Conference Session

Embedded Systems & Cybersecurity for ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Lorena Villarreal, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Jeremy N. Thomas, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Christian Hassard, Digipen Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #27274A Second-Year Project-based Course for Embedded SystemsProf. B. Lorena Villarreal, DigiPen Institute of Technology B. Lorena Villarreal is an Assistant Professor at DigiPen Institute of Technology. She graduated with honors from Tecnologico de Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico, where she earned her bachelor’s degree in Mechatronics Engineering in 2008, and her Ph.D in Robotics and Intelligent Systems in 2014. She also took courses in automotive engineering and design at the Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbutel in Wolfsburg, Germany, and courses in Lean Manufacturing endorsed by the Institute of Industrial

Conference Session

Capstone, Undergraduate Research, and Projects in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ahmed Abul Hussain, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University; Nizar Tayem, Texas A&M University; Chedly B. Yahya, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University; Sadiq A. Alhuwaidi, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University; Jamal Nayfeh, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #30556Quality Assurance of Capstone Senior Design Projects: A Case StudyMr. AHMED ABUL HUSSAIN, Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University AHMED A. HUSSAIN is a Lecturer in the department of Electrical Engineering at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. He earned his MS in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Florida, Gainesville, in the year 1998. Mr. Ahmed has more than 19 years of university teaching expe- rience in Electrical Engineering. He has also worked for Motorola as an Embedded Software Engineer. His research interests include Wireless Communications, Array Signal Processing, Digital and

Conference Session

Optical and Wireless Communication Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Frank, Queen's University; John Carr, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2007-943: ACTIVE LEARNING USING GUIDED PROJECTS IN AN UPPERYEAR ECE COURSEBrian Frank, Queen's University Brian Frank is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.John Carr, Queen's University John Carr is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Page 12.172.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicky Fang, Cedarville University; Clinton Kohl, Cedarville University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2008-80: A SIMULATED MANO MACHINE--AN NOVEL PROJECT FORCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE CLASSVicky Fang, Cedarville University assistant professorClinton Kohl, Cedarville University associate professor Page 13.103.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Simulated MANO Machine -- A Novel Project for Undergraduate Computer Architecture ClassAbstract:Hands-on experience and visualization are both crucial to enhance undergraduate engineeringeducation. This paper will describe a novel project that we feel meets both of these key elementsfor a first undergraduate computer architecture class. Instruction level simulation, though helpful,does

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Klein, University of Idaho; Herbert Hess, University of Idaho; Brian Johnson, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Wisconsin and Idaho. Page 13.337.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Cooperative Methodology for Successful Integration of Undergraduate and Graduate Research ProjectsAbstractThe effectiveness of integrating a structured undergraduate senior design course with the relativefreedom of an individual graduate research project is presented in this paper. A cooperativemethodology is outlined which serves to ensure that the project is appropriately distributedthroughout the entire research team. Benefits of this team integration technique are documentedand it is shown that all parties involved are

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Otis, University of Washington; Linda Whang, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

examines the effect of library instruction on two sections of the same senior-levelelectrical engineering course in analog integrated circuit design. One section received a one-hour library instruction session while the other section did not. The premise of the study is thatinclusion of library instruction will result in higher utilization of scholarly resources in thestudents’ final projects for which they were required to design, analyze, and simulate a circuitthat meets a given set of specifications.The results confirm that the section that received library instruction consulted and cited morescholarly resources than the section that received no training in use of library resources. We alsofound a positive correlation between the students’ use

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andreas Spanias, Arizona State University; Ravi Chilumula, Arizona State University; CHIH-WEI HUANG, Arizona State University; Mike Stiber, University of Washington-Bothell; Philip Loizou, University of Texas-Dallas; Takis Kasparis, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

2006-1614: A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT ON JAVA-DSP INVOLVING FIVEUNIVERSITIESAndreas Spanias, Arizona State UniversityRavi Chilumula, Arizona State University Ravi is a Masters student at Arizona State University.CHIH-WEI HUANG, Arizona State University Chih-Wei is a Masters student at ARisona State University.Mike Stiber, University of Washington-Bothell Dr. Mike Stiber is faculty at University of Washington Bothell.Philip Loizou, University of Texas-DallasTakis Kasparis, University of Central Florida Page 11.17.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT ON JAVA-DSP INVOLVING FIVE

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill D Carroll P.E., University of Texas, Arlington; Shawn N Gieser, University Of Texas At Arlington; David Levine, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #9432A Hierarchical Project-Based Introduction to Digital Logic Design CourseDr. Bill D Carroll P.E., University of Texas, Arlington Bill Carroll is Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). He has been a UTA faculty member since 1981 and has held faculty positions at Auburn University and visiting appointments at the University of California-Berkeley and the University of Washington. He has held engineering positions at Texas Instruments and General Dynamics. Carroll received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karl L Wang, Department of Engineering Harvey Mudd College 301 Platt Boulevard Clarement, CA 91711 909-607-9136 ; Clint S Cole, Digilent, Inc.; Tinghui Wang, Digilent Inc; Joe Harris, Digilent, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #6849An Effective Project-Based Embedded System Design Teaching MethodProf. Karl L Wang, Department of Engineering Harvey Mudd College 301 Platt Boulevard Clarement, CA91711 909-607-9136 Dr. Karl Wang is the Laspa Professor of Electrical Engineering Practice of in the Department of Engineer- ing at Harvey Mudd College. He is teaching Introduction to Engineering Systems, Digital Electronics and Computer Engineering, Microprocessor-based Systems: Design and Applications, and Embedded Sys- tem Designs, Introduction to CMOS VLSI Design, and Engineering Clinics. His previous experience include working in the

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khalid Al-Olimat, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2010-1383: AN INDUSTRY-SPONSORED CAPSTONE PROJECT: A STORYOF SUCCESSKhalid Al-Olimat, Ohio Northern University Page 15.155.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 An Industry—Sponsored Capstone Project: A Story of SuccessAbstractThis paper presents a capstone project that has been sponsored by American Electric Power(AEP). AEP, like other companies, relies on shippers to move equipment long distances.Sometimes during these trips, the shipped object is damaged, causing financial losses. AEPrequested a device which monitors when and where damages occur. A device was designedwhich gives AEP this capability. Since the duration of a shipment may be up to two

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #8907ENGINEERING PROJECT PLATFORM FOR ELECTRICAL AND COM-PUTER ENGINEERING CURRICULUM INTEGRATIONDr. Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University Dr. Ramakrishnan Sundaram is on the faculty of the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at Gannon University, Erie, PA where he is a Professor. He received his Ph.D. degree from Purdue University. His areas of research include digital signal and image processing, artificial neural networks, and outreach in STEM education. Page 24.503.1

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George York, U.S. Air Force Academy; Erlind George Royer, Academy Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USAF Academy, CO; Daniel Harold Harold; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-University Unmanned Systems Capstone Design ProjectAbstractIn this paper we discuss the assessment methods for a senior capstone design project involvingteams from three geographically separated universities, as well as the challenges the studentsfaced and lessons learned. The project title was the Joint Cooperative Unmanned SystemsInitiative (JCUSI). Each team was tasked with developing an unmanned autonomous systemoperating in a different medium (air, water, and ground) to cooperatively work together tocomplete a mission of protecting a harbor. JCUSI is unique in that the customer funding theproject will most likely employ the students involved either as engineers implementing futureunmanned systems or as operators

Conference Session

Teaching Analog and Digital Communication: Novel Ideas for Lecture Courses, Laboratories, and Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chaitri Aroskar, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Yahong Rosa Zheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2011-55: DESIGN OF SIMULINK PROJECTS FOR AN UNDERGRAD-UATE COMMUNICATIONS COURSEChaitri Aroskar, Missouri University of Science and Technology Chaitri Aroskar is currently pursuing her M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology. She received her B.S. degree in Electronics Engineering from the University of Mumbai, India in 2009. Her major areas of interest are Wireless Communications and Signal Processing.Yahong Rosa Zheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology Yahong Rosa Zheng received the B.S. degree from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 1987, and the M.S. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1989

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prawat Nagvajara, Drexel University, Electrical and Computer Engineering ; Robin Kizirian, Drexel University, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2011-2307: DESIGN PROJECTS FOR PROGRAMMABLE EMBED-DED SYSTEM-ON-CHIP COURSEPrawat Nagvajara, Electrical and Computer Engineering Drexel University Prawat Nagvajara received his Ph.D. degree from Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1989, MS and BS degrees from Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1979 and 1980, respectively. He joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Drexel University in 1990 where he is currently an associate professor. His research focus is on application specific computing using custom hardware and commodity high-performance accelerators and embedded systems education.Robin Kizirian, Electrical and Computer Engineering Drexel University Robin

Conference Session

Embedded System Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Kimbrough, University of Tennessee at Martin; Rhett Chrysler, University of Tennessee at Martin; Somsak Sukittanon, The University of Tennessee at Martin

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2010-658: INCREASE STUDENT PROJECT OUTCOME IN EMBEDDEDSYSTEM COURSE THROUGH DESIGN COMPETITIONMichael Kimbrough, University of Tennessee at MartinRhett Chrysler, University of Tennessee at MartinSomsak Sukittanon, The University of Tennessee at Martin Page 15.719.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Increase Student Project Outcome in Embedded System Course through Design CompetitionAbstractIn 2007, an upper division elective course in embedded systems at the University of Tennessee atMartin was switched from the Intel 8085 to the ATMEL AVR microcontroller. The objective isto teach students how to design a hardware interface and to

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Wilson, Western Kentucky University; Michael McIntyre, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2010-362: REVITALIZING A CAPSTONE DESIGN SEQUENCE WITHINDUSTRIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESStacy Wilson, Western Kentucky UniversityMichael McIntyre, Western Kentucky University Page 15.1042.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Revitalizing a Capstone Design Sequence with Industrial Project Management TechniquesAbstractThe capstone design experience is a staple in many engineering programs throughout the nation.The purpose of these courses or sequences often includes the execution of an applied researchproject where students have a culminating design experience, and an opportunity to completeengineering design tasks. At

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liya (Grace) Ni, California Baptist University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Engineering. Her research interests include controls and robotics, particularly haptics with applications in virtual reality and teleoperation. Page 22.2.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Haptics-Enabled Rehabilitation: A Design Project for a Control Systems CourseAbstractThis paper presents an interesting design project for the Control Systems course offered toElectrical and Computer Engineering and Mechanical Engineering senior students. Studentsdesigned real-time control systems that involve haptic effects, meaning force feedback

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale N. Buechler, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Phil J Sealy Jr., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; John R Goomey, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

streaming-video (SV)technology to accommodate the schedules of working students completing the program on apart-time basis. Our faculty have been trained in distance education and have utilized web-conferencing software to create office hours for remote students which are essentially equivalentto those provided to local students. All course content is website based.One of the strengths of our electrical engineering program has been the integration of hands-onlab work into all but one of our courses. In addition, design projects are included in almost allour junior and senior EE coursework. Up until recently, all this distance lab work had beenfacilitated by laboratory managers who have enabled students to complete their lab work at theirnearest two

Conference Session

Project-based and Cooperative Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Wayne Freeman P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Anthony H. Hawes LCDR, USCG, United States Coast Guard Academy; Royce Warner James Ph.D.; Eric Jonathan Page, United States Coast Guard Academy; Ali M. Reza, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #6160Senior Project based Educational Collaboration between Physics and Electri-cal EngineeringProf. Richard W. Freeman P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy RICHARD W. FREEMAN has served as a lecturer in the U.S. Coast Guard Academy’s Electrical En- gineering Major since 2008. Prior to joining the faculty, he taught fulltime for eight years. He also worked in the Telecommunications Industry for eight years. He earned BS and PhD degrees in Computer Engineering from Iowa State University and a MBA from Southern Methodist University. He holds a Professional Engineering License in the State of Connecticut.Anthony H. Hawes

Conference Session

Project-based and Cooperative Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Mark Earl Randall, University of Evansville; Don Roberts, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #6574Tracking High Altitude Balloons in an EE Projects ClassDr. Dick Blandford, University of Evansville Dick Blandford is the chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of EvansvilleMr. Mark Earl Randall, University of EvansvilleDr. Don Roberts, University of Evansville Page 23.1257.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Tracking High Altitude Balloons in an EE Projects ClassAbstractEE 380 is a required junior level projects

Conference Session

Capstone, Undergraduate Research, and Projects in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Deng Cao, Central State University; Cadance Lowell, Central State University; Craig M. Schluttenhofer, Central State University; Augustus Morris, Central State University; Austin R. Erdman, Central State University; Torry Johnson; Jeffrey D. Taylor Jr., Central State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

- dergraduate students in funded research projects who have gone on to present at local, state and national conferences.Dr. Craig M. Schluttenhofer, Central State University Dr. Craig Schluttenhofer received his doctorate in Plant Physiology from the University of Kentucky in 2016. In 2011, he obtained a master’s degree in Plant Pathology from Purdue University. He received bachelor’s degrees in Horticulture Science as well as Plant Genetics and Breeding from Purdue University. In 2019, he joined Central State University as a research assistant professor of natural products. Dr. Schluttenhofer specializes in the genetics and biochemistry of Cannabis used for agricultural and medical purposes. He started working with hemp in

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Greory Spaulding, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

include antennas and propagation, novel materials for microwave application, and electromagnetic scattering.Greory Spaulding, Kansas State University-Salina GREG SPAULDING in an Professor of mechanical engineering technology joined Kansas State University at Salina in 1996. Spaulding, a licensed professional engineer, also is the faculty adviser for the Mini Baja club, which simulates a real-world engineering design project. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in mechanical engineering from Kansas State University. Spaulding holds a patent for a belt drive tensioning system and for an automatic dispensing system for prescriptions

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Uluagac; Douglas Williams, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schubert, Packer Engineering; Matthew Beatty, Naperville North High School

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2008-2364: HARVESTING OF LUNAR IRON: COMPETITIVE HANDS-ONLEARNINGPeter Schubert, Packer Engineering Dr. Schubert conducts research into alternate energy, space-based manufacturing, and engineering education at Packer Engineering in Naperville, IL. He is Senior Director, and has served as PI on projects from DOE, NASA and the GSA. He has published 47 technical papers, has 25 US patents, and is an instructor with the Society of Automotive Engineers. Prior experience includes 21 years in automotive electronics with Delphi Corporation, where he was a Technical Fellow. His doctorate in EE from Purdue was sponsored by a GM Fellowship. His MSEE is from U. of Cincinnati on a Whirlpool

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Albert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University; Jianbiao Pan, California Polytechnic State University; James Harris, California Polytechnic State University; Lynne Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2008-2186: CURRICULAR ENHANCEMENT TO SUPPORT PROJECT-BASEDLEARNING IN COMPUTER AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGAlbert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University Albert A. Liddicoat received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and his M.S. degree in Engineering Management from Stanford University in 1996, 2002 and 1999, respectively. Dr. Liddicoat worked for IBM’s Storage Technology Division from 1990 until 2002 where he held many positions in disk drive development including: servo system test and integration, ASIC development, system electronics and architecture, program management, and business line management. Currently, he is the Forbes Associate Professor and the

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

) signalswith the ADC's and DAC's. The USRP is an open source platform, so the schematic and designfiles are freely available.In addition, the USRP is compatible with the open source project GNU Radio that hasimplemented a vast array of algorithms needed to construct analog and digital communicationsystems (modulation, source coding, error correction, interleaving, filtering, etc.). The low-levelalgorithms are written in C++ and are controlled by high-level Python programs. The sourcecode for GNU Radio is also freely available.Together the USRP and GNU Radio form a powerful and flexible platform that allows the userto implement various real-time communication systems simply by writing software. Receiversthat operate in real-time can be constructed for

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Wentworth, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

decade, in the first junior level laboratory our Electrical Engineering students haveassembled, tested and analyzed an AM/FM radio using a commercially available kit. A primarygoal for this course is for students to understand basic concepts from electronics,electromagnetics, and signals and systems along with how these concepts are integrated torealize a working radio. Students studied schematics, received training in how to solder,modeled portions of the circuit with PSpice, and studied operation of a variety of devicesincluding diodes, transistors, and antennas. Towards the end of the semester, students weretasked with a design project. This tended to be the students’ favorite part of the course, beingsomewhat more involved than the kit

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharlene Katz, California State University, Northridge; James Flynn, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, oscilloscopes and signal generators – at a mouse click. Thestudents benefit from immediate and tangible experience in applying the complex theories andprinciples they are trying to master.Perhaps the most attractive aspect of SDR is the availability of signal databases8-10. In SDR Page 14.1332.3large sections of the RF spectrum can be digitized and recorded in computer files. These filesallow students to experiment with real signals without any hardware component. This alsoallows faculty to assign projects to students without requiring expensive hardware. Section III ofthis paper gives an overview of SDR for those unfamiliar with this relatively new

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Hoover, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; JianJian Song, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Edward Wheeler, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James Drewniak, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Conference Session

Capstone, Undergraduate Research, and Projects in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rod Blaine Foist, California Baptist University; John Butler, California Baptist University; Gibson Fleming, California Baptist University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #31292An Electronics Lab Project—Tutorial and Design of Printed Circuit Board”big blinky”Dr. Rod Blaine Foist, California Baptist University Rod Foist Professor (and IEEE student club advisor), Electrical and Computer Engineering, Gordon & Jill Bourns College of Engineering, California Baptist University, rfoist@calbaptist.edu. Dr. Foist received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington in 1982 and 1989, respectively. He earned his Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of British Columbia in 2011, specializing in signal