Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Alahmad, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Herbert Hess, University of Idaho; Brian Johnson, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, disconnect switches, fuses and conduit andconductors to interconnect the entire system. Fig. 1, shows a picture of this layout. This replicasystem allows students to see the physical connections and sizes of equipment to facilitatepractical and rational design methods. The classroom is also equipped with actual inductiveloads, power factor correction capacitors and demand meters. These components allow thestudent to visually inspect the difference between real and displacement power factors and powerfactor correction design alternatives. In addition, the lab is equipped with various types oflighting systems and exposed mechanical equipment to provide further insight into the builtenvironment and the student’s role in this development.Fig. 1

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; Ryan Elwell, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

to be created for buildings that made it past the firstscreening. This was in order to evaluate those systems for NJ rebate eligibility5 and generate therequisite applications for the NJCEP rebates. Finally, those systems that were eligible for rebatesbecame part of a long-term cost/benefit analysis that incorporated the engineering cost estimatesfor each system, the maintenance costs, the City of Ocean City’s bond fees and interest and thebenefits stream from energy savings and Solar Renewable Energy Certificate6 value. Page 12.460.3 Figure 1: Initial scope of renewable energy project with feasibility ratingsElectrical Usage

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

EducationThermodynamics (ME680) during their fourth or fifth years. Like their peer institutions, RIT hasthe desire and requirement to improve curriculum structure, integration, and assessment. ME413 and 680 form a progression in course work into the study of Thermodynamics and,therefore, the courses are carefully integrated. This integration is achieved through a courseassessment process conducted by the faculty leads from both courses.The goal of Thermodynamics is to provide studentswith practical and relevant engineering science Table 1. Summary of Topics Exploredbackground in thermodynamics. The course also in Thermodynamics (ME 413)provides the groundwork for subsequent courses in Topical Areas

Conference Session

Teaching Emerging Energy Technologies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arunachala Nadar Mada Kannan; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

introduce students toapplications of nanotechnology through four different modules. The modules are selected inorder to have hierarchy in student learning in three different areas (fuel cells, batteries andsolar photovoltaics) of alternative energy technologies. The modular nature of this proposedcourse will offer the benefit of allowing students to register for varying credit hoursdepending on their interest/requirement. The course contents are given below in fourmodules: 1. Nanotechnology ‚ What is in the nanotechnology ‚ Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes ‚ Energy related application areas ‚ Implications for philosophy, ethics, and society 2. Smart Batteries ‚ Nanomaterials for anodes

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Alvarado, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

first part of the case study was to devise the appropriate course model to be able to involvestudents in the design, development and construction of a lab-scale ground source heat pump(GSHP). Figure 1 shows the traditional or conventional approach frequently used in most seniordesign courses. It basically shows a course coordinator as the main point of contact for allmajor activities including project selection and assignment, and student group selection. Eventhough such a model has been used effectively for years, it may not be well suited for moreadvanced or complex projects because of the lack of resources, technical expertise or even time.Given the nature of complex thermal systems, a more appropriate model should be considered12.Figure 2

Conference Session

New Trends in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, University of Northern Iowa; Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Jin Zhu, University of Northern Iowa; Liping Guo

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

obtainedfrom different energy sources, such as vibration, light, acoustic, airflow, heat, temperaturevariations. Table 1 below illustrates the comparisons of various energy scavenging sourcesderived from various number of research efforts. One of the physical phenomena that are beingemployed to satisfy the requirements for the generation of small amounts of electricity is themechanical rotation.This paper introduces an energy scavenging technique for low power wireless sensor nodes witha focus on conversion of mechanical rotation energy to electricity. Here we consider a hydraulicdoor closer as a potential energy resource where the door is moved by human power in daily life.The two phases of door hydraulic system operations are: the first phase is the

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Srikanth Pidugu, University of Arkansas-Little Rock; Steve Menhart, University of Arkansas-Little Rock; Swaminadham Midturi, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

inconcept and implementation. Both upgrades are implemented in Excel spreadsheets and also inthe interview mode. As an example, consider the upgrade to premium efficiency motors. Byclicking on “motors” and following the appropriate links the following Excel spreadsheet willopen, as shown in figure 1. The sheet has been preprogrammed to determine the dollar andenergy savings that may be realized by upgrading from standard to premium efficiency motors.All of the fields are editable by the user, but typically a user would only need to edit the bluefields (number of motors, hp of each type, cost of a premium motor of that size, and the numberof hours per year in operation). Up to ten different sizes of induction motors may be analyzedsimultaneously

Conference Session

Novel Applications of Computers/Software in Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kala Meah, University of Wyoming; Steven Fletcher, University of Wyoming; Sadrul Ula, University of Wyoming; Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

field of interests includes Digital and Image Processing, Medical Applications of Lasers, Embedded Controllers. Dr. Barrett received Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Wyoming Professor of the Year, 2004 and John P. Ellbogen Meritorious Classroom Teaching Award, University of Wyoming, 2004 awards. Dr. Barrett published several books on embedded systems design and applications. Page 12.932.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 1 Integrating Wind and Solar Electric Energy

Conference Session

Novel Applications of Computers/Software in Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert McMasters, Virginia Military Institute; Michael Sexton, Virginia Military Institute; Craig Somerton, Michigan State University; Andre Benard, Michigan State University; Norbert Mueller, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

included in this study is very different,the reaction from the students at each of these schools is of special interest.IntroductionA program was previously developed with the intent of giving students a physical feel forconductive heat transfer processes [1]. The program addressed prescribed temperature boundary Page 12.942.2conditions under steady state conditions in a two-dimensional rectangular object. The userprovided input related to the object dimensions, along with the prescribed temperature at each ofthe four boundaries. The temperature distribution was then displayed using color to depicttemperatures on the computer screen. This program

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alvin Post, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Winston type are needed, but even the best flat platecollectors may not perform well in cold environments. A typical heating curve for waterin a crude flat plate collector is shown in Figure 1. The time constant can easily be 10-15minutes. Heating cycle time can be excessive when the maximum temperature thecollector reaches is barely above the boiling point, and most simple collectors fall in thiscategory. Page 11.1353.2Figure 1: A typical heating curve for a simple flat plate solar collector.Alternative working fluids such as refrigerants, ether, or other organic fluids with lowboiling points1 have been used in solar thermal pumps to ameliorate this

Conference Session

Trends in Energy Conversion and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giri Venkataramanan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Annette Muetze, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

evident that in the absence of a laboratory – real-world experience thelearning cycle is plainly incomplete.The ‘cone’ of learning shown in Fig. 1 illustrates the effectiveness of various domains ofexperience from a pedagogic point of view11. The activities at the bottom of the cone are said toprovide learning opportunities with higher motivational and retention levels compared to thosethat are at the top. The limited effectiveness of the ‘top heavy’ classical teaching styles withthree weekly lectures supplemented with textbook reading may be readily observed from thefigure. Course activities that are authentic, with an emphasis on real-world inspired and student-directed laboratory projects provide the best learning opportunity possible within

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Francis Praska, University of Northern Iowa; Ashraf Al-Qassab, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

-scale, axial flux wind turbine-generator. Anaxial wind turbine is easy to build, fun to learn and cost effective system designed using inalmost any windy location in the world. Two students at the University of Northern Iowa (UNI)enrolled in a Bachelors of Science in the Electrical and Information Engineering Technology(EIET) major, have spent many hours researching various wind turbines. The subject matterpresented in this paper are (1) design and build a cost effective 0.5 kW wind turbine capable ofproducing 12-48 V direct current (DC), (2) build two wind turbines with different configurations,(3) build a traveling display that can be taken to remote locations and educate anyone withquestions, and (4) experiment with variable loads and blade

Conference Session

Energy Resources, Efficiency, and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarma Pisupati, Pennsylvania State University; Wendy Mahen, PennSylvania State University; Mark Deluca, Pennsylvania State University; Martin Gutowski, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

usefulness of differentteaching and learning strategies. The strategies used for online class are 1) variation ininstructional strategies, 2) visual reinforcements of students' attention and reinforce theirlearning, and 3) opportunities for students to provide personal insights andinterpretations. This paper also discusses the student feedback and analysis of learningstrategies used.Introduction:In the fall of 2001, the Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineeringinitiated a drive to educate more students from other departments in Energy relatedsubjects. A 3-credit general education course on “Energy Conservation andEnvironmental Protection” (EGEE 102) was developed and offered primarily for non-science/engineering students. Energy is a

Conference Session

Energy Learning through Simulation and Analysis

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David McDonald, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

plotting.Examples of SimPowerSystemsSimPowerSystems is a comprehensive software tool with an extensive assortment of devicemodels. The following simple examples do not illustrate the capability of the software, but havebeen selected to illustrate that simple activities can be included in introductory classes.Example 1: Simulink Model vs. SimPowerSystems ModelSimulink is a block diagram programming environment where the blocks represent a state-spacemodel, and are organized as a transfer function. The top portion of the diagram in Figure 1shows a traditional Simulink model of an R-C circuit that uses a transfer function of the circuit.The bottom portion of the diagram in Figure 1 represents a physical model using componentsfrom the library of

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Lakeou, University of the District of Columbia; Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Ben Latigo, University of the District of Columbia; George Karanja, University of the District of Columbia; Wagdy Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Wilfried Oshumare, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

system’s position soas to collect maximum solar radiation. The gear motor controller module is built with state-of-the-art, low-cost digital logic circuit with built-in flexibility to accommodate seasonal positionadjustments of the PV mounts. The design includes a computer remote access for monitoring thepower generation of the system. The system is configured for an insolation (solar radiation)condition specific to the location of the system at the University of the District of Columbia inWashington, DC, but could be easily configured for any other location.II. BackgroundAs depicted in Figure 1, the position of the sun with respect to that of the earth changes in acyclic manner during the course of a calendar year. Tracking the position of the

Conference Session

Trends in Energy Conversion and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Monemi, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Some of theseconcerns are: 1) Not enough practical hands-on software tools are introduced to the students; and 2) How do we teach our students to model the power distribution network grid system; and 3) How to design and simulate the power distribution network system; and 4) How do we provide as set of decision support tools; and 5) Learn how to better use these software tools so that for example you can affordably and effectively manage outages in the energy distribution networks, given decreasing resources; and 6) Learn how to cost-effectively integrate existing information systems so that they work collectively to support business activities such as diagnosis

Conference Session

Energy Learning through Simulation and Analysis

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Skvarenina, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Technology AccreditationCommission (TAC) of ABET have both moved to outcomes-based accreditation of engineeringand technology programs, via EC 2000 and TC2K, respectively. Both EC 2000 and TC2Krequire that every accredited program develop a set of program outcomes, which must insure thatstudents have demonstrated the achievement of eleven outcomes, the so-called “a” to “k” lists.Table 1 shows a listing of the “a” to “k” outcomes for EC 2000 and TC2K.1, 2 With the changefrom previous accreditation criteria, ABET has gone away from the so-called “bean counting”that required certain numbers of credit hours in various categories, such as mathematics,sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Instead each program must evaluate and assess itscurriculum on

Conference Session

Energy Resources, Efficiency, and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeri-Anne McKeon

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

potential savings, economic rate of return, reliability, and easeof accomplishment. See Figure 1. Page 11.939.4 3Figure 1A separate “Economics” sidebar for each Measure estimates the potential savings, the cost, andthe payback period. A “Traps & Tricks” sidebar provides practical field experience for theaspiring engineer about the pitfalls of each activity and advises how to stay out of trouble. Page 11.939.5 4The second part of the book, called Reference

Conference Session

Teaching Emerging Energy Technologies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University; Chih-Ping Yeh, Wayne State University; James Sawyer, Macomb Community College

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

automobile manufacturers are training their HEV engineers and techniciansentirely “in-house,” which limits the number of engineers and technicians available for thegrowing hybrid market. There is a clear need for a systematic training program on HEV. Thispaper describes a funded project whose goal is to fill this need by developing an integratedlearning environment for HEV technology. This project targets engineering/engineeringtechnology students in 4-year universities, automotive technology students in communitycolleges, automotive engineers and technicians in industries, and K-12 technology teachers.1. IntroductionThe U.S. spends about $2 billion a week on oil imports, mostly for transportation fuel 1. Thisneed for oil affects our national

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanourios Chalkiadakis, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

13 kV overhead transmission line. This example is first solved in a conventionalway and then the results are verified by means of a simulation that takes into consideration thephysical characteristics of the line and the configuration of its conductors.3.1 Power Flow StudyFigure 1 shows the circuit diagram of the simulated system. Each three-phase source represents abus of a different power subsystem. All the subsystems are connected to each other via shortlength transmission lines that are shown only as inductive elements for simplicity4. The powermeters measure the power that exits the bus. In the diagram they appear as if they measure thepower across a three-phase element but this is how PSCAD calculates real and reactive power

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darris White, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; J. E. McKisson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; William Barott, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Figures 1-3 highlight the Page 12.212.2different options for hybrid electric vehicles. Figure 1: Series Hybrid (Locomotive) FeaturesFigure 2: Parallel Hybrid (Honda Insight) Features Page 12.212.3Figure 3: Combined Hybrid (Toyota Prius) FeaturesHybrid Electric Race CarsHybrid electric drive systems have been applied to race vehicles with limited success. In1998, Panoz manufactured a parallel hybrid electric system for the Le Mans series usinga brushless DC motor and Ford V-8 engine. This hybrid drive system sought to improvefuel economy and reduce the number of pit stops required for endurance races

Conference Session

Novel Applications of Computers/Software in Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Spezia, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

and examples into theirown work. The book itself may be annotated and modified by the user without affecting theoriginal documents. Electronic book construction consists of creating individual files, insertingrelevant hyperlinks, and developing the table of contents. Constructing a handbook file, whichacts as the electronic binding for the individual files, completes the process.4All tutorial files follow the same format. Introductory theory with supporting equations beginseach section. A numerical example, called a “Quick Test” follows, demonstrating theory andequations with an annotated example. Fig.1 shows a typical tutorial page for a Quick Test thatincludes unit definitions and a hyperlink indicated by bold, underlined text in the

Conference Session

Teaching Courses in Renewable Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Haman, University of Detroit Mercy; Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Mark Schumack, University of Detroit Mercy; Will Wittig, University of Detroit Mercy; David Chew, University of Detroit Mercy; Krysten Dzwigalski, University of Detroit Mercy; Chris Keimig; Meghann Mouyianis, University of Detroit Mercy; Tim Rourke, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

; raising and tilting the array would require a significantinfrastructure. Our estimates indicated that the infrastructure could have added 40% to the totalcost, which would have been several tens of thousands of dollars. The energy gain for a tiltedarray is about 20%.1 With our estimated annual energy output of about 10,000 kWh and with thecost of electricity being about 0.01$/kWh the payback period for the additional expense of atilted array is longer than the expected lifetime of the project. Thirdly, use of a horizontal arrayresulted in no alteration to the physical appearance of the building. The array is invisible fromthe ground. Finally, the assemblies were easy to install. Figure 1 shows the positioning of theassemblies on the engineering

Conference Session

New Trends in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendrick Aung, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

chapter 1. For example, a pipe flow problemwith a pressure drop constraint is given, and the students are asked to identify functional, non-functional, satisfactory, and optimal design solutions (pipe diameter) to provide a specified flow Page 12.462.4rate. Most of the students when asked to provide a multitude of solutions rather than a singlesolution (or a number) seemed lost and did not know how to come up with these differentsolutions at all. Close guidance from the instructor is required for students to understand andtackle these problems but these are the types of open-ended realistic problems that provide betterlearning experience to the

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bin Wu, University of Missouri, Columbia; Sanjeev Khanna, University of Missouri; Richard Wyatt, University of Missouri; Roger Korenberg, Missouri Department of Natural Resources

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

theorganization and operation of the Missouri IAC. The overall center structure is summarized inFigure 1. Integration of activities between the Center and its partners are logical and seamless,for the mission of each can be directly supported or supplemented by those of the other:Fig. 1 Organizational Structure of the Missouri IAC • State Agencies: Due to the importance of the Center to the economy, the competitiveness and the stability of the manufacturers in the state, both Missouri Department of Natural Resources and Department of Economic Development offer their full support for the Center, committing resources to support the center, including administrative effort, technical assistance staff, and specialist equipments

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa Cruz; Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Ali Shakouri Shakouri, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

 of Santa Cruz, CA (the City) are evaluatingrenewable energy technologies, in particular solar, and wind power generation at the Santa CruzMunicipal Wharf (the Wharf). The City  is located on the central coast of California and while itsclimatic patterns are suboptimal for reliance on single intermittent technology for  renewable energygeneration, the coastal location is a prime opportunity to understand how to optimize amultiple­technology distributed microgrid. See Figures 1 and 2 for location and renewable energyresource availability details. Page 23.537.2 Figure 1 The location of the City of Santa Cruz (top

Conference Session

New Concepts for Alternative and Renewable Energy Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

instrumentation is implemented. The virtual platform realized using the LabVIEW,Interactive Data Language, Maple and MATLAB/Simulink environments. It will providestudents with enhanced tools of study, virtual experiments on renewable energy sources, energyconversion and hybrid power systems. The proposed system provides the learner withinformation about the most important functions, principles and operational problems of each ofthe renewable energy sources and energy systems included.1. IntroductionEnvironmental concerns, the ever-increasing needs for power generation, depletion of the fossilfuel reserves, and steady progress in power deregulation have created increased interest inenvironmentally conscious distributed power generation. Of particular

Conference Session

Topics in Energy Management

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaime Ramos-Salas P.E., University of Texas, Pan American; Emmanuel Benitez, University of Texas, Pan American; Leonel Aguilera, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

thefuture. A milestone that connects us to a smart grid is to have a smart meter with an energymanagement system.In our case, we can consider the data acquisition for this system equivalent to a smart meter. Inour EMS implementation, the system acquires the price of electricity in real-time. For obtaining Page 23.652.2such prices, we rely on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) for information on theelectricity bulk price. “The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) manages the flow ofelectric power to 23 million Texas customers - representing 85 percent of the state's electricload.” [1].In this paper, we describe the data

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow; Brian Peterson, U.S. Air Force Academy; Susan Elmore, US Air Force Academy ; Al DUPE Mundy, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

.8 The programsmentioned here are by no means exhaustive, but merely representative.DescriptionThe complete circuit set consists of four student units and one instructor unit. The four studentunits have one each of the following fully functional circuits:  Three-way light switch set  Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) circuit  Household mains circuit breaker panel, security light, and single standard outlet  Switched outlet circuitWiring diagrams for each circuit are shown in Figures 1-4. The instructor unit has all four of Page 23.654.3these circuits already assembled on a single panel

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M Peuker, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Steffen Peuker, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

studentswere asked to complete an engineering analysis, code the equations, and check answers. By work-ing through the analysis on paper and using EES to solve, the students are learning/practicing notonly the theory and analysis, but also translating equations into a coded program. Using EES alsoallows for larger problems to be solved than that could easily be done by hand calculations, includ-ing solving problems that require iteration or optimization. Each in-class activity was completedin groups of two. The following are details for two in-class activities: a heat exchanger problemand a piping network design problem.The heat exchanger problem—shown in Figure 1; full details and handouts are in Appendix A.1—asked the students to determine for a