Figure 4.The controller must interface with the DC motors through an H-Bridge structure. A complexprogrammable logic device (CPLD) feeds the H-Bridge with two signals, S for activating themotor and D for the direction of the rotor movement. The duration of the signal S is calculatedbased on the amount of rotation required for every angular step and on the gear ratio selected forthe gear motor, and the panel-to-motor transfer gear ratio.Initially, once the location is selected, the azimuth angle range is determined with a tilt angle θcalculator, and the angular step value is subsequently set. The total number of tilt steps is 12 (6 ineach direction) for covering the whole calendar year. During the course of the year, the arraywill be tilted
next variable from Equation 1 an equation is developed for the initial cost of thewall as shown in Equation 3.ICw=H x Ww x th x N s x Cwu (3)where,Ww is the width of the wood [m]Cwu is the cost of the wall per unit volume [$/m3]Up to this point anyone with a high school education can develop the equations. The next termin Equation 1 will require knowledge of heat transfer. The rate of heat loss under designconditions is needed to determine the size of the furnace. The initial cost of the furnace can thenbe calculated from Equation 4. IC f = Q& design × Cfu (4)where,Q& design is the rate of heat loss at design conditions [kW]Cfu is the
, generator G2 is at its hard limit for Page 11.94.5providing reactive power and the bus voltage has dropped from the desired 1.0 to 0.97 pu.Table 3. System Parameters and Modeling Information Generator Information Transmission Line Ratings G1: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, X” = 0.12 pu, z1 = (0.08 + j 0.5) Ù/km; X2 = 0.14 pu, X0 = 0.05 pu z0 = (0.2 + j 1.5) Ù/km; G2: 200 MVA, 15.0 kV, X” = 0.12 pu, y1 = 3.3(10)-6 S/km X2 = 0.14 pu, X0 = 0.05 pu Maximum MVA = 400 for all lines Generator neutrals are solidly grounded L1 = 15 km
(4) * h exit ? h inlet / j s h inlet / h exit , s + (5) Ã 1 ÔÃ 60 Ô Torque ? m% r *h inlet / h exit +Ä ÕÄ Õ (6) Å N ÖÅ 2r ÖThe pressure loss through the condenser was specified at a constant value and the exit pressurewas found by subtracting the loss from the inlet pressure. In the actual condenser there is apossibility for the refrigerant exiting to still be superheated, saturated, or liquid. At this stage itwas assumed that the exit enthalpy of the
involves a nominal amount of research to be completed and the use ofcomputational modeling tools – this segment addresses the RO segment of the learning cycle.Soon after the assignments are completed, the teams conduct laboratory experiments to verifytheir solutions and to examine the validity and limitations of the analytical model – this segmentaddresses the AE segment of the learning cycle. A discussion of the consequences andapplications of the findings brings a tentative closure to the inquiry process. This step leads intothe lesson theme for the next real world inspired inquiry process.Thus, each inquiry-based lesson module is designed to proceed through the ‘problemidentification s theoretical analysis s computer modeling s design solution
. 82. H. Li, C.C. Liu, and M.J. Damborg – Web-Based Tutoring in Power Engineering – IEEE Trans. on PowerSystems, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp 1227-1234, 2003.3. L.J. Bohman, B. A. Mork, and D. O. Wiitanen – Power Engineering Design Projects - IEEE Trans. onPower Systems, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp 152-156, 2004.4. R.S. Balog et. al. – Modern Laboratory-Based Education for Power Electronics and Electric Machines -IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 20, no. 2, pp 538-547, 2005.5. M. E. H. Benbouzid and G. A. Capolino – A Project-Oriented Power Engineering Laboratory - IEEE Trans.on Power Systems, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp 1663-1669, 1996.6. S. Chedid and S. Rahman – A Decision Support Technique for the Design of Hybrid Solar-Wind PowerSystems - IEEE Trans. on Energy
created that consider architectural, operating systems, compiler, andhardware issues in power-aware systems. Associated with each module, are (a) backgroundinformation at the appropriate level, (b) list of references for further study, (c) description of theproblem(s) to be studied, and (d) relevant software.There are six topics over which these modules range: architecture, voltage scaling, operatingsystems and middleware, compilers, VLSI, and wireless networks. A brief description of somerepresentative module is provided below.Architecture • Static and Dynamic Power: This module explains the two types of power consumption in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. Techniques to mitigate the two are covered
C d E? ?E / 0 ln 8 nF n F ÄÅ PAa,n PBb,n ÕÖwhere E0 is the ideal or reversible voltage, which plays an important role in defining fuel cellperformance and is explored below for a few reactions. / FG 0 / (cgC0 - dg D0 / ag A0 / bg B0 ) E0 ? ? 9 nF nFFor a simple reaction of hydrogen and oxygen the ideal voltage can be calculated: Page 11.492.7 H2 + ½ O2 s H2O / FG 0 / (1 © g H 2 O / 1 © g H
Ther-mal Energy Conversion (OTEC), which, among other things, is the transformationof the huge sources of thermal energy trapped in oceans into electrical energy. Theenergy mechatronics laboratory will ask broad questions about the performance ofparticular OTEC plants, the required infrastructure for this technology, the eco-nomic environment needed to make this technology viable, and the use of OTECfor hydrogen generation. OTEC is an area that was an emerging alternative energy source in the 1970’s,but research petered out as a result of the price for oil dropping by 1980. But now,with the price of oil surging, a renewal of interest in OTEC has begun [2, 3, 4].Much of the research emphasis is occurring outside of the U.S. But what is
EducationEnergy efficiency emerged as a dominant societal interest in 1973, the year of the first Arab oilembargo, when the continued availability of energy resources was called into question. Today,attention is returning to the analysis of fossil fuel depletion that was begun by M. King Hubbertin the 1950’s, which shows that conventional oil and gas resources will be exhausted by themiddle of this century.It now seems likely that replacement energy supplies will fall far below present levels and thatall energy supplies will become expensive enough to limit their use. These changes will occurduring the working lives of today’s engineering students. The only reliable solution is toradically improve the efficiency of our energy usage. The present
Page 11.1297.121) Deffeyes, Kenneth S. Hubbert’s Peak – the Impending World Oil Shortage, Princeton University Press (2001).2) Kunstler, James Howard, http://www.kunstler.com/mags_diary16.html.3) Smil, Vaclav. “Peak Oil: a Catastrophist Cult and Complex Realities,” World Watch Magazine (January/February 2006).4) Culp, Archie W. Principles of Energy Conversion, McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1991).5) Sorensen, Harry A. Energy Conversion Systems, John Wiley & Sons (1983).6) Hinrichs, Roger A. and Kleinbach, Merlin. Energy – Its Use and the Environment, Brooks/Cole (2002).7) Ristinen, Robert A. and Kraushaar, Jack J. Energy and the Environment, John Wiley & Sons (1999).8) Hubbert, M.K. “Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels,” in American Petroleum
D Variable Resistive Load E BURNER N S -Qc Fuel flow sensor E R LP / NATURAL GAS TANK CONDENSATE COLLECTION TANK Page
energy and the output form(s) of energy (Figure 3). The responses would be graded and feed back would be given instantaneously. Figure 3. A screen shot of Interactive fill in the ̇ A heat loss drag-and-drop activity, where students blank activity. identified and then dragged images of different types of heat loss from a house
, “Low-cost magnetic levitation project kits,” IEEE Control SystemsMagazine, October, 2004, pp. 65-69. Page 11.291.86. Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D. “Changes and Challenges in Engineering Education,” 2003 American Societyfor Engineering Education, Main Plenary, Nashville, Tennessee. December 26, 2003.7. Gajic, Vojislav, Heer, Donald, Thompson, Tom, Traylor, Roger, Frost, Geoffrey, Fiez, Terri S., “Introducing aMechatronic Platform to Freshman Mechanical Engineering Students,” Proc. 2004 ASEE Annual Conference &Exposition, June 2004.8. Pozmantir, Stan, Simplemotor web site, http://www.simplemotor.com, last accessed January, 2006
therefore a challenge to the energy distribution network industries. Bydeveloping the above mentioned course the students will have enough understandings andtechniques to take on the challenges that are facing today’s energy distribution network systems. Page 11.507.9Bibliographic Information1. S. Monemi, “Fault Management Systems in Energy Distribution Network Environments”, Ph. D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Dec. 1999.2. G. Karsai and A. Ledeczi, “ A Graphical Modeling Environment for the Multigraph Architecture”, ISIS, Vanderbilt University, Manual ver. 0.5, Nashville, TN, 1998.3. UML Semantics, ver. 1.1, Rational Software
ImageCertain care must be taken to focus on potential shade problems, roof outcroppings (vents,gables, pipes, chimneys, etc.) dangerous terrain, and any obstacles that may inhibit the placement Page 11.992.6or performance of the proposed PV system. Due to the fact the system is not designed on site, ithelps to have these references at a later date. One should also acquire a picture of the electricalpanel box for further review as to acceptable condition and available slots for the inverter(s). Inreference to the electrical system; an installed PV system requires additions to the panel box andthus the following data must be collected: panel box type
SystemSemester: Spring 2004Summary: Provide a preliminary design for an oscillating water column system power withinthe territory of the United States for two different sites. The following sites have been targetedfor this study. 315 NM W of Aberdeen (WA) 78 NM SSW of Aberdeen (WA) S. Aleutians (AK) Hilo (HI) Pensacola (FL)For each site, the design team will undertake a design study to determine • the optimal chamber height (within 0.5 m) • the optimal chamber diameter (within 0.5 m)The objective function used in the design study will be the predicted cost of the electricity in$/kW⋅hr, under the constraint that the
bulbs.We connected a digital multimeter across the load and the reading jumped up to 40 VDC within15 s. Over the next half hour we saw the meter stay fairly constant around 42 VDC with a peakof 51VDC. By comparing wind speed reading from the anemometer our data showed a 20 mphwind would generate around 42VDC. One area of concern was the tail vane furling system; itdid not seem to be operating like it was designed too operate. The design is set to limit theturbine speed rpm by turning the blades away from strong winds and keep the turbine fromrotating above specific rpm values.Using the wind data from the Iowa Energy Center 29 it was determined that we could expectaverage wind results for our chosen tower location in Northwest Iowa as seen in Table
S = 100MVAFigure 2b. Data for Simulation ExerciseThe high level problem, offered to a second group of EE students taking the same course, isshown in Figure 2. The same problem was given to all EET students (it should be noticed that all10 EET from Buffalo State and were assigned both programming and simulation projects, while13 EET students from UPJ were assigned simulation project). This is a segment of the publicelectric utility grid in Western New York. The students were asked to complete the following:a) Simulate the given power system using a high level program (PowerWorld® 3 wasdemonstrated for them)b) Make changes that should improve the systemc) Assess those changesd) Propose further improvements to the problem at hand.We assess
they have also gained valuable engineering related experiences whichcan be used later on in their career.VI. References[1] J. L. Schmalzel, A. J. Marchese, J. Mariappan and S. A. Mandayam, "The Engineering Clinic: A four-yeardesign sequence," presented at the 2nd An. Conf. of Nat. Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance, Washington,D.C., 1998.[2] J. L Schmalzel, A. J. Marchese and R. P. Hesketh, "What's brewing in the Clinic?," HP EngineeringEducator,2:1, Winter 1998, pp. 6-7.[3] New Jersey Clean Energy Program http://www.njcep.com, New Jersey Clean Energy Program[4] NJ Anemometer Loan Program - Official Website: [Available ONLINE] http://users.rowan.edu/~mcdevi24/clinic_website/website_pages/homepage.htm[5] Rowan University Clean
team (2005)Bibliography1 Schmalzel, J. L., Marchese, A. J., and Hesketh, R. P. "What's brewing in the Clinic?," HP EngineeringEducator,2:1, Winter 1998, pp. 6-7.2 Schmalzel, J. L., Marchese, A. J., Mariappan, J., and Mandayam, S. A., "The Engineering Clinic: A four-year design sequence," presented at the 2nd An. Conf. of Nat. Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance,Washington, D.C., 1998.3 Dym, C. L., Agongino, A. M., Eris, O., Frey, D. D., Leifer, L. J., “Engineering Design Thinking,Teaching and Learning”, Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 103-120, January 2005.4 Dym, C. L., Engineering Design: A Synthesis of View, Cambridge University Press, 19945 von Lockette, P., Pietrucka, B., Acciani, D., Dahm, K., Harvey, R., Courtney, J