Conference Session

Manufacturing Process Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merwan B. Mehta, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

to use the floor spaceoccupied by the cost center if the common cost to be allocated is utilities, which is fairlyproportionate to the floor space occupied by the equipment.To do this, we look at the layout of the shop which is shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows how thetotal utility costs are allocated to each cost center or equipment based on the area occupied. Thetotal cost of maintaining the equipment is the total of the allocated utility cost plus the mortgagecost for each piece cost center as shown in Figure 8. To correctly allocate the total costs based onthe hours for which the facility is planned, we need to have come up with an estimate on the Taktrequirement for each cost center or piece of equipment, which is shown in Figure 9.Next

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Punit Deotale, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

automobilemanufacturing environment [11], electronic/circuit card design, assembly, fabrication, anddistribution [12-14], and generic manufacturing planning and quality management activities[15,16]. One interesting example is the Virtual Disk Drive Design Studio [17]. In this game,students build on three different learning styles: (1) literature search and abstract theory, (2)consultations from experts and (3) design studio. Students are asked to launch their new diskdrives in a certain time frame, simulating the idea of time-to-market. Theoretcial work about linebalancing program has been developed since 1980; however, over the years, as manufacturingtechnology advances, the complexity of the problem increases as well. Mazziotti, Armstrong,and Powell [18

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merwan B. Mehta, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the Japanese parts were virtually identical withdimensions at their nominal, target or basic sizes.The two lessons that were learned from this experience were that the target dimension variationplays a key role in determining the quality of parts, and variation in manufacturing componentshas an inverse correlation to reliability in the field.In another well-documented case study between Ford and Mazda [iii], Ford contracted Mazda tomake front-wheel-drive automatic transmissions. The parts were made by Ford at its Bataviaplant in Ohio. Ford issued the exact same blueprints to Mazda, who planned to build thetransmissions in Japan. When the transmissions were built into cars and had a considerable runon the roads, it was found that the

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y. Chiou, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Bret Alan Davis

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

,” January 2009, www.weforum.org/pdf/climate/Green.pdf. Page 25.1136.114. Beyond Fossil Fuels: How wind, solar and hydrogen will help us end our oil addiction, Sierra, July/August 2002.5. Renewable Energy: Its physics, engineering, environmental impacts, economic & planning, by Bent Sorenson, 2nd Edition, 2000, Academic Press.6. Faruk Yildiz and Keith Coogler, “Development of a Renewable Energy course for a Technology Program,” ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, June 20-23 in Louisville, Kentucky, 2010.7. Sustainable Energy Conversion Systems II Course, EML 4930/5930, Spring 2006

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Feedback Item Fall ‘06 Fall ‘07 (National Average) Course Organization and 4.63 4.42 Planning (4.23) Communication Skills of 4.43 4.31 Instructor (4.28) Faculty / Student 4.34 4.53 Interaction (4.27) Assignments / Exams / 4.40 4.32 Grading (4.02)Course Outcomes - Student 4.03 3.96 Learning, Interest (3.65) Student Effort and 3.71 3.39 Involvement (3.63) Overall Evaluation (3.97

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Hung, Texas A&M University; Jorge Leon, Texas A&M University; Luis San Andres, Texas A&M Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

design and manufacturing of microturbomachinery. Some students study materials, dynamics, or thermal aspects ofturbomachinery, while others explore and develop various micromanufacturing technologies formicroturbine fabrication. The nature of micromachinery requires the development of novelmicromanufacturing technologies for superalloys and other robust engineering materials. Theselected participants study micromilling, electrical discharge micromachining, electrochemicalmicromachining, and vacuum assisted microcasting. They complete a research methodologyworkshop and then apply to their own projects through setting objectives, planning schedule,performing experiments, documenting data, presenting results at the campus-wide poster session

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

or audits at work etc. So, to make it easier on their part,the class website for the entire semester with the reading and assignments was setup on the first day of classes. When the students knew what they had to do fortheir entire semester, they were able to plan better around their other activities.This led to lower number of student asking for extensions on due dates anddeadlines. Also, the students loved that the course was very organized, structuredand made available to them early.III. Feedback from StudentsTable 2 shows the feedback from the students about the redesigned class in Fall2013. 14 students completed the feedback in 2012 and 29 students providedfeedback on 2013. The scores are almost similar to 2012 and are very high

Conference Session

Manufacturing Materials and Processes

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Page 24.1166.2IntroductionGroup cell technology is a popular practice in industry. This technology utilizes group of specificmachines to fabricate family of parts that have common features. Manufacturing using groupcells, or cellular manufacturing, would reduce setup time, engineering cost, inventory, productdevelopment time, and purchasing time while simplifying process planning and procurement 1,2.A typical manufacturing laboratory is equipped with rows of identical machines, where studentslearn in sequence from one type of machine to another. Although students would repeat ademonstration and interact with their instructor, they rarely interact among themselves and oftenmiss the link among different processes. The concept of group cell and

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masud Salimian, Morgan State University; Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Avis L. Ransom, Morgan State University School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. As staff for the Dean of the School of Engineering, she develops projects, plans and implements strategies and develops and documents reports, newsletters and proposals. Page 23.1245.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Theme-based Teaching / Learning: A New Approach in Teaching Manufacturing ProcessesIntroductionOne of the most challenging aspects of teaching manufacturing processes is the lack oflaboratory equipment for the vast variety of the processes and techniques involved. In fact,economically, it is impossible to acquire the vast

Conference Session

Manufacturing Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy S. Reffeor, Grand Valley State University; Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Sung-Hwan Joo, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

without constructingit. This is one of the most valuable skills gained through this type of project.Detailed drawings were required as well as an assembly and bill of materials for the device as aform of working drawings. At this point in the project, the models of the devices matched theproposed designs, however, the designs had not yet been constructed. All models were requiredto be updated as modifications were made to the devices as they were built.Students developed g-codes to machine the manufactured parts of their devices as well asmanufacturing process plans for all machined parts. The requirement for this phase of theproject was that someone else should be able to manufacture their parts for them from thedocumentation supplied. This was

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Radian G. Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage; Oscar H. Salcedo, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso; Eric D. Smith, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

in 2010 to nearly 600 billion USD by 2020 3.Green Manufacturing as defined by Smith and Melnyk 4 is “a system that integrates product andprocess design issues with issues of manufacturing planning and control in such a manner as toidentify, quantify, assess, and manage the flow of environmental waste with the goal of reducingand ultimately minimizing environmental impact while also trying to maximize resourceefficiency”. Increased environmental consciousness among manufacturing industries helped tofoster new techniques for streamlining processes and increased reusability. Financial benefits,Global Image, Environmental conservation, Regulations compliance, Stakeholders, Greeninnovations, Supply Chain requirements, and Market trends are some

Conference Session

Practices for Student Learning Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Paul Farris, Grand Valley State University; Wendy S. Reffeor, Grand Valley State University; Lisa Karen Kenyon, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

finalprototype a bill of materials is created in order to estimate the cost of the project. The scope ofthe final prototype is also defined and presented to the sponsor for their approval. In this contextthe scope includes the planned functionality of the prototype as well as the intended use of theprototype. For instance a prototype may be built to answer a technical feasibility question.Another reason to build a prototype might be to gather more user feedback. Finally, someprototypes will be put to use by the sponsor. Many assistive technology prototypes willimmediately be put to use. The purpose of the prototype impacts the cost and time required tocreate the prototype.During the design refinement phase, students predict the performance of the

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Diller P.E., University of Dayton; Scott I. Segalewitz, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

separately, participant surveys areconducted for the Women in Engineering (WIE) Summer Camp as a whole. This camp includedadditional workshops that also provided insight into other engineering disciplines. Data from the2016 summer camp survey revealed that 35 of 36 participants felt the camp was influential inregards to choosing a plan of study for college. These results are especially encouraging comingfrom young women who are faced with pivotal decisions in choosing a career path that hastypically been dominated by males. In addition to the Likert type survey questions, studentswere also given the opportunity to express general comments about their camp experiences. Afew of these comments are included below, again illustrating the positive impact

Conference Session

Implementation of Experiments in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Gray, Texas Tech

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

one alternative if appropriate. As mentioned earlier in thepaper, this particular dilemma occurred at Wichita State University within their MechanicalEngineering program. They were able to solve the lab and equipment shortages by enlisting thehelp and support of Wichita Area Technical College (WATC) who had very strong hands-on andapplications oriented manufacturing programs. Working with the WATC instructors, the WSUprofessors were able to formulate a plan to ensure their students would be provided with themandated hands-on manufacturing experiences in the areas of machining, welding andcomposites. The course was submitted to and approved by the Kansas Board of Regents and inthe spring of 2007 the course was offered as an elective for the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Carlisle, Sinclair Community College; Charles Winarchick, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

projection for the final run output and Productivity index. Each teamwill make their presentation and then each team will execute their plan. This is the first time the other teams will have the opportunity to see other the team’s theprocess. It is interesting to observe how different groups will attack the same problem.Some have simple, stock solutions; others will have created elaborate fixtures and linebalancing techniques. The runs are video taped and are analyzed after completion. Theteams share lessons learned.As instructors, we become more of a coach/ facilitator than a teacher during the labactivities. It is intended to be the students’ project. This follows what Savery and Duffypropose: “The Teacher must not take over thinking for the

Conference Session

Practices for Student Learning Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ana Djuric P.E., Wayne State University; Jeremy Lewis Rickli, Wayne State University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Daniel Foster, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

for small, medium, and large manufacturers to design, plan, and testCoBot work-cells.With a predicted 150,000 CoBots to be installed worldwide in the next three years (Anandan,2014) and a suggested net present value 25% greater than traditional robot solutions (muchgreater for manual solutions) (Kruger et al., 2009), it is imperative that CoBot work-cells inmanufacturing be well understood and designed. The Executive Summary World Robotics(2016) predicts that double-digit growth of industrial robotics will happen between 2016 and2019 and that linking the real-life factory with virtual reality will play an increasingly importantrole in global manufacturing. Within this period, Executive Summary Word Robotics alsopredicts that human-robot

Conference Session

Integrating Additive Manufacturing Practices in Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University; Sameer Hamoush P.E., North Carolina A&T State University; Donna Lynn Stallings

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

projects, describing the ideas,process, and the criteria used. Two types of oral presentations were made: one where the studentsexpress themselves through poems and the second is a final oral presentation describing everystep of each project developed, in presence of the parents, family, and friends. Figure 3represents pictures from the camp.Lessons learned from summer camp:The activities of the camp and the degree of their success will be shared with other CAMmembers to determine the possibility that some of the activities would be implemented on othercampuses. Knowing that other campuses in CAM plan to have similar summer camps, we alsoplan to learn from the success of activities from these camps.During the summer, twelve high school students

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mathew Schaefer, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

make a profit on this order and many orders to follow. (Sample just enough cards to make a confident well- informed decision and give the right answer)Bibliography 1) Kalpakjian, S., and Steven R. Schmid. "Chapter 4." Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. 2) Control Chart Constants and Formulae. Institute of Quality and Reliability, 2013. Web. 4 Mar. 2015. .Appendix: Homework assignment as given to students. ME323 – Spring 2015 Tell me by THIS FRIDAY… if you wish take the Bet! M. Schaefer Plan how you would

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas - El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas - El Paso; Juan Alejandro Saavedra, University of Texas - El Paso; Eric D. Smith, University of Texas - El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

(their required assembly processat each station). There are 12 workstations per each main Station (one for each PN). The current floor plan ofthe manufacturing facility (not to correct scale) is presented in figure 1. Figure 1: Facility floor planOnce an order arrives, a purchase requisition is generated in order to buy the necessary parts required toassemble the corresponding product. The Bill Of Materials (BOM) and the Lead-time for each part can befound in the “BOM” record. Once the part has been received, all parts go through a Raw Materials Inspection(RMI) process where all parts are inspected visually and functionally. There are 12 quality technicians workingon this inspection, the process

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University ; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Radian G. Belu, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Regina Ruane Ph.D., Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

" in their names or Page 26.716.4descriptions often cover environmental and economic issues as well as the implementation ofpractical solutions.The class is planned for 10 weekly lectures of 3 hours each, which represents 11 weeks (with afinal exam) of a regular quarter. Lectures are intended to be delivered by either the instructor or aspecialist in the topic being taught. Two laboratory sessions on the major renewable energysystems are embedded in this course. The last section of each lecture (each divided in threemajor sections: resources, system components and characteristics, and design) focuses on thedesign of the different products and/or

Conference Session

Innovative Project-based Learning Practices in Manufacturing

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dawn Wendell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Charles Zheng Guan, MIT-SUTD Collaboration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

  industrial  suppliers  like  Grainger  or  McMaster­Carr.  Institutions  which  rely  on  more  traditional  purchase  order  systems  like  requisitions  will  find  it much  more  difficult  to  obtain  parts   in  a timely manner, and may have to create “kits” of more of the class materials to compensate.   The  MIT  Environmental,  Health,  and Safety (EHS) office was instrumental to securing locations on  campus  for  the  event  to occur. A safety plan for both the scooters and bicycles based class, as well  as  the  go­kart  class,  was  made  in  consultation  with  them.  Close  collaboration  with  MIT EHS kept everyone informed about requirements and challenges, and early communication in the semester  helped  the  process  flow  smoothly

Conference Session

Revitalization of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, Florida Advanced Technological Education Center; Marie A. Boyette, Florida Advanced Technological Education Center

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

technician career. Introductory programs in various STEM middle schools have a smoothtransition to Career and Technical Education or Career Academies in high schools. The high school program inAutomation and Production Technology (APT) provides viable entry path to the college and career pipeline for theadvanced manufacturing industry. This program plus related adult vocational programs are both aligned with theManufacturing Skill Standards Council, Certified Production Technician (MSSC-CPT). This articulation of nationalcertifications into college coursework is now known as “the Florida Plan,” with MSSC as the first, 2007, andexample adopted articulated certification in Florida. The APT (with embedded MSSC) program is available forimplementation by

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron Doyle, Brigham Young University; Colby Goettel, BYU; Lane Broadbent, Brigham Young University; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, physical keys (e.g., smart cards andsmart card readers), the supporting server infrastructure, and the related locking mechanismsthemselves (e.g., magnetic or electromechanical locks). With careful planning, design, testing,and deployment, the advantage can be tilted back in favor of active defenders so long as theyare willing to consider the security of the system as a whole and not only its parts.REFERENCES 1. Das, S., and Beaman, J. Direct selective laser sintering of metals, January 2004. 2. Hull, C. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography, March 1986. 3. Laxton, B., Wang, K., and Savage, S. Reconsidering physical key secrecy: Teleduplication via optical decoding. 4. TOOOL. Assa twin

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Bryant Vicente, New York City College of Technology; Alexis Daniel Ortiz, NYCCT ; Angran Xiao, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York; Anass Baroudi, City Tech; Albino Marsetti, Gruppo Barbara; Rocky Marcus Kowchai

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Machine Design class taken in fall 2013. Alexis’s contribution to the Twisted Sister Project was the concept and design of the articulating center drum, as well as the rear body frame design. These components enabled the robotic rover to climb over non-uniform obstacles that existed in its drive path while retaining traction on at least three out of the four wheels during motion. Outside of school he works seasonally at a private tax office in his local town in Long Island. His experi- ence both in and out of school has furthered his innate abilities to plan, organize and lead design projects to proliferate his experience with mechatronic design. Alexis continues his desire for mechatronic design as he is currently

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devdas Shetty, University of the District of Columbia; Claudio Campana, University of Hartford; Suhash Ghosh, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

causes of the problem, when taking intoaccount the many different perspectives of all the process stakeholders. People Methods Measurement (Lack of (Weak root (Lack of control experience) cause) plan) Ineffective corrective action (Problem) Machines Materials (Missing Environment (Lack of Information, Multiple (Absence of analytical formats) quality) equipment

Conference Session

Innovations in Advanced Fabrication Technologies

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Duong; Akihiko Kumagai, California State University - Sacramento; Adewale George Ogbogho, SMAL; John Tien

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

above.b) work as a team, especially to develop standard procedures including safety rules, share resources, and exchange technical ideas.c) obtain new experience and knowledge, which will not only be used for millimeter-class mechanisms but also for other engineering applications.d) experience interdisciplinary work.Two case studies describing developments of electrostatic force driven grippers and suctiondevices for micro-assembly applications are presented in the next two sections. A summary ofother ongoing projects and future plans of our group will be given in the conclusion section.Case Study 1: Electrostatic force–driven grippersGripper designFor one of the projects, a group of a few students decided to develop a miniature 1-DOF

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rex H. Wong, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

human interfacing) in real-life problem solving. The experience enhances students’ hand-oncapability and prepares them for entering real world career in robotics and system automation[10]. Future plans include combining multiple robots to form a large robotic network systemwhich can collaborate in the large area surveillance and patrolling in multi-room scenario,exchange sensed data among them and stitch each piece of fragmental information into a bigpicture which reflects an overall view of the entire environment. This kind of data processing canbe sent to Cloud for further analysis for any response to be taken if necessary. Besides thedomestic service applications, the same idea can be applied to industrial environment as well,especially for

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chittaranjan Sahay P.E., University of Hartford; Suhash Ghosh, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

local industry people whose feedback on implementation of surfacefinish standards in undergraduate and graduate programs will be sought.Table 1. Evaluation Plan for the Module on Surface finishPerformance Objectives Evaluation Instrument Performance Criteria ResultsNumber of courses using Syllabus Minimum two courses 3 coursesSurface Finish Standards in curriculumDiversity of SDO’s in Syllabus Minimum two SDO’s ASME, ISOprogramNumber of students in Enrollment 25 Per Semester More than 50 Senior UGcourses More than 30 GradsBreadth and

Conference Session

Instructional technologies - Simulations, VR, Remote Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Kevin Frank, Drexel University; Ayanna Elise Gardner, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

developmental platform and themodeling of the VR framework as applied to a PEM fuel cell to enhance performance. Studentsexplore concepts as parametric characterization of the thermochemical system. VR technology willenable students to explore new ways to implement their knowledge practically, enhancinginformation retention, and promoting critical thinking. Moreover, this Virtual Reality LearningEnvironment (VRLE) is used to bridge the gap between the theoretical approach and experimentalactivities in face-to-face learning. While still a work in progress, the module is proposed to be beta-tested in the months tocome and potentially fully implemented during the next academic year. Partial results andassessment plans are described in the final

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Mountain, University of Texas-Tyler; David Beams, University of Texas-Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 11.1060.10be capable of performing the mask-preparation process. These systems are available at asignificantly lower cost than the X2-660 used in our work. Although the process has not beenattempted on a double-sided board, we expect that the consistent quality of the final product, dueto accurately registered masking on both sides of the board, will greatly reduce the time andeffort to produce a one-of-a-kind double-sided board.Figure 8. Completed triac driver board.ConclusionsA prototyping process using an engraving laser has been developed that shows promise tostreamline the process of making small quantities of prototype PCBs. It has been tested in thefabrication of small single-sided PCBs; we plan to extend the process to larger