Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Ross Pfluger P.E., Colorado School of Mines; Junko Munakata Marr, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Student DemographicsColorado School of Mines’ air pollution course was designed to help students become familiarwith air pollution issues, understand the basic chemistry behind major air pollutants, develop aworking knowledge of engineered approaches used to mitigate the effects of common airpollutants, and prepare them for future air pollution work in the public or private sectors. Thecourse introduced air pollution fundamentals, such as the ideal gas law, US legislation, thesource, nature, and control of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants, indoor airpollution, and dispersion modeling. The course contained two projects, one of which involvedaspects of PM pollution (visibility, emissions, deposition), while the other measured indoor

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3: Teaching Environmental Engineering in the COVID-19 Era

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David V.P. Sanchez, University of Pittsburgh; Tony Lee Kerzmann, University of Pittsburgh; Claire P. Chouinard, University of Pittsburgh; Gregg P. Kotchey, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Research and Outreach Center in the School of Engineering, Mathematics and Science. In 2019, Dr. Kerzmann joined the Me- chanical Engineering and Material Science (MEMS) department at the University of Pittsburgh. He is the advising coordinator and associate professor in the MEMS department, where he positively engages with numerous mechanical engineering advisees, teaches courses in mechanical engineering and sustainability, and conducts research in energy systems. Throughout his career, Dr. Kerzmann has advised over eighty student projects, some of which have won regional and international awards. A recent project team won the Utility of Tomorrow competition, outperforming fifty-five international teams to bring

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy Thatcher, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

with colleagues, the most commonly cited concern hasbeen that time devoted to active and cooperative learning will reduce the amount of material thatcan be covered in class. Since this type of introductory course typically has a large number oftopics that need to be covered, it can be difficult to see how “additional” activities can beincorporated. However, it has not been our experience that this concern is a significant issue.The time required for the activities was balanced by increased comprehension, less time neededfor repetition of ideas, better attentiveness during lecture periods, and an increase in preparationrequirements for students before lectures.This paper discusses a project which developed and implemented a series of active

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Borchers, Kettering University; David Rinard, Steelcase, Inc.; Trevor Harding, Kettering University; Terri Lynch-Caris, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

research interests include wear phenomenon in orthopeadic implants, ethical development in engineering undergraduates, and pedagogical innovations in environmental education. Currently, Trevor serves on the ERM Division Board of Directors and on the Kettering University Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning Advisory Board.Terri Lynch-Caris, Kettering University Dr. Terri Lynch-Caris, Ph.D., P.E., is an Assistant Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at Kettering University. She serves as the Co-PI for the NSF project titled “Development of a Course in Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing for Undergraduates” and will team-teach the course once developed. Her

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Jarvie, Michigan Technological University; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

in context (EIC), through a semester long project. EIC emphasizes the “applicationof the engineering problem-solving method to a current challenge or opportunity, coupled withmore focused consideration of problem identification and definition and the potential impact of asolution.” The EIC class replaced a traditional class based on the engineering science model,which focuses on the classroom presentation of technical knowledge and skills out of the contextin which they are applied. Students taking this class provided a higher overall course rating andexhibited a slightly higher retention rate than previous students under a more traditional format13.First year experiential learning courses should address the various disciplines in an effort

Conference Session

Environmental engineering pedagogy and innovation

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marty Anne Gustafson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Carl Vieth, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Patrick Eagan, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

EPD, Carl is a frequent lecturer for the University’s Center for Advanced Studies in Business and leads process improvement projects across campus. Prior to coming to the University, Carl was a Senior Consultant with GE Healthcare specializing in Cardi- ology, Emergency Services, Clinical Information Systems and Healthcare Administration. GE Healthcare is a global provider of healthcare technologies and services. Carl came to GE with the acquisition of Mar- quette Medical Systems, where he was the Director of Corporate Education. In this role, Carl had global responsibility for sales, technical, and customer training programs. As a Six-Sigma Black Belt, Carl led internal and customer-based performance improvement

Conference Session

Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandeep Sathyamoorthy, Tufts University; Linda Jarvin, Paris College of Art; Michael Hollis, U.S. Air Force Academy; John Anthony Christ, U.S. Air Force Academy; C. Andrew Ramsburg, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2012-3158: A STUDENT CENTERED LEARNING LAB TO INCREASEMOTIVATION AND INTEREST IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGMr. Sandeep Sathyamoorthy, Tufts University Sandeep Sathyamoorthy is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Tufts University. Prior to this, Sathyamoorthy was a Project Engineer at AECOM Water, focusing on BNR/ENR wastewater treatment plant design and water reuse treatment processes.Dr. Linda Jarvin, Paris College of Art Linda Jarvin, Ph.D., is the Dean of Paris College of Art in Paris, France, and an Adjunct Professor at Tufts University, Mass. She received her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from the University of Paris V and her postdoctoral training at Yale

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3: Teaching Environmental Engineering in the COVID-19 Era

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shannon L. Isovitsch Parks P.E., University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

industrial clients performing water resources engineering design and permitting. In addition to her corporate experience, Dr. Parks served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Mali, West Africa, supporting a local Non-Governmental Organization on water sani- tation projects. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Student Perceptions and Performance with Online Instruction of Sustainability during COVID-19 ResponseAbstractHigher education in an online learning environment has been shown to be effective andappreciated by students. However, it does have limitations and requires several weeks ofpreparation prior to the start of class. In the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Technical Session 4: Environmental Issues and the Impacts of Intersectionality

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; JoAnn Silverstein P.E., University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering, Women in Engineering

? (c) How does the skill of listening relate to ethical engineering? In-class Did anything surprise you in the ASCE Code of Ethics? student Did anything seem missing from the ASCE Code of Ethics? break-out What were your thoughts based on listening to the panel video? discussion Discuss ethical issues pertinent to bridge design (linked to class project)Content analysis on the 52 submitted written assignments was conducted by the first author afterthe completion of the semester (students were allowed to drop 2 assignments during thesemester, and 4 did not submit this assignment); results are summarized in Table 2. The majorityof the submissions were 250 to 500 words, with a median length of 400 words. The studentsperformed

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Paper ID #19094Integrating Writing to Teach Engineered Environmental Systems DesignDr. Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University Veera Gnaneswar Gude is a faculty member of civil and environmental engineering department at Mis- sissippi State University. He has degrees in chemical (B.S.) and environmental engineering (M.S., Ph.D.) disciplines with over 10 years of academic, industrial, and research experiences on various chemical and environmental engineering projects. He is a licensed professional engineer and a board certified environ- mental engineer. His passion for teaching continues for over 10 years

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Kristina Lawyer, Michigan Technological University; Meredith Berlin, University of Colorado - Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jonathan Wiggins, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

; the nature of knowledge (certainty of knowledge & simplicity ofknowledge), and the nature of knowing (source of knowledge & justification of knowledge) 31. Page 15.543.8Students’ epistemological beliefs have been found to influence cognitive engagement, academicachievement, and motivation to learn32, 33. Because epistemological beliefs often reflect personalexperiences31, our study will compare engineering epistemological beliefs of students who haveparticipated in service learning projects to the beliefs of those who have not. Our aim is to gaininsight as to how students perceive engineering design and whether service learning

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel B. Oerther, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

pictorial representation of the system; 4) listingcritical assumptions; 5) using assumptions to reduce model complexity; 6) creating amathematical representation; 7) implementing a computational solution; 8) interpreting theresults of the computational solution; 9) conducting a sensitivity analysis; and 10) describinglessons learned from the modeling exercise. A unique aspect of this course was the integration ofDiplomacy Lab from the US Department of State as the subject material for term-length projects,including: 1) using the internet of things to assess threats from dirty bombs; 2) usingepidemiology to assess threats from outbreaks of communicable disease arising from populationsof co-located prisoners; or 3) using actuarial science to assess

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

field if they so wish.There has been considerable interest expressed in just such a project being put into action at apublic university in the southeast United States This paper strives to present a methodology bymeans of which a minor in sustainability will potentially be offered. Page 14.396.2MethodologyIntroducing a minor in sustainability at the university level is a very different matter thanintroducing a course in the same topic. A minor emphasizes some degree of specialization in thesubject matter. Similarly, given the myriad employment opportunities that are likely to open upin the near future, minor needs to prepare students to take

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Sahar Razavi, Northern Arizona University; Nihal Sarikaya, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

“report a lowersense of belonging” [34] in comparison to their white and male counterparts [35] – [37].Belonging to STEM fields is dependent on self-efficacy, which is the “confidence in one’sability to successfully perform a given task” [34]. For a mentee to feel positive about their field,the mentee’s perception of the relationship with the mentor is significant. Prunuske et. al. [30]determined that mentees’ confidence improved when they actively participated in researchprojects and acquired “the skills necessary for professional socialization.” They also determinedthat the personality of the mentor was more significant than the research project. In addition, thementees wanted mentors who would communicate and engage with them. When studying

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Experiences and Assessment in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Francis J. Hopcroft, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

that inform and influence those feelings and discusses ways to beginto change those attitudes within the student bodies.IntroductionIt has been observed that students taking similar classes in college often project a wide range ofacademic skills, interest in the subject matter, and personal justifications for class attendance,among other things. Since people are inherently different, there is no shock or surprise generatedby these observations; merely academic curiosity and fodder for research by those so inclined.Academic research can take many forms. It can be highly rigorous, purely anecdotal, primarilyliterature-based, or empirical, based on personal experimentation or observation. The dataprovided in this report are based solely on direct

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley A. Striebig, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

harmful pathogens from their wastewater isvital to the health of residents. This paper will focus on a project for the development of amicrobial fuel cell (MFC) system for developing communities appropriate for use to demonstratethe principles of scientific and engineering inquiry in advanced high school classroom. TheMFC system will utilize a simulated waste stream resulting from existing food processingactivities and potentially provide both a modest amount of stable electricity for local use.High school students have utilized the environmental science and engineering principle thatcontrol the MFC system to design, build and test Microbial Fuel Cells made form simplematerials. The MFC captures the electrons produced by the bacteria while they

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip J. Parker P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Michael R. Penn P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Defne S. Apul, University of Toledo; Margaret E. Garcia, Arizona State University; Jagadish Torlapati; Lashun King Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

to use tool for computing small site hydrology for any location within the US. It estimates the amount of stormwater runoff generated from a site under different development and control scenarios over a long term period of historical rainfall. The analysis takes into account local soil conditions, slope, land cover and meteorology. Different types of low impact development (LID) practices (also known as green infrastructure) can be employed to help capture and retain rainfall on-site. Future climate change scenarios taken from internationally recognized climate change projections can also be considered.The in-class activities lead students to a better understanding of green infrastructure, and

Conference Session

Emphasizing Communication and the Humanities in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah K. Bauer, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

educational projects to enhance environmental engineering education while at Rowan University. Dr. Bauer is an active member of ASEE and the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) and currently serves as the Faculty Advisor for Rowan’s Student Chapter of SWE. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Integration of Environmental Humanities Modules into the Environmental Engineering ClassroomAbstractIn today’s rapidly changing world, engineers and scientists are challenged with solving themultitudes of environmental and social problems our society is currently facing. The rapidgrowth of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) research and pedagogy iscritical for

Conference Session

A Focus on Sustainability

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Nihal Sarikaya, Northern Arizona University; Roy St. Laurent, Northern Arizona University; Daniel'le April DeVoss, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

design introductory level engineering courses to increase factual knowledge. Hydeet al. stated that people, hoping for engineering education to change, assume that increasingenvironmental content make practicing engineers more environmentally sensitive [1]. For acourse to change attitudes, and develop environmental concern and activism among students, itneeds to be designed specifically for affective learning [4], [5], [26]. Utarasakul [27], Al-Balushiand Al-Amri [28] have mentioned the importance of active learning tools, such as ProblemBased Learning or Project Based Learning, and collaborative learning in effectively engagingstudents in environmental education to achieve the aforementioned student outcomes. To addressthe relationship between

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lashun King, Tennessee State University; Thomas Byl, U.S. Geological Survey; Roger Painter, Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

coupling the RTD and biodegradation rate. Students apply this final formula in ahazardous waste management course. The students have studied groundwater remediationtechniques and are tasked in a final class project to conduct a pilot study to determine ifbiodegradation of contamination at the Ft. Campbell site is significant. This project requiresstudents to perform a tracer study on the bench-scale karst system and then use thebiodegradation rate data from a separate study to predict the extent of biodegradation in thebench scale system. Then a field study is done with a conservative tracer to establish residence-time distribution in the karst aquifer (photo 3). Last, the students use their model to determinethe amount of biodegradation that

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

olu Fasesan, Texas Tech University; Segun Ogunsanya, Texas Tech University; Lloyd Heinze, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Extender Slurry Duration (Hours) 12 24 Compressive Strength 100 250 (Psi) Tail Slurry Duration (Hours) 12 72 Compressive Strength 500 1200 (Psi) API Free Water 6 (ml/2hrs)Operational ConstraintsThese are slurry design criteria imposed to optimize the cost and quality of the cement slurry inthe field. Slurry viscosity, thickening time, and free water are the three major operationalconstraints employed in this project. I. Slurry Viscosity: Correlates to the pumpability of the

Conference Session

What Else do Environmental Engineers Need to Know

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahbub Uddin, Trinity University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the evening (similar to town hall meeting) to debate on environmental issues, their importance’s and impacts. Students are told that there is very limited funding available and only four projects will be funded for further study. After debating the issues they then develop a consensus and align themselves in four different environmental projects of their top interests. Each group then submits a formal written report on their environmental projects. The major thrust of this report is to provide a thorough analysis of the environmental problem, its impact and recommendations for corrective actions. 4. Making a Difference through Individual Actions: In the reflection Journal/Portfolio each student is

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Phil Dacunto, U.S. Military Academy; Andrew Joseph Ng, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division: Sustainability and Hands-On Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado - Boulder; Sharon A. Jones P.E., University of Portland; Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Andrew Gillen, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

affective outcomes related tosustainable engineering. This project was aimed at beginning to fill this gap.Research QuestionsThis research explored the following questions: (1) At the beginning of the courses, to what extent did students vary in their motivation toward sustainable engineering, appreciation for interdisciplinary skills, consideration of others in the context of engineering, and interest in global work? a. Were there differences between institutions? b. Were there differences between the students enrolled in different courses at the same institution? (2) Did student attitudes on these issues change over the course of a semester when taking courses that included

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1: Intercultural Competency-infused Teaching

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Inez Hua, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Agency Full scale heat and electricity E.ON (Järfälla) 2015, 2017 generation and environmental Rya CHP and Renova (Gothenberg) 2019 impacts Air transportation systems Arlanda International Airport 2015, 2017 Urban infrastructure Hammarby Sjöstad (Eco-City) 2015, 2017 Royal Seaport 2019 Full scale municipal wastewater Käppala Wastewater Treatment Plant 2015 treatment Bromma Wastewater Treatment Plant 2019 Sustainable building Skanska Headquarters (Stockholm) 2015, 2017 construction projects Pilot scale innovations in

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

definitions and requirements.In addition, Table 1 highlights what is commonly held: that there are aggregate effects ofindividual activities. Isolated acts that are perfectly benign and sustainable, can be unsustainablewhen aggregated. There is a scale effect of professional action; and professions need to look atthe aggregate effects of their action. The natural time and space scales imposed by naturalresources, transcending individual projects and actions, (as well as jurisdictions, lifetimes),imposes a professional burden – to channel individual actions toward sustainable relations with,common property resourcesviii.Lacking this responsibility, “no one is watching the store.” NAE and ASCE are asserting aprofessional role for engineering in

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Nihal Sarikaya, Northern Arizona University; Adam Bringhurst

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

committee [3], [4].Air quality is increasing in importance, as more people reside in urban than rural areas. The UnitedNations [5] projects that “urbanization, the gradual shift in residence of the human population fromrural to urban areas, combined with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another2.5 billion people to urban areas by 2050.” In a recent analysis, the World Health Organization(WHO) projects that 91% of the planet’s population lives in cities that do not meet standards foracceptable air quality [6]. Combining the projections from the UN and the WHO, air pollution isa challenge that not only threatens basic human welfare, but also damages natural and physicalcapital, and constrains economic growth [7].Air pollution is

Conference Session

Environmental Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jalal Rastegary, New Mexico State University; Patricia A. Sullivan, New Mexico State University; Christopher Campbell, New Mexico State University, Engineering New Mexico Resource Network

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

National Sci- ence Foundation (NSF) INCLUDES pilot grant, co-PI for a NSF grant to broaden participation in STEM, and was a co-PI for an i6 Challenge grant through the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA). She is institutional integrator for the Partnership for the Advancement of Engineering Education (PACE) at NMSU, is University Affiliate Director for the NM Project Lead the Way program, and was co-lead for a NSF funded Pathways to Innovation cohort at NMSU. Currently, Patricia serves as a commissioner with the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE), and a member of the board of directors for Enchantment Land Certified Development Company (a program that certifies SBA 504 loans that

Conference Session

Enviromental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael Robinson P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

developindependent-thinking, project management and communication skills beneficial for consultingengineering. However, other practitioners do not feel strongly that a thesis is required to cultivatethese professional skills but that proficiency depends heavily on the individual. One option toincorporate the practice of professional skills into a course-based master’s program may be toemulate the structural engineering master’s program at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology1where students must complete a practicum with the requirements of an internship coupled withreflective essays on their experiences. In the structural engineering practicum, students mustprepare 10 essays based on interviews with engineers employed by the interning firm andaddress

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley A. Striebig, James Madison University; Maria Papadakis, James Madison University; Adebayo Ogundipe, James Madison University; Samuel Albert Morton III, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

problems related to determine the impacts of a, c, e pollutants upon the environment 5 411 Calculate and describe the impact of anthropogenic emissions on the a, c, e oxygen content in natural aqueous environments 6 411 Describe the impact of anthropogenic sources on water and air quality a, c, f, h, j, k 7 411 Describe the relationship between community sustainability, global f, h, i, j climate change, environmental impacts, economic projects, and fossil fuel emissions 8 411 Develop