Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devi K. Kalla, Metropolitan State College of Denver; Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State College of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing courses from different universities in engineering technologyfield as future work. Moreover, the importance of embedding the concepts of sustainabilityprinciples in all relevant courses will also be highlighted in future. To put this idea into practice,more detailed mapping is required and an insertion plan for each course has to be drawn further. Page 25.776.6 Page 25.776.7Figure 3. Course flow for BSMET degree at Metropolitan State College of Denver.5. The plan for insertionMany opportunities currently exist to infuse mechanical/manufacturing engineering

Conference Session

Manufacturing Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W Simoneau, Keene State College; Megan C Piccus, Springfield Technical Community College; Gary Masciadrelli, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

New England wideHigher Education Project Assessment curriculum review andBoston, Massachusetts Dissemination disseminationOversees reciprocity program among New England colleges. Recipient of numerous ATE projectgrants in Problem Based Learning and optics. NEBHE staff also helps support regional meetings,being central to all VIP institutions as well as curriculum dissemination.Evolution of the VIPUnder the leadership of stakeholders from CMCC the potential of the VIP model was finallyrealized. The CMCC stakeholders undertook the necessary steps and financial risk to begin theVIP project. A number of planning meetings were held by the CMCC staff to identify

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

appreciation of the project experience.Conclusion and Future DirectionsIn this paper, we described the motive, plan, and results related to a project-based activity toenhance students’ learning in an undergraduate automation and control course. The experienceis challenging, but seems positive and has been well-received by students (some have evenbrought their parents to see their projects). Future plans include combining multiple models toform a large scale system and creating an on-line documentation system so that teams can blogabout their learning experience throughout the project development stage. We also plan toconduct experiments using smart phones for remote control of systems to evaluate how thisaffects students’ designs and

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley C. Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sergey Dubikovsky, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ed Lugo; David Gonzales, El Camino College; Buford F. Pringle, Butler Community College; John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 25.140.3defined laboratory project kit complete with several developed laboratory exercises. Thefollowing sections will provide some detail on the existing and planned digital content, as well asbackground on the new laboratory kit initiative.Digital contentThe project’s strategy for technical content development was to develop modules that could beeasily used in existing courses as opposed to developing a completely new course. This approachwas taken partly based on team member’s experiences with adding new courses to curriculumand partly based on the fact that there are large number of manufacturing programs that are notcompletely aerospace-centric, but may wish to include aerospace examples.The digital content available is developed to

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rex C. Kanu, Ball State University; Pamela Elizabeth Betz, Ball State University; Samuel Cotton, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

assessstudents’ awareness of sustainability beyond materials covered in class. In other words, thesurvey sort to assess how learning about sustainability was going on beyond materials covered inclass. To put the survey in context, the authors will like to inform the readers that thisMidwestern University prides itself for being the owner of the largest geothermal project in theUS. Thus, it was anticipated that students should be aware of the subject beyond materialscovered in class. The results of the survey suggests that more work is required to increasestudents awareness about sustainability above the current 64% level to at least 80%.In subsequent years, the authors plan to use the survey differently. That is, they plan toadminister the survey in the

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

learning experience is taking place,including the past offering when 100% of the students received at least B- (80%) letter grade.Course evaluations also indicated ratings mainly in the range of 4 - 5 in 5 scale.In summary, students gain 15 weeks of hands-on practical experience on industrial grade robots.They learn about trajectory planning, program planning and logic with flow-charts and state-flowdiagrams. The students also study the wiring process of inputs and outputs to the robotcontroller. But, most importantly they get exposed to scenarios replicating real-life cases such ashand-exchange and setting of a TOOLFRAME, palletizing and depalletizing, and mostimportantly wiring and programming of an actual work-cell, possibly twice – one with an

Conference Session

Industrial Interactions and Educational Resources

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Roe, Polk Community College - Corp. College; Ernie Helms, Polk Community College - Corp. College; Bob Lachford, RWD Technologies; Rick Johnson, Mosaic Company

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

maintenance technicians planned to retire in sevenyears.In Florida, the workforce education community has responded by undertaking the reform of: highschool career and technical education programs and career academies, Associate in Science (A.S.)and Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.) degrees associated with manufacturing and relatedtechnologies, and workforce training programs. These reforms were undertaken when an analysisof the programs that should be providing the advanced manufacturing workforce revealed that1: • Some of the curricular frameworks that, in principle, inform the outcomes of manufacturing related A.S. and A.A.S. degrees, which may potentially address many of the high skills required by manufacturers, are outdated

Conference Session

Projects in Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roby Lynn; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Christopher Saldana; Thomas Marshall Tucker, Tucker Innovations; Thomas Kurfess, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

(CNC) machinetools. Simultaneously, the remainder of the students in the course served as the control group;these students received training on manual machine tools, but they were not provided withvisualizations of the turning process. Process planning for SM operations was introduced to theexperimental group using the software, and these students designed and created multi-partassemblies using the CNC machine tools they were trained to operate. Online assessmentinstruments were developed and deployed using the Qualtrics platform; these assessments weregiven throughout the training procedure to compare the level of understanding of SM processesbetween the students who did and did not receive exposure to the CAM software.BackgroundThe

Conference Session

Green and Susainable Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Carlos Michael Ruiz, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Smarth H. Chadha, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Shraman Kadapa, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

include motion planning and localization of ground robots. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 A Workshop for Integration of Internet of Things into Green Energy Manufacturing AbstractThis paper describes enhancement of green energy manufacturing subjects using a project basedlearning workshop with Internet of things (IoT). The Internet of things is a collection of all physicaldevices that are controlled or monitored over the Internet. The evolution of IoT has led to thediffusion of wireless personal devices, such as smart mobile phones, personal computers andwearable devices, designed to operate over the Internet. It is

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Terrance L. Speicher, Pennsylvania State University, Berks College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

through November 6, 2010. Whilevisiting three Chinese cities, Beijing, Xi’an, and Shanghai, the delegates visited four Chineseuniversities with strong engineering and engineering technician programs. A separate meetingwas held at the start of the trip with five representatives of the Chinese Society for EngineeringEducation who provided useful information on the status, plans, and larger issues facingengineering education in China. This paper provides a summary of that trip and offersobservations that may be useful to engineering educators in the United States and other parts ofNorth America. It was found that, in the last decade, the number of students in engineering andtechnician education programs in China has grown dramatically

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin McCarthy, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

methods.The virtual enterprise was named ‘Team Detectors Limited’ and manifested as a web site on acommercial ISP’s web server. It contained four simulated departments: Design Office;Planning Office; Quality Assurance Laboratory; and Administration. Communicationsbetween the virtual enterprise and students was to be carried out in such a way as to mimic asclosely as possible the way that communications are carried out in the workplace. That is, bya mixture of e-mails, e-memoranda, paper documents and data on web site pages.The realia created to add corroborative detail included: ≠ A brief history of the company and its products. ≠ A complete inventory of the capital equipment available to Team Detectors Limited. This

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahaa Ansaf, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Associate Professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University. From 2014 to 2016, he has been a Visiting Professor with the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Missouri. Currently, he is Assistant Professor with the Engineering Department, Colorado State University-Pueblo. He is the author of two book chapters, more than 54 articles. His research interests include artificial intelligence systems and application, smart material applications and robotics motion and planning. Also, He is a member of ASME since 2014 and ASEE since 2016.Dr. Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo NEBOJSA I. JAKSIC earned the Dipl. Ing. degree in electrical

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Andrew Chi, Drexel University; Thomas Hays

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

No. Spots Mounted to Frame ≥4 USPKS/NKA Adjustable on Track? No USPKS/NKA Weighted Vibration Amplitude 0.5 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 ISO 2631 Vibration Reduction 80% Experimental Table 1. Project Design SpecificationsDesign Limitations and ScopeSeat Design Using SolidWorksThe team has set out to improve upon a standard (via retrofit comfort packages) instead of trying force anew kart seat standard. With this scope in mind, the plan to action for seat design was much more focusedtowards development of “comfort pockets” to be added to the seat. Over the course

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vishal R Mehta, Ohio Northern University; David R Mikesell P.E., Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

abid for a souvenir supply contract with the university. Just like with most project-based learningmodules (PBLs), following was the hook statement – “Your university is planning to celebrateits 150 years of existence in few years. They are planning to sell souvenirs to market the brandand cover the cost of celebrations. Your startup company is bidding for the supply contract.”Student groups were required to select materials and manufacturing process for those articles. Inaddition, they were to compare the selected manufacturing process with other manufacturingprocess. Student teams were required to meet with the customer to find out type and number ofsouvenirs required. The customer in this case was instructor. Deliverables included

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y. Chiou, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Regina Ruane Ph.d., Drexel University ; Chetana R. Bayas; Abhishek Raja, Drexel University; Carlos Michael Ruiz, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

energy and energy efficiencyat Drexel University. The goal of the new course is to develop advanced knowledge to meetevolving workforce demands, expanding opportunities for professional advancement, or pursuinga managerial position in green energy manufacturing3. To support this goal, the new course isintended to enable students to make green decisions when selecting and implementing asustainable design plan for a particular industrial application through an in-depth understanding ofnewly emerging green energy manufacturing. One of the key challenges in developing thelaboratory course is an emphasis on hands-on experience for enhancing student learning on greenenergy manufacturing. To provide life cycle experience, simulations with an industry

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Design Projects

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine M. Cooney, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis; Paul Robert Yearling, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jacob Allen Smith, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

meet the recommendation for MET capstone experienceis the project should ideally be multidisciplinary in nature, must be project based and includeformal design, implementation and test processes. Because of the program curriculum plans, theEET students were involved in the project for two semesters. The MET students had a onesemester project course; this enabled one group of MET students to design the mechanicalsystem, document their work, and pass it on to a second team for implementation. This wasconsidered a positive based on what is typical in industry, where engineering groups areconstantly interfacing. The project management skills and Design for Six-sigma methodologyrequired to coordinate three different semester syllabi (two MET

Conference Session

Government Policy, Manufacturing Education, and Certification

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Simoneau, Keene State College; Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology; Diane Dostie, Central Maine Community College; Lisa C. Hix, Keene State College; David J. Tuttle, Platt Technical High School

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

reactionto the lingering economic downturn. A most ironic and costly notion is that the current economicdownturn can be solved through a coherent innovation policy leading to a robust manufacturingsector, which on the face of it, is correct1. Regardless, there is an underlying assumption thatthere is a robust manufacturing education base ready and capable of undertaking the dauntingtask of supporting economic recovery. Despite many excellent manufacturing programs, theability to meet this growing demand is dubious at best, given the lack of a strategic planning anda general movement and emphasis away from manufacturing at all educational levels.Although the public is favorably disposed toward manufacturing and understand its importanceto the overall

Conference Session

Government Policy, Manufacturing Education, and Certification

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald J. Bennett F.ASEE, F.ABET P.E., Univeristy of Saint Thomas; Elaine R. Millam

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

goal of the leadershipcurriculum is to see that undergraduate receive an education that enables them to develop,practice, and exhibit leadership and innovation skills. The five learning outcomes are defined as“Graduates will have:  had experiences that promote a high level of professionalism and integrity, responsible decision making, confidence in approaching opportunities, and pride in their activities.  had experiences that promote the understanding of themselves and others, sensitivity to other cultures in the context of globalization, and interpersonal skills.  had experiences that promote the ability to analyze unfamiliar situations, assess risk, and formulate plans of action.  been made aware of the

Conference Session

Educational Methods and Technologies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine; William Marshall, Alief Independent School District

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

that is the result of neuroscience research on how the human brain processes and retainsnew information”. 1Introduction“Acknowledging that students learn at different speeds and that they differ in their ability tothink abstractly or understand complex ideas is like acknowledging that students at any givenage aren’t all the same height: It is not a statement of worth, but of reality”.2 In adifferentiated classroom and laboratory, the teacher proactively plans and carries out variedapproaches to content, process, and product in anticipation and response to student differencesin readiness, interest, and learning needs. According to Tomlinson, our teaching style “caninfluence a students’ IQ by 20 points in either direction, that’s a 40 point IQ

Conference Session

Government Policy, Manufacturing Education, and Certification

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College; Richard A. Gilbert, University of South Florida; Danielly Orozco, Florida Advanced Technological Education Center (FLATE); Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology; Peggie Weeks, Lamoka Educational Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

faculty and students in similarprograms and simplify the tasks involved in this demonstration effort. In this case, the projecttasks at hand involved a new experience for both A.S. degree program faculty and students in astudy abroad program that provides no previous history as a guide. Thus, FLATE and RCNGMconceived a 3 phase plan for their individual demonstration projects with the first 2 phasesaligned with 2 trips to the corresponding European partner countries.The first trip is an exploratory sortie for faculty of involved community colleges. CommunityCollege technical faculty members have no experience with or even knowledge of the structureof the technical education system(s) in Europe. This minimal knowledge base may include thefacts that

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Dillon, United States Military Academy; Harold Henderson, United States Miliary Academy; Jeffrey Butler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 15.954.7to the aluminum part. While the first four students were unable to engrave their bottle openers,the laboratory technicians were able to test various sprays and laser settings prior to themachining portion of ME403 and students in the main course were able to engrave their bottleopeners as planned. The technicians achieved the best results using TherMark® LMM-14 Blackspray performed with the laser set to 20% power and a speed of 25 inches per second.Once the semester commenced, the instructors began building excitement about the machiningportion of the course early on by hanging poster-sized engineering drawings of the bottle openerson the wall of the classroom and passing around a finished bottle opener so students would

Conference Session

Practical Teaching in Manufacturing

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel J. Waldorf, California Polytechnic State University; Trian M. Georgeou, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacture  Students will attain proficiency in manufacturing processes, the ability to design manufacturing processes that result in products that meet specific material and other requirements;  Students will attain proficiency in manufacturing competitiveness, the ability to create competitive advantage through manufacturing planning, strategy, quality, and control.With these learning outcomes in mind, the objectives of the current study are to  Develop a consistent approach to teaching GD&T across the design and manufacturing activities throughout the ME/MFG and MfgE curricula.  Ensure program graduates can effectively use the tools of the GD&T standard to communicate the functional aspects

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eshan Ghotbi, Alfred University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

better refine our data. The moldfor the blocks should arrive shortly so that the concrete block production process could begin.With the concrete blocks in hand, the plan is to create a structure on Spherical LLc property. Thegroup can then run tests on the structure and see how it compares to the FEA testing. With thiscomparative study, a proper analysis can be completed to test the blocks for their feasibility innumerous types of structures.Below are a few of the figures generated through the assembly process using SolidWorks.Figure 2 - Typical Arc (25 ft. span) 4Figure 3 - Multicenter arc (~37ft)Figure 4 - 25 ft. diameter cylinder (reservoir)Figure 5 - Multiple Wythe’s (2 layers thick

Conference Session

Teaching Design in Manufacturing Curriculum II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Falkowski, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

were given to the students and they wereasked in teams to develop the plan. A presentation was given on their results.Use of the Machinery’s HandbookNot usually used as a textbook the Machinery’s Handbook presented some challengesincorporating it in the classroom. The book was written for informational and referencepurposes, rather than teaching. So the language was difficult. The book was written with manycharts and calculations for a wide variety of different conditions. So the quantity of informationwas almost too much. For this course only certain sections were relevant. Therefore time wasalso spent on how to use the book as a reference.There were three sections in the 27th edition that were relevant for this class. These were thesections

Conference Session

Implementation of Experiments in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Pung, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 14.283.6lack of structure for the experiments. Several teams used English units, somemetric, two teams measured from the table top to the tip of the metal rod while theremaining teams measured from the top of the box to the tip of the rod. This wasexpected and reinforced the importance of communication.V Conclusions & Future WorkBased on the student feedback the black boxes were an effective teaching aid forDOE. Opening up the black boxes and comparing the internals to the studentspredictions I believe heightened the importance of gathering data and modeling.For future classes I plan on changing the levels so that one variable does notdominate the response and perhaps adding an additional variable or perhaps two.The data collection by

Conference Session

Design & Development Projects and Practices

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G Mauk P.E., Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Prashant Yadav

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

report describes our objectives, rationale, implementations,and assessment plans in developing a practical robotic ultrasonic welding process as aneducational hands-on project and laboratory exercises for undergraduate STEM students, andparticularly Engineering Technology majors. The project combines ultrasonic welding ofplastics, robotics, force sensors, rapid prototyping, thermal imaging and image processing in apractical demonstration of an industrially-important automated plastics manufacturingtechnology. An ultrasonic horn attached to the end of a robotic arm can be programmed to spotweld or seam weld acrylic parts. The process is monitored and optimized using a thermalimaging camera and a force sensor.Introduction and Background

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tomas Oppenheim, California State University Maritime

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

used.The ability to practice GD&T in student engineering drawings, as well as machining assemblieswith GD&T specifications makes a more competent mechanical engineer, who knows how toreduce the total time and budget required to complete a satisfactory design project.IntroductionIn the Fall and Spring semester of their Senior year, the Mechanical Engineering students arerequired to design and fabricate a machine for their capstone projects. A popular machine for theSeniors to design and manufacture is a Stirling Engine. In the Fall semester, each design group isrequired, among others, to create their designs using a Computer Aided Design software andproduce engineering drawings for all of the parts they plan to manufacture. Prior to this

Conference Session

Additive Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas William Barrett, James Madison University; Matthew Cole Pizzico, James Madison University; Bryan Levy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kimberly G. Talley, Texas State University; Craig R. Forest, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy C. Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

member’sresults for accuracy based on the established search criteria.Phase 2 – SortAfter this initial discovery phase, the schools on the discovery list were investigated further.Following the captured web links for each of the articles, maker spaces, and press releasesidentified in Phase 1, each college or university maker space was studied to determine the currentstatus, and if the school did not currently have a maker space (i.e., one was planned), the maker Page 26.101.5space was removed from the list. Only a few colleges and universities with positive hits in Phase1 did not actually have a space built yet, and overwhelmingly, these colleges and

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Arduino board to build a robot for less than $45. Plans are provided with detailsthat permit use in classroom projects and laboratory work. The 3D printer is used to make twowheels and a chassis. The chassis has features to support the RC servos, Arduino board, and a 9Vbattery. The first software example is suitable for K-12 outreach activities. More advancedexamples could include low cost light sensors for cat and mouse games. The presentation willinclude a live demonstration.IntroductionDesigning and building robots is a great source of entertainment for practicing and aspiringengineers. This paper describes a robot designed for fun, that could also be used to helpintroduce students to engineering and robotics topics. The robot design begins

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lam F. Wong, Cuyahoga Community College, Metropolitan; Henry Griffith, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

two year engineering technology program is discussed.General Characteristics of Sustainable Product Development Processes in IndustrySustainable product development expands upon traditional product development by introducingadditional considerations into the product development process. These additional factors includethe environmental impact of source materials, as well as the end of life plan for the product. Inaddition, the environmental impact of the product during its usable life must also be taken intoconsideration in a SPD process. Based upon these additional considerations, product Life CycleAnalysis (LCA) and management have become an integral part of existing SPD strategiesthroughout industry9, 10.Environmentally conscious tools for