Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sofia Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University; Iordanis Petsas, University of Scranton; Fazil Najafi, University of Florida

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International

B.A. in Economics from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, followed by a M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Florida. His current research examines the effects of General Purpose Technologies on growth and trade. Professor Petsas teaches International Economics, International Business, and Current Economic Issues.Fazil Najafi, University of Florida Dr. Najafi is a professor of Civil and Coastal Engineering at the University of Florida. He earned his BSCE from the American College of Engineering, Kabul, Afghanistan, and his BSAE, MS, and PhD degrees in Civil Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has worked for 35 years

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Belle Wei, San Jose State University; Jacob Tsao, San Jose State University

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International

AC 2007-2387: GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE STUDY-TOUR TO ASIAAT SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITYBelle Wei, San Jose State University Dean, College of Engineering, San Jose State UniversityJacob Tsao, San Jose State University Professor, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, San Jose State University Page 12.786.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Global Technology Initiative Study-Tour to Asia at San Jose State University AbstractPrompted by the outsourcing of knowledge-based jobs in Silicon Valley and elsewhere in

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida; Roger Wood, University of Central Florida; Walter Buchanan, Texas A&M University

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International

AC 2007-473: INTRODUCTION OF NEW AND COST EFFECTIVETECHNOLOGIES IN THE ENT POWER LABORATORYAlireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida ALIREZA RAHROOH Alireza Rahrooh is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering Technology at the University of Central Florida. He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Univ. of Akron, in 1979, 1986, and 1990, respectively. His research interests include digital simulation, nonlinear dynamics, chaos, control theory, system identification and adaptive control. He is a member of ASEE, IEEE, Eta Kappa Nu, and Tau Beta Pi.Roger Wood, University of Central Florida ROGER WOOD Roger Wood is with Lockheed Martin

Conference Session

International Distance & Service Learning for Engineers- Discussion on Best Practices

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; James Mihelcic, Michigan Technological University; David Watkins, Michigan Technological University; Brian Barkdoll, Michigan Technological University; Linda Phillips, Michigan Technological University

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International

AC 2007-1017: COMMUNITY-BASED LEARNING: CREATINGINTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERSKurt Paterson, Michigan Technological UniversityJames Mihelcic, Michigan Technological UniversityDavid Watkins, Michigan Technological UniversityBrian Barkdoll, Michigan Technological UniversityLinda Phillips, Michigan Technological University Page 12.375.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Community-Based Learning: Creating International Sustainable Development Engineers1. IntroductionThere has been increased recognition that the world faces serious challenges in terms oflong-term economic growth, societal prosperity, and environmental protection

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernd Widdig, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jack Lohmann, Georgia Institute of Technology

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International

AC 2007-854: EDUCATING ENGINEERS FOR THE GLOBAL WORKPLACEBernd Widdig, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bernd Widdig is Associate Director of the MIT International Science and Technology Initiative (MISTI), MIT's cornerstone program of International Education. In this position he is involved in the coordination and expansion of MISTI's eight country programs around the world and in the overall strategic planning of MIT's efforts in international education. In addition, he is director of the MIT-Germany Program, which he founded in 1996. He received his Ph.D. in German studies from Stanford University in 1988.Jack Lohmann, Georgia Institute of Technology Jack R. Lohmann is vice provost

Conference Session

Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Ball, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1528: A COLLABORATIVEUNIVERSITY-COLLEGE-INDUSTRY-GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER PROJECTAaron Ball, Western Carolina University Dr. Ball is an Associate Professor of Engineering and Technology within the Kimmel School at Western Carolina University. Dr. Ball served as the PI on three year funded project by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to help develop a new product with the collaboration of a College-Industry-Government partnership.Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University Dr. Dunlap is Professor of Engineering and Technology within the Kimmel School and has the honor of serving as the Director for the Kimmel School and Associate Dean for the College of Applied Sciences at Western

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University

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International

AC 2007-776: EVALUATION OF INTERNATIONAL ACCREDITATIONACHIEVEMENTS AND SHORTCOMINGS FOR ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS AND THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS.Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University Page 12.699.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Evaluation of International Accreditation Achievements and Shortcomings for Engineering and Technology Programs and Their Economic and Social Impacts.AbstractGlobalization of corporate economics is not just a passing phenomenon but becoming the norm.World economy has become vastly more interdependent as work and job move rapidly andfrequently from one country to another

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for International Practice

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

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International

AC 2007-1454: LINKING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, INNOVATION,CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND GLOBAL THINKING: MOTIVATINGTECHNOLOGY STUDENTS TO BE ATTENTIVE TO CULTURAL ISSUESSaeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina SAEED KHAN is an Associate Professor with the Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology program at Kansas State University at Salina. Dr. Khan received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut, in 1989 and 1994 respectively. He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1984. Khan, who joined KSU in 1998, teaches courses in telecommunications and digital systems

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Harb, Brigham Young University; Richard Rowley, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University

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International

AC 2007-2912: GOING GLOBAL: IMPLEMENTATION OF A COLLEGE-WIDEINITIATIVE TO PREPARE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY STUDENTSFOR THE 21ST CENTURYJohn Harb, Brigham Young UniversityRichard Rowley, Brigham Young UniversitySpencer Magleby, Brigham Young UniversityAlan Parkinson, Brigham Young University Page 12.788.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Going Global: Implementation of a College-wide Initiative to Prepare Engineering and Technology Students for the 21st CenturyIntroductionEngineering is a global enterprise. Markets are global. It is not uncommon for engineers todesign products which will be

Conference Session

International Distance & Service Learning for Engineers- Discussion on Best Practices

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Boschetto-Sandoval, Michigan Technological University; Ciro Sandoval, Michigan Technological University; Linda Phillips, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

and Comparative Studies at Michigan Technological University. His primary research interests are in Latin American Cultural Studies and the relations between science, technology, and literature. His teaching and research interests also include intercultural communication, linguistics, critical theory, and social philosophy.Linda Phillips, Michigan Technological University Linda Phillips, P.E. is Lecturer of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University and Director of the International Senior Design program that allows undergraduates to combine the engineering capstone design course with field construction in a developing country. Ms. Phillips brings over 20

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1579: PREPARING SWEDISH MECHATRONICS ENGINEERINGSTUDENTS FOR A GLOBAL INDUSTRYMartin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Page 12.1181.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Preparing Swedish Mechatronics Engineering Students for a Global IndustryAbstractThe subject of mechatronics is defined to be cross-disciplinary, based on the concept of synergyand synergistic use of knowledge and skills in underlying subjects. To master the subject means,according to the analysis in this article, to be skilled in applying the subject rather than havingvast knowledge. The mechatronics engineers therefore tend to work as an

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kelly, Dublin Institute of Technology; Mike Murphy

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-2335: ACADEMIC CHANGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN EUROPEKevin Kelly, Dublin Institute of TechnologyMichael Murphy, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr Mike Murphy is Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Director of the Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland. Page 12.160.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Academic Change in Higher EducationAbstractThis paper analyses academic change in higher education internationally but mainlyin Europe. It examines one College in Ireland as it faces major change and examineswhether best practice change that has been successful elsewhere might be

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

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International

the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He is a former Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories and received his Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. His technical work covers the topics of Optical Data Links, Integrated Circuit Technology, RF semiconductor components, and semiconductor component reliable. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and an ABET EAC program evaluator in Electrical Engineering. Page 12.1143.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Panel Session – International Division “Educating Graduates

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

International

the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He is a former Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories and received his Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. His technical work covers the topics of Optical Data Links, Integrated Circuit Technology, RF semiconductor components, and semiconductor component reliable. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and an ABET EAC program evaluator in Electrical Engineering. Page 12.1144.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Panel Session – International Division “Educating Graduates

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

International

the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He is a former Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories and received his Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. His technical work covers the topics of Optical Data Links, Integrated Circuit Technology, RF semiconductor components, and semiconductor component reliable. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and an ABET EAC program evaluator in Electrical Engineering. Page 12.1145.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Panel Session – International Division “Educating Graduates

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

International

the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He is a former Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories and received his Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. His technical work covers the topics of Optical Data Links, Integrated Circuit Technology, RF semiconductor components, and semiconductor component reliable. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and an ABET EAC program evaluator in Electrical Engineering. Page 12.1142.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Panel Session – International Division “Educating Graduates

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hans Hoyer, American Society for Engineering Education

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International

CEO of World Links, a spin off of the World Bank. Page 12.822.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007IFEES: A New Alliance to Shape Global Engineering Education for the 21stCentury WorldWe are all now part of a worldwide market economy involving billions of people.However, due to advances in inexpensive, powerful and omnipresent informationtechnology, we communicate with the rest of the world in ways undreamed of ageneration ago.Since most of the technology we use is developed by engineers, the field of engineeringis being drastically altered by these changes. Recognizing that the 21st century globaleconomy requires well

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vasili Zhurakovskiy, Russian Association of Engineering Universities; Aleksey Nesterov, Russian Association of Engineering Universities

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International

AC 2007-1888: THE NATIONAL PROJECT FOR THE INNOVATIVEDEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGHER ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN RUSSIAVasili Zhurakovskiy, Russian Association of Engineering Universities Prof., Dr. of Sc., Former Rector of the Rostov-on-Don Institute of the Agricultural Machinebuilding, Former 1st Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation Ministry of Education, President of the Russian Association of Engineering UniversitiesAleksey Nesterov, Russian Association of Engineering Universities Prof., Dr. of Sc., Head of Welding Department in the Moscow State University of Aviation Technology (MATI), General Director of the Russian Association of Engineering Universities

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pedro Gazmuri, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Gonzalo Pizarro, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Jose Bilbao, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile

Tagged Divisions

International

Engineering and Systems) and a certain technology (Electricity, Mechanics,Chemistry, Computer Science or Mining; recently there is the possibility to choose also theHydraulics area). This last program has been particularly successful in the last decades (anaverage of approximately 65% of the students entering the school chooses this program) andhighly valued by both the professional market and students.Each curricular network requires the fulfillment of 570 credits or units, in which each creditcorresponds to 1 hour of weekly dedication to the course during one semester (this considers Page 12.1222.4lecture hours, teaching assistantships, labs and

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramin Sadeghi, Power & Water University of Technology; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford; Akram Abu-aisheh, University of Hartford; Mark Rajai, Northern Kentucky University

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International

AC 2007-1339: MAKE A GLOBAL UNIVERSITY FOR SPECIAL SHORT COURSEWITH REMOTE EDUCATION SOFTWARE SYSTEMRamin Sadeghi, Power & Water University of Technology Ramin Sadeghi, Power and water University of Technology (PWUT) The author is in charge of distance learning program at the institution. He has developed a Web-based distance learning software program – Director for Distance Learning Center of PWUT.Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford SAEID MOSLEHPOUR is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. He holds PhD from Iowa State University and BS MS and EdSp degrees from

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joerg Mossbrucker, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Edward Chandler, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Holger Dahms, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Jens Thiedke, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

International

School of Engineering (MSOE). He received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri in 1990 and has 20 years of experience across the corporate, government, and university sectors. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Wisconsin. He teaches courses in control systems, electronic design, and electromechanics.Edward Chandler, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Chandler is Program Director of Electrical Engineering Technology and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He also currently performs systems engineering consulting for DISA (U.S. DoD) and for L-3 Communications. He received the Ph.D. degree (EE) from Purdue

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudio Brito, Council of Researches in Education and Sciences; Melany Ciampi

Tagged Divisions

International

"International Council for Engineering and Technology Education" (INTERTECH), Board Member of “Global Council on Manufacturing and Management" (GCMM) and Director of Brazilian Network of Engineering (RBE/SP). He was President of Brazilian Chapter of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc), Member of Administrative Committee of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc) in USA, Secretary of Santos region of SBPC - Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science, Adviser for International Subjects of the Presidency of Brazilian Society for Engineering Education (ABENGE), Dean of

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC

Tagged Divisions

International

Capacity Building in Developing CountriesAbstractIn the pursuit of a more secure, stable and sustainable world, developing countries seek toenhance their human, institutional and infrastructure capacity. To do so they need a solidbase of technologically prepared people to effectively improve their economies andquality of life. Such a base will facilitate the infusion of foreign capital through attractionof multinational companies to invest in the developing country, assist in making the mostof foreign aid funds, and provide a basis for business development by local entrepreneurs.The World Federation of Engineering Organizations is mounting major efforts attechnical capacity building in developing countries.IntroductionAn old Chinese proverb says

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lin, North Dakota State University; Frank Peloubet, North Dakota State University; Huizhen Wang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Yajun Zhang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-2361: ENGINEERING FIELD EXPERIENCE ? AN INTERNATIONALAND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTSWei Lin, North Dakota State University Dr. Wei Lin is an Associate Professor of environmental engineering in North Dakota State University. He also serves as the Director of the interdisciplinary Environmental and Conservation Sciences graduate program. Dr. Lin teaches environmental and water resources courses at undergraduate and graduate levels. His research areas include water and wastewater treatment technologies, wetland studies, and river water quality modeling and management. Before join NDSU, Dr. Lin was a senior engineer with Ecology and Environment, Inc. He has

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Mariasingam, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Smith, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Gregory Moses, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

International

Engineering Education, 2007 1 Globalization and Engineering Education for 2020IntroductionThe emerging global trends in business have a great impact on the workforce needs, and theeducation and training of the workforce. The engineers of tomorrow will be expected to functiondifferently from today as they face new ever changing work environment that includesglobalization, outsourcing and emerging technologies. What do these emerging changes andchallenges mean to the employers, the institutions that prepare engineers, and the organizationsthat assure quality? What should be their response to these trends as they unfold? In

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Robinson, Edge Hill University; Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; John Rowe, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

International

, to manage the developmentand implementation of new technologies, coupled with the ability to appreciate and take cost/benefit account of the financial, social and political implications of decisions taken’ 1.In short, engineering graduates were required to be business-minded for the first time.By 1988, the Engineering Council was becoming more outspoken, observing that ‘educationfor working life rather than first job should...be the aim’. The engineer in industry must be‘an authority on technology, a leader of others, a communicator’ and engineering coursesmust ‘improve working habits’ 5. The council was itself beginning to warm to the theme ofintervention in the undergraduate curriculum, and would indeed be funding and influencing

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz; MohammadOmar Andar, Kabul University; Maria Beebe, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-2356: CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN AFGHANISTANM. Keshawarz, University of Hartford M. Saleh Keshawarz is Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Hartford in Connecticut, USA. He has been involved in engineering curriculum issues both in the US and Afghanistan for many years. He has assisted Kabul and Herat universities in Afghanistan in revising their engineeing curricula.MohammadOmar Andar, Kabul University Mohammad Omar Andar is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Kabul University. He is currently working on his masters degree in mechanical engineering in Japan. He has been very active in curriculum revision at Kabul

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1015: PROMOTING LEARNER AUTONOMY IN ENGINEERINGMichael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University Mike is Head of Learning, Teaching and Assessment at Sheffield Hallam University's Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences. He is the Associate Director of the Centre for Promoting Learner Autonomy at Sheffield Hallam. He is also the Associate Director of the UK Centre for Materials Education at Liverpool University, which is part of the UK Higher Education Academy.Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University Keith is a Lecturer in Curriculum Innovation at Sheffield Hallam University,(specialising in media and resources)in the Learning and Teaching Institute. Keith has 25

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Willkens, Development Finance International, Inc.; Emilio Bunge, Development Finance International Inc.

Tagged Divisions

International

inscience and technology (S&T), innovation, and productivity enhancements. In fields as diverseas education, infrastructure, and information technology, development funds are flowing toengineering expertise that can work with players in developing countries not only to supportconcrete projects, but ultimately to build the local capacity of policy-makers, educators, and theprivate sector, without which the sustainability of any progress is compromised. It is this lattereffort – the process of capacity building and the role of the engineering education sector – that isparticularly exciting for the American engineering education community.This paper will outline the confluence of economic drivers and development challenges thattoday foster

Conference Session

Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Marcek

Tagged Divisions

International

to address them.Technical capacity building efforts aim at developing a sufficient pool of well educated andcertified engineering graduates in developing countries to effect three desirable outcomes[3]: • Technical capability is needed for developing countries to engage effectively in the global economy; foreign direct investment, international trade, mobility of engineers, and the flow of work to countries with cost-effective talent will result. • Indigenous science and technology capacity is needed to ensure that public sector funds are utilized effectively and efficiently and targeted to solve relevant local needs, Education, Health, Infrastructure, all of which can contribute to address the UN’s