar Palthi, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

current state as described below with more details, theproject has produced a complete test-bed system that can be used as a basis for developinglaboratory experiments for undergraduate courses in wireless communications. The rest of thispaper is organized as follows. Section II briefly describes our test-bed system, Section IIIprovides details of implementation for mesh networking capability among the network nodes,and Section IV provides implementation details for mobility control of mobile robots. In SectionV, relevant ABET criteria are discussed along with brief descriptions of suggested laboratoryexperiments. Finally, concluding remarks are provided in Section VI.II. System DescriptionA. Test-bed of an Indoor Positioning SystemFigure 1 shows

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Mechtel, United States Naval Academy; Samara Firebaugh, United States Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

laboratoryexercises beyond the initial course offering that focus on optical propagation and antennadesign will be described. Student and instructor assessment of the efficacy of thelaboratory exercises will be discussed. The added laboratory’s influence on formalcourse evaluations and exam results will be presented.IntroductionSeveral approaches to assist student comprehension of abstract electrodynamics conceptshave been proposed. These methods range from simulations using numerical packages,spread sheets and mathematical computational packages to hardware based experimentsto facilitate student learning 1-4. This paper proposes a new addition to practicallaboratory experiences that take students from their initial design, simulation, andfabrication to the

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R.F. William Hollender, Montana State University; James Becker, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

senior design project be commissioned to develop a continuous wave Dopplerradar module for use perhaps as a case-study demonstration for the course. Figure 1 shows aphotograph of the product of the senior design project.The Doppler radar module shown in Figure 1 was designed to operate at 5.8 GHz and utilizescommercial components save for the single in-house designed component – a nominal 10 dBcoupler used to split the signal from the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to serve both as atransmit signal and as the local oscillator (LO) for the mixer. The radar operates on the principlethat, when scattered by a moving target, the transmitted signal is shifted in frequency by anamount dependent on the target’s velocity relative to the radar. The