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Displaying results 301 - 330 of 641 in total
Conference Session
Instructional technologies - Simulations, VR, Remote Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Md Fashiar Rahman, University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Ivan Arturo Renteria-Marquez, University of Texas at El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Amit J Lopes, University of Texas at El Paso; Jeevarathinam Senthilkumar
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
stochastic. Moreover, the manufacturing system isinterconnected among its different subsystems and components, which cannot be described onlythrough the theoretical explanation. Here, computer simulation can be integrated to design andvisualize the stochastic and complex system. This paper uses the advantage of simulation todescribe a series classroom activity using SIMIO software, which are deployed in industrialsystems simulation course in the University of Texas at El Paso. Besides, the authors show a nobleapproach to demonstrate the simulation using the virtual reality (VR) technology in Unityplatform. Integration of these simulation based classroom activities provide three-fold benefit tostudents’ learning process; (1) it provides an effective
Conference Session
Instructional technologies - Simulations, VR, Remote Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Yi-hsiang Isaac Chang, Illinois State University; Kevin L. Devine, Illinois State University; Gunnar Keith Klitzing, Illinois State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
codingerrors or movement anomaly. However, the teach pendant method could be relatively slow,especially when dealing with complex workpiece geometry [1]. Another way to program an industrial robot is through a computer-aided programmingenvironment such as ABB’s RobotStudio [2]. This method can be done off-line, e.g. without thepresence of the physical robot. The CAD-like software environment allows the programmer tospecify the end effector’s spatial positions by referring directly to the work object’s CAD model[3] and letting the software determine the rest of the path. While this approach seems to be lesstime consuming, the interface could induce a relatively high mental workload [4] and be quitedaunting to novice learners. They might focus
Conference Session
Integration of Current Issues into Manufacturing
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sang Hoo Oh, Florida State University; Marcia A. Mardis, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Faye R. Jones, Florida State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
material is based upon work supported, in part, by National ScienceFoundation grant 1700581.IntroductionAdvanced manufacturing (AM) has played a crucial role in South Korea’s economy for pastseveral decades. It has led rapid economic development in South Korea and made the 12th largestin the world. AM also accounts for 4.5 million jobs, which is about 10% of South Korea’spopulation [1]. However, the era of the Industry 4.0 is transforming the nature of the workforcein advanced manufacturing industry. A lot of workers could lose their job to automation, but it islikely that they will also find new jobs in similar occupation. Thus, it will be crucial for variousstakeholders in the industry: employee, employers, educators, and policymakers to prepare
Conference Session
Green Energy Manufacturing and Sustainable Energy Management
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Toshika Fegade, Drexel University; Yu-Chieh (Jamie) Wu, Drexel University ; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation, Manufacturing
within the green energy manufacturing ina course on Renewable Energy Systems. The final project was assigned to the students with thetopics on virtual reality modeling related to renewable energy, power systems or other engineeringtopics. These projects have become a good example of student-centric green STEM program aswell as providing valuable virtual reality experience to the students. In addition to providing usefullessons in teamwork and project management, the projects provide a working demonstration of arenewable energy system. The interactive project-based learning gives students an incentive toseek creative solutions to accomplishing project goals.1. IntroductionThis paper presents the project learning result of a laboratory course on
Conference Session
Instructional technologies - Simulations, VR, Remote Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
different locations in the machine work envelope.Motivation and Related WorkMost manufacturing engineering-related courses—such as Manufacturing Process and Control,Industrial Welding, CAD/CAM, and CIM—include a laboratory component. Labs help studentsgain experience in using real and industrial-scale equipment. However, lab time is often limited,students often have to share equipment, and labs need to be completed in a fixed time. As aresult, some academic institutions are interested in using remote lab experiences to complementor supplement local lab experiences [1-2].Additive manufacturing (AM) systems—which provide 3D printing process—have receivedmuch attention in recent years due to their flexibility in making parts ranging from simple
Conference Session
Advances in Additive, Hybrid, and Digital Manufacturing Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
essential part of the manufacturing education program or degree.However, the cost of industrial scale equipment, limited lab time, and large student populationhave hindered this desired experience. The remote lab concept was first proposed in 1991 by aresearcher at Purdue University who created a remotely shared control systems lab [1].Researchers at Georgia Tech reported work on teleoperation of manipulators in the early 2000s[2-3]. Remote labs have received more attention as Internet technology has become mainstream.Remote labs ares designed to alleviate the challenges listed above [4-8].According to Guinn [9], since the beginning of 2011, the manufacturing industry has added over100,000 jobs to the economy. Economists expect this trend to
Conference Session
Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ben Zoghi, Texas A&M University; Ryan Beasley; Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Texas A&M. His research activities include control system theory and applications to industry, system engineering, robust design, modeling, simulation, optimization, and RFID. Page 12.146.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A thorough hands-on process to implement a RFID SystemThe purpose of this paper is to walk you through a step by step practical process ofimplementing RFID for your application. The process addresses technical issues,benefits, return of investment (ROI) and future upgrade. When the business problem isidentified, you shall ask the following questions: 1. Does RFID help capture
Conference Session
Pedagogical Issues in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Rumpf, Ferris State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
semesters in theMFGE program. Difficulties arise on large comprehensive projects, where division of labor is anecessity for timely completion. Students, being human, tend to display a predilection towardthe familiar and divide up work along AAS-degree lines. While this may replicate what occursin business practice, it tends to minimize expansion of skills and experience. In essence, insteadof learning new things, each person may end up merely practicing skills already mastered,defeating some of the purpose of assigning the project in the first place. Also, one cannotassume that just because students have worked in teams before that they know how to worktogether.1 Add to that the desires every instructor has for a student team (e.g., to get all
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Curriculum I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Walters, Pennsylvania State University; Prasad Marugabandhu, MAGLEV, Inc.; Bryan Bond, MAGLEV, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
theCommunity College of Allegheny County. Those with the appropriate background will be able totest out of the first three semesters. The schedule of courses for the first three semesters is asfollows:First Semester Introduction to Parametric Modeling (3 credits) Introduction to Electronics (3 credits) Engineering Seminar (1 credit) Mathematics for the Technologies 1 (4 credits) Technical Physics 1 (3 credits) Technical Computing (3 credits) Total Credits 17Second Semester Introduction to Chemistry (4 credits) English Composition 1
Conference Session
Our Future in Manufacturing
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Trian Georgeou, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
distribution of all twenty-two participants is listed below and shown in Figure 1.Programs in brackets indicate that the program was, or was going to be, shutdown. 2005 MET Survey Respondent's Geographic Location 19% 43% 38% Western Programs Central Programs Eastern Programs Figure 1. 2005 Geographic Distribution of 2005 Survey Respondents Western Programs States 6 CA, OR, UT, AZ, WA, [ID] Central Programs States 12 TX
Conference Session
Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohamed Gadalla, Texas State University - San Marcus
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
mistake found in the designing of these programs; the curriculum sheet associatedwith each program is created by taking a subset from a larger number of courses that are beingoffered. The proposed design in this paper is based on developing an educational informationmodel and a course structure layout for each program major prior choosing the courses. It isbelieved that following this approach, should result in a better program design. Program DesignUndergraduate engineering and technology programs can be designed based on three maineducational constituents [1, 2]. These are: Engineering Science, Engineering and TechnologyApplications, and Hands-on type of Experience. Figure 1 shows a pie chart that could be
Conference Session
Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yongjin Kwon, Drexel University; Shreepud Rauniar, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Horacio Sosa, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Page 12.1236.2developing new, automated production and measuring instrument has led to the 100 % real-timeinspection, where critical dimensions are measured and verified while parts are being produced18-25.The immediate benefit from this approach is the reduction of manufacturing cost, by preventingfurther processing of defective parts along the manufacturing stages. More importantly, the remoteaccessibility and the ability to control the equipment over the Internet/Ethernet/LAN presentunprecedented benefits to the current manufacturing environment.In this context, the main focus of this paper is to use the Internet as an infrastructure to integratemanufacturing with quality for industrial applications 26-32, as shown in Figure 1. This
Conference Session
Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leslie Pagliari, East Carolina University; David Batts, East Carolina University; Lawrence Behr, LBA Group; Kenneth Dingle, Allvac
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
fromexposure to hazardous chemical and physical agents. OSHA also provides guidance on RFsafety and also conducts health and safety inspections and issues citations related to occupationalRF exposure.In 1971, a federal RF radiation protection guide for workers was issued by OSHA based on the1966 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) RF exposure standard. However, the OSHAregulation was later ruled to be advisory only and not enforceable16. Presently, OSHAenforcement actions related to RF exposure of workers are undertaken using OSHA’s "generalduty clause," which relies on the use of widely-supported voluntary "consensus" standards.The General Duty clause is located in Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act,and states, "Each
Conference Session
Innovations in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
for quick reference at the end of this section.Production Engineering (Junior Year Fall Term): This course presents the techniques of Page 13.904.2production engineering and fundamental manufacturing process concepts, at an introductorylevel. Methods of production are introduced, and productivity improvement methods areexplored with an emphasis on quality, efficiency, and product cost. Basic metrology principlesare also introduced. Applicable ABET Outcomes are: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8. Applicable Track-SpecificABET Outcomes are: M2 and M4.Fundamentals of Manufacturing Engineering (Junior Year Spring Term): This course is anintroduction to the
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Capstone Experiences in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Creese, West Virginia University; Deepak Gupta, Southeast Missouri State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
the strength ofmaterials and basic materials courses for the industrial engineering students and the only courseemphasizing costs for the mechanical engineering students. There is no specific productdesign/development course in either program, but the mechanical engineers do have a seniordesign course consisting of several sections which focus on a specific project for each section.The manufacturing course does discuss the predominant methods for making the structuralshapes such as extrusion and roll forming and relates these to the project.Project Description and Instructions The project for the fall semester was the ladder design problem and the projectassignment sheet is presented in Appendix 1. The ladder is the most difficult of
Conference Session
Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 2
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Chen, Iowa State University; Ronald Cox, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
manufacturing sectors.This three-credit lean course, which is comprised of a weekly two-hour lecture and two-hour lab(considering holidays and exam days), will be restructured into two major sessions: (1) 32 hours of lecture and lab activities for learning lean tools and principles, such as visual management, 5S, standardized work, quick changeover, pull system using kanban and poyayoke, and how to cost justify a lean project. (2) 22 hours working as a lean team at a local manufacturing company located less than 50 miles of campus, thus enabling students to conduct onsite a full- or half-day project.The final result is a lean presentation from the team to industrial mentors at the end of the semester. Itis
Conference Session
Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 2
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
M. Brian Thomas, Cleveland State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
airplanes. The production goal was to make 108paper airplanes in a half-hour period – a takt time of 16.7 seconds. Three styles of airplaneswere manufactured in each session: 60 of model “A”; 30 of “B”, and; 18 of “C” (Figure 1).These designs were selected for aesthetics; none were very good flyers. Four airplanes of anymodel fit on a single sheet of 8-½”×11” paper. Each airplane followed the same basicmanufacturing process: 1. TRACE. A three-axis CNC knee mill marked the outlines and fold lines for four airplanes of one type on a sheet of paper taped to the bed. A marker was held in the machine’s tool holder. 2. CUT. The outline was cut with scissors. 3. FOLD. The airplane was folded along the marked lines. 4. TAPE. A short
Conference Session
Our Future in Manufacturing
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gilah Pomeranz, Sinclair Community College; Robert Mott, University of Dayton; Steve Wendel, Sinclair Community College; Shep Anderson, Sinclair Community College; Sean Falkowski, University of Dayton; Robert Wolff, University of Dayton; Jack Waintraub, Middlesex County College
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
professional development and related outreach services.The merger of the two resource centers was supported by their joint National Visiting Committee(NVC), which met in August 2007. The NVC representatives present at the meeting included:• Abi Aghayere, Rochester Institute of Technology• Walter Buchannan, Texas A & M University• William Clark, Bell South Corporation• Beverly Davis, Purdue University• Winston Erevelles, Robert Morris University• Mark Stratton, Society of Manufacturing EngineersThe Need for MERC and Benefits for MERC UsersThe need for MERC is evident and perhaps even urgent. Manufacturing accounts for two-thirdsof all US research and development expenditures and 90% of all US patents (Molnar, 2005)1.Manufacturers require
Conference Session
CAD/CAM in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
. Page 13.437.2Time and expense have been reduced by reducing the number of physical prototypes that must becreated in order to validate a product design in the physical world.” 3Simulation is one of the growing applications within the DM realm. The Society ofManufacturing Engineers (SME) has created a technical group to provide reference informationand networking opportunities within this field. This group has designated four areas of simulationrelated to manufacturing operations: 4 1. Virtual product design 2. Physical prototype validation 3. Production/operations analysis 4. Enterprise analysisThe principle applications used in our curriculum fall within the production/operations domain.Curriculum Background at Ohio Northern
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Curriculum I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wing Chan, Alabama A&M University; Peter Romine, Alabama A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Biotechnology Manufacturing.Keywords: Hudson-Alpha Institute for Biotechnology (HAIB), Biotechnology Manufacturing.Introduction Huntsville, Alabama, is one of the best-known “high-tech” cities in the nation with thehighest per capita income in the Southeast [1]. As “America’s space capital,” technology, space,and defense industries have a major presence here with the Army's Redstone Arsenal, NASA'sMarshall Space Flight Center, and Cummings Research Park. However, in the near future,Huntsville will not be only known for its space and defense industries; it will also be known asone of the important biotechnology cities in the nation. This is all because of biotechnologypioneer Jim Hudson’s vision of creating an institute – Hudson-Alpha Institute
Conference Session
Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Smith, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Stephen Elliott, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Technology. He teaches a junior-level course in Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC), and two graduate-level courses, Biometric Technology and Applications, and AIDC for the Enterprise. He is the past Vice Chair of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards, and has been the Head of Delegation for the WG1 Vocabulary working group within the ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC37 committee on Biometrics. Dr. Elliott is the head of the Biometrics Standards, Performance, and Assurance Laboratory at Purdue University. He is also involved in educational initiatives for the American National Standards Institute, and is a member of
Conference Session
Innovations in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Wells, North Dakota State University; Daniel Ewert, North Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
-- analysis, supervising design, specifications faculty sophomores: basic analysis; laboratory testing freshmen: data gathering; testing support Figure 1: Initial Concept for a Vertically-integrated Scholar TeamAcademic Integration and Growth of Learning through Innovation: During this period oftime, interest in innovation and collaboration was growing across the entire campus
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Capstone Experiences in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Todd Myers, Ohio University; Peter Klein, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
department’s industrial advisory board, and employers.The following will present additional detail about each of the two courses in this capstonesequence. Each course has three distinct, but highly connected areas of content includinglectures, manufacturing documentation (known as the manufacturing plan) and activity basedlearning (known as lab). Each of these areas will be discussed for each course. Capstone Course #1, Contemporary Integrated Manufacturing (4 credit hours with 6 contact hours per week).Lecture ContentThe lecture content includes formal lectures (via PowerPoint), class discussions, teampresentations, etc. The lecture content is described below: • Introduction to Manufacturing operations including: historical
Conference Session
Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 2
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
through the virtual assembly of LEGO blocks. Thesecond laboratory experiment uses LEGO Mindstorms NXT systems to provide students withhands-on team projects to design and build an automated system while applying concepts learnedin the classroom. Data from students’ projects and surveys is presented to evaluate the efficacyof the designed laboratory experiments on student engagement and conceptual understanding.1. IntroductionConcepts in manufacturing can be very challenging for engineering students to understand inclassroom lectures alone. This paper focuses on two particular areas of manufacturing:micromanufacturing and industrial automation. In micromanufacturing, the layer-by-layermanufacturing process for microdevices becomes a challenge for
Conference Session
Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
offerkits and assembled robots, as well as parts and accessories. While most of their products servethe mobile hobby robot market they offer a six axis robot manipulatorTheir robots are based on servo motors designed for use in radio control models. These servomotors contain the motor, gearbox, position feedback mechanism, and control electronics2. Theyare controlled by a DC pulse of approximately 5 volts amplitude, with a pulse width from 1 to 2ms. The width of the pulse determines the angular position of the servo. The servos typicallyhave 180° angular range and are available in torques from 57 in oz up to 333 in oz. Weights varyfrom 1.5 to 2 oz.Lynxmotion offers a complete six axis robot kit, the Lynx 6. This robot is designed with
Conference Session
Advancing Manufacturing Education Through Outreach and Collaboration
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Luntz, University of Michigan; E. Emanuel Almeida, University of Michigan; Dawn Tilbury, University of Michigan; James Moyne, University of Michigan; Keith Hargrove, Morgan State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
(DRFT) has been devel-oped as part of the NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) on Reconfigurable Manufacturing.The testbed combines hardware and simulation components at both universities operating undercommon control using secure channels over the Internet, and is designed in such a way as to easethe addition and modification of its various components The original UM RFT comprises 1) aserial-parallel manufacturing line, 2) a Virtual Factory software component, 3) factory-wide opensoftware integration platform and data warehouse, 5) modular logic control developed at the celllevel, and 6) a multi-teir networked control and diagnostic structure. To this system, the MSUportion was added comprising an Automated Storage and Retrieval system and a
Conference Session
Manufacturing Processes
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Z.J. Pei, Kansas State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
. Page 11.1388.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Using Hollywood Movies as a Supplementary Tool to Teach Manufacturing ProcessesAbstractIntroductory courses on manufacturing processes are difficult to teach and it is challenging todeliver the information in an interesting or entertaining way. As one of the attempts to promotestudents’ learning, Hollywood movies have been used as a supplementary tool to teach such acourse at Kansas State University. This paper presents the experience of such attempt. Examplesof using Hollywood movies are presented and discussed. Students’ feedback and comments arealso provided.1. IntroductionAt Kansas State University, “Introduction to Manufacturing Processes
Conference Session
Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Creese, West Virginia University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
laborcontent will allow the highly developed countries with high labor costs be more competitive withthe developing low cost labor countries in the global market place.Metal Casting and Rapid Manufacturing There are several different approaches to part production using rapid manufacturingtechniques that can be applied by metal casters and some of these are presented in Table 1. Oneof the first methods developed was the production of consumable patterns, such as those madefrom wax, starch or lost foam. A pump manufacturer used the process to produce starch patternsfor the replacement of critical parts. The production often started without a drawing and only theworn out part was available. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to digitize
Conference Session
Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Ozden Uslu, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
anopportunity for many applications in areas like: AerospaceClients demand aircrafts with different features. In order to meet customer’s need, the aviationindustry has to manufacture hundreds of parts in low volumes. RM offers the most feasiblesolution for this demand. NASA has been utilizing RM technologies for several years toproduce parts used in Space Shuttles4, 5. Also, Boeing manufactures single-piece productionparts such as air ducts for F-18 fighter jets using RM technology4 to avoid producing multipleparts for assembly6. AutomotiveThe technology is currently used in the product development process to fabricate prototypeparts5. RM can be employed for short-run and custom production as well. Formula-1 andNASCAR racing cars are benefiting
Conference Session
Manufacturing Laboratory Innovation
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
senior capstone project for technology majors. By the summer of1999, simulation internships had placed 12 of 17 students after running full-scale simulationclasses [1]. Internship placements included NASA-Johnson Space Center, a Navistar truck plant,Deneb Robotics, DaimlerChrysler, and General Motors. By 2000 graduates with these skillsreceived the following successful job placements: Applied Manufacturing Technologies (SystemsEngineer); Argus & Associates (Simulation Engineer); Delphi Corp. (Simulation Engineer);Delmia (7 Interns); Detroit Central Tool (Robotics Simulator); General Motors (SimulationEngineer); and HRU Corp. (Project/Simulation Engineer). Based on these successes, and demandby students, virtual simulation is now a principle