Conference Session

Manufacturing Education for Emerging Technologies and Competitiveness

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing of biomedical devices and systems course and alsoincluded within the scope of the rapid prototyping and reverse engineering course.Biomedical Development with Rapid Prototyping and Reverse EngineeringThe efforts started with employment of rapid prototyping systems in biomodeling work forrealization of 3D physical models of human anatomy based on medical imaging data. Biomodelscan be employed in pre-surgical planning, educational and training purposes as well as prosthesisand implant design. Some of the students who helped developing the methodology and materialswere supported by the US Department of Labor PREP program. A total of five students wereinvolved in the original efforts, two of which were manufacturing engineering majors.The

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Norman, Applied Research Associates, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

developing new research, development, and applications programs supporting government and private industry in product / process design improvements based on new rapid applications software, enhanced constitutive models using multi-scale concepts, and software verification and validation based on real world applications. 2003-2007: Director, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Extension, Mississippi State University Developed and implemented strategic plan and operational concept for technology transfer of R&D products developed at Mississippi State University to Nissan, Tier-1 suppliers, and small to medium size industries in Mississippi. 2001-2003: R

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session Innovative Pedagogy in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy; Megan O. Conrad, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

3Dprintedquarantinebooths FDM Ventilators Parts to convert existing manual ventilator systems FDM intoautomaticones FDM Adaptorsforavarietyofmedicaldevices 3 SLS(SelectiveLaser Sintering)&FDM Oxygenvalves Venturitypevalvesforrespirators(needsregulatory SLA(Stereolithography) approvalfirstduetothematerialsused) SLA COVID-19testswabs 3DP lung models for use in surgical planning & SLA

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session - Online and Remote Learning Communities

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Khalid H. Tantawi, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; George Chitiyo, Tennessee Technological University; Mel Cossette, Edmonds College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Offering Hands-on Manufacturing Workshops through Distance LearningAbstractThis paper reports on how institutions collaborating on Additive Manufacturing (AM) and SmartManufacturing (SM) have been able to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic and be able to modifytheir planned activities in 2020 in an effort to continue delivering quality training and educationto educators across the country. The pandemic made it impossible to offer the usual on-groundworkshops to STEM educators and industrial practitioners. As a workaround, the project teamsoffered instructional delivery via Zoom and Microsoft Teams while also providing distancelearning tools online. The best practices of the delivery and pros

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Leduc, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

provides project planning skills and development of a Six Sigma Project Charter (contract) in cooperation with the community partner. The student will begin the project in the second portion of the course. • 400 Level Course: Design of Experiments – This course provides training in DOE and Design for Six Sigma, including robust design. This course is an existing course in the MfgET curriculum. • 400 Level Course: Six Sigma Project II – This course is for completion of the Six Sigma Project and writing of a formal report. The formal report must be written from the position of a consultant and not simply a practitioner. This is important because the formal report is what the student will have to

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Lobaugh, Pennsylvania State University-Erie

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the desired metric gain? If not, then the team/group must go back and reinvestigate the situation. In an industrial setting, Lean Manufacturing and Value Stream Mapping are typicallytaught on-site by a consultant or at seminars, typically lasting two to five days. These aredesigned to give a detailed explanation of the technique and often include simulation examplesand workshops using actual on-site manufacturing examples. For a company planning to trainmany employees, a seminar given by a consultant is a good method, although very expensive. Ifa company involved in lean manufacturing or planning to implement VSM, an engineeringgraduate possessing that information and experience would be very valuable and highly soughtafter.The value

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session / Our Future in Manufacturing: STEM Outreach

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Palmer, Kettering University; Douglas Melton, Kettering University; Henry Kowalski, Kettering University; Gerald Allen, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

and the instructor as Good.Thus with the exception of basic cost analysis it is shown that all topics can be taught at anacceptable level.Analysis and Results of Key QuestionsKey Question 1) Can the "new" subject matter be learned effectively by freshmen? The resultsare shown in Table IV. Table IV: Performance in New Topics New Topic Winter 2008 Performance Summer 2008 Performance Electronic Manufacturing Good Good Design Methods and Acceptable Acceptable Methodologies Manufacturing Planning Acceptable Good (Work Design) Basic Cost Analysis Unacceptable

Conference Session

Design Education in Manufacturing Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Jared May, Morehead State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2009-2150: APPLYING AXIOMATIC DESIGN AND KNOWLEDGE-BASEDENGINEERING TO PLASTIC DRUM DESIGNJaby Mohammed, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne Jaby Mohammed is a faculty at Indiana Purdue University at Fort Wayne, IN. He received his PhD in Industrial engineering from University of Louisville in 2006. His research interest includes advanced manufacturing; design methodologies, computer aided design, six sigma, and enterprise resource planning. He is a member of IIE, ASEE,ASQ, SME, POMS, ITEA, NAIT, KAS, and Informs.Jared May, Morehead State University JARED MAY is currently a junior at Morehead State University. He is pursuing his Bachelor of Science in Engineering Technology

Conference Session

Automation and Robotics Subjects in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Sample, Oregon Institute of Technology; John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

with which to educate undergraduate students on topics of current importance tomanufacturing such as agile assembly systems, flexible work cells, virtual simulations, roboticsand robot integration. The following project was thus commissioned in June 2007 to build afunctioning robotic work cell to address this need.A robot platform similar to the one we will build could easily cost tens of thousands of dollarsfor new equipment but with this project we would prove it could be done for considerably lessmoney. To keep costs low we first located several obsolete but mechanically functional robotsknown to be available at OIT. We then planned to retrofit the robots with a modern PC-basedcontrol system and build tooling in-house to complete the

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida; Maria Herrera, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

rapid prototyping machines.(a) Student working on the 3D printer (b) Student working on the FDM machine(c) Making a component in the FDM (d) Final componentmachineFigure 3. Students working on their medical device team projects.2.4 Project report and presentationTeams submitted their project written reports with the following information: problem definitionand potential customers; product design and engineering specifications; material requirements,proposed manufacturing process plan; project timeline and results; and future development planfor mass production. Each team presented their project results via a formal presentation anddemonstration of their prototypes. Students were instructed to use interactive

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faisal Aqlan, Penn State Behrend; E. George Walters III P.E., Penn State Behrend

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

-life projects which helpedthem think Lean”. Students also suggest that the selection and assignment of the projects shouldbe in the beginning of the semester because they think more time was needed to complete theprojects. This is because the projects were assigned in the third week of the semester due tologistics required to obtain the projects as well as develop the project plans and form the teams.In addition, the course instructor along with the industry partner needed to identify severalprojects and select the ones that fit the course content and benefit both the students and thecompany. Figure 10. Word clustering for student feedback on the industry project6. ConclusionsIn this study, we present several examples of teaching

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

artifact(the mood ring). Project 2 will be a computer-based design implementation using 3-D modelingto support online game design and programming.Outcome of the workshop will also be reflected in participant behavior and hands-on applicationof gained knowledge and skills (we will have to include evaluation plan). Participants will gainexperience in using freely available and popular software tools.The Electronic Mood RingThe original Mood Rings were popular in the 1960s and 1970s; they included a special type ofmaterial that changes color in response to heat. As body heat warmed up the ring, it wouldchange from dark to brown to yellow to green to blue. The electronic ring that girls were askedto design is similar, but it uses a temperature sensor

Conference Session

Experiences in Manufacturing Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hossein Rahemi, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Amir Elzawawy, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Yougashwar Budhoo, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

organization be interested in a graduate with both manufacturing and engineering technology skills? Please share your comments in the provided space. Responses:  Absolutely, our organization would be interested in a graduate with both manufacturing and engineering technology skills. The more well-rounded the student, the better they will be in dealing with various engineering issues.  My company is always looking for talents in engineering technology field.  Yes, my organization is interested in graduates with manufacturing and engineering technology skills. 2.2 Assessment Plan The College is dedicated to providing a distinctive education to a diverse population of students. Our mission

Conference Session

Design & Development Projects and Practices

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Most of these courses include labs, and students are assigned towork on design projects to satisfy the student learning outcomes1.Senior Design Course Overview:MANE students take MANE 461 and 462 (two credit hours each) senior design courses in theirsenior year as a capstone to accomplish all aspects of the design requirements. Depending on thenature of the selected projects, they may be teamed with computer engineering students. Theprinciples of the design and project planning and control processes are taught by the projectscoordinator faculty through the entire life of the projects. Each project advisor faculty advisesone or two teams on designing and prototyping their project(s). Manufacturing students mostlyare assigned to select topics in

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

programming support [2].Billard describes a common method for programming of robots—Robot Programming byDemonstration, also known as imitation learning [3]. Nicolescu and Mataric discuss naturalmethods for robot programming, including instructive demonstrations, generalization overmultiple demonstrations and practice trials [4].In the area of industrial robots, Pan et al. provide a comprehensive review of the recent researchon programming methods for industrial robots, including online programming, offlineprogramming, and programming using Augmented Reality (AR) [5]. Wang et al. propose anoptimized path planning method for off-line programming of an industrial robot [6]. Sang Choiet al. present a lead-through method and device for industrial robots

Conference Session

Latest Trends and Implementations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Avneet Hira, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

art andcraft and associated enterprise, the locals tend to draw connections with their traditions andphilosophy of Makerspaces19.In Spain, several spaces again not associated with Maker media but claimed as Makerspacescome up in our search20,21. In Spain like China, Makerspaces are associated with the conceptof start-ups, which is the encouragement behind many other co-working spaces in thecountry.In India, Makerspaces appear to be more associated with the technologies used in themparticularly 3 D printing22. There are a few Makerspace like spaces across the country thatserve different clientele such as rural youth, urban corporate employees, hobbyists andstudents23. The government launched a campaign24 via which it plans to increase

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanqing Gao, Oregon Institute of Technology; Fei-Yue Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wangping Sun, Oregon Institute of Technology; Xisong Dong, Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries; Xiwei Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries; ShuangShuang Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

requirementspecification. To take the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) course as an example, thesestudents in the UAV CDIO-SMC may propose many questionnaires through some socialnetwork sites or analyze user comments on various UAVs by several large online shoppingsites.2) Product designersBased on the requirement specification, product designers make a general specification forboth hardware and software, and develop some trail products by 3D printers. All designerswork on the interactive design and innovation platform in several groups. Some computeraided design and computer aided process planning software tools can be used for UAVdesign for good user experience.3) Process implementersThe process implementers maybe generally divided to three groups: hardware

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Eric J. Schaus, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

with the FDM parts was related to the sparse fill used to save weight. Thestudents planned (but had not indicated on the drawings) to drill and tap into the sides of theenclosures for mounting purposes. The sparse lattice fill within the hollow walls however wasnot strong enough to hold threads and the screws pulled out almost immediately. As a quickremedy, the students drilled out the failed holes and plugged them with polycaprolactone (PCL).Commercially sold as Shapelock or Instamorph [6,7], PCL is a plastic that is moldable attemperatures as low as 140 F, but hardens to a nylon like consistency when cooled. Whileheated, the PCL was pressed such that it infiltrated the voids in the lattice structure and bondedto the existing plastic when it

Conference Session

Practical Teaching in Manufacturing – 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wangping Sun, Oregon Institute of Technology; Yanqing Gao, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

to the manufacturing studentsprovides them with a comprehensive education in total quality management philosophy,preventive process-oriented methodologies, and planning, control, and improvement techniques2.At our university, Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement (MFG 333) is a junior-levelcourse offered to the students majoring in Manufacturing Engineering Technology. The topics ofthis course include the strategies for continuous manufacturing process improvement, graphicaland numerical methods for data analysis, methods for manufacturing process control andacceptance criteria. After successfully completing the course the students are expected to:  understand and practice the basic concepts and principles of quality improvement

Conference Session

Automation in Manufacturing

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, National Science Foundation ATE Centers; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. The yellow layers contain industry specific skills and knowledge and, therefore,provide specific information for mechatronics technicians with associate degree. The lower redlevels provide information about fundamental knowledge in mathematics, language arts, andscience. The bottom gray level defines employability and workplace skills. The competencymodel provides detailed information about the skill set that defines this occupation in a linkedspreadsheet compiled by the ETA from industry responses. Figure 2. US DOL Mechatronics Competency ModelTwo-year technical programs prepare students to become mechatronics technicians and typicallyinclude more than 40 credit hours of a 60-90+ credit hour degree plan in technical

Conference Session

Instructional technologies - Simulations, VR, Remote Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Md Fashiar Rahman, University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Ivan Arturo Renteria-Marquez, University of Texas at El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Amit J Lopes, University of Texas at El Paso; Jeevarathinam Senthilkumar

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

example, the emergent of industrial 4.0 or smart factory comes with a very complicatedinformation flow and man-machine system [2]. This necessitates to rethink the way of educatingengineers for the future. Considering this fact, this paper investigates an approach of integratingthe simulation-based activities in the classroom to bring changes in the learning outcomes ofmanufacturing course.Over the last few decades, traditional manufacturing/production engineering educational programshave long depended on curricula based on concurrent engineering methodologies covering productand process designs, functional design development, concept selection for product design,materials and process selection, process planning including assembly analysis, etc

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Ozden Uslu, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

a senior student running the RP machine or a CNC a couple days beforetheir graduation since he/she wants to gain more experience.In the near future RMU - School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science plans to expandRapid Prototyping & Manufacturing capabilities by adding several other technologies to itsinventory. Students will have more hands-on-experience with diverse RP/RM technologies,such as Desktop Composite Printing, 3D Metal Printing, and possibly Rapid MoldFabrication.References 1. Marian Bozdoc http://mbinfo.mbdesign.net/CAD-History.htm 2. 3D Systems Corporation, Valencia, CA http://www.3dsystems.com 3. Advances in Metal Part Manufacturing with Rapid Prototyping, Brett Lyons, Prof. Suman Das, and Prof. Pravansu

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University; Julie C Baker Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 23.383.5during the school year and between the formal workshops.Professional Learning Community (PLC): Three levels of professional learning communitieswere initiated to ensure teacher-participants have maximum levels of support throughout andbeyond the project. First, at least 2 teachers from different STEM content areas represent eachschool. This is the first level of support; each individual teacher-team interacts and collaboratesface-to-face on a daily basis. Second, each school is paired with a partner school in a nearbydistrict to create a more intimate, yet larger level of collaboration. These paired groups include 4-6 teachers and plan meetings with each other outside of the larger PD workshop and academyschedule. The school pairs

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineering solutions in aglobal societal context(10): a knowledge of contemporary issues(11): an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary forengineering practiceManufacturing Engineering track-specific ABET outcome applicable for this course is suggestedto be:(M3): graduates appreciate the necessity for manufacturing competitiveness and understand howto create competitive advantage through manufacturing planning, strategy and controlThe outcomes may be assessed via homework assignments, term project and exams. It isexpected that the applicable outcomes list would be revised based on the outcomes assessment.5. Course Assessment5.1 Student PerformanceThe student performances in the courses with traditional

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Trian Georgeou, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

respondents, or 14%, offered a MET associates degreeonly.The second question in the 2005 MET survey asked if the programs planed on maintaining theirABET accreditation with all sixteen MET programs, 100%, indicating that they planned to do so.All of these programs indicated that ABET accreditation is a very important aspect of aManufacturing Engineering Technology degree. Therefore, ABET accreditation is an importantaspect of both two and four year MET degrees. Of course, this is a biased group as all currentlymaintain ABET accreditation. If surveys were completed of NAIT and un-accreditedmanufacturing programs, more general conclusions about accreditation could be drawn.Question three asked participants to complete a data table indicating their

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William T. Evans PhD P.E., University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

years past, arc flash was a common hazard of industry. It was accepted and planned for(hopefully). Most engineers opened panel doors and started equipment of varying potentialenergy and thought nothing of it. While this has been the practice that most were introduced to,it was a dangerous environment and one that had the potential for injury at any time.New initiatives have changed this environment and educators must follow these changes with Page 23.470.2curriculum changes that properly prepare students for the new workplace.To begin the process of teaching the changes, a number of outside personnel were queried as tothe state of safety training

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P.Eng., Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

plan for a project and then execute that plan on time and on budget. This is difficult to teach and most often learned through experience. Most students can manage their projects, course work, and classes with little to no formal planning system or time investment. Environments should be created in the class room where they fail or feel pressured highly if they are not able to scope/plan/do in an effective and timely manner.• Major emphasis should be on "GREEN." Youth are very interested in improving the world. We use "Green" as an synonym for improving the environment reducing energy, or carbon and Page 25.1276.15

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing: STEM Outreach

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Winston Erevelles, Robert Morris University; Jennifer Parsons, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

institutions to launch or expand programs in short order. This infusion of resources enables institutions to build their infrastructure, subsidize its offerings, and even provide additional assistance for truly needy students. However it is incumbent upon the institution to develop and implement a realistic sustainability plan that will enable the continuation of programs beyond funding lifecycles. Networking with like-minded individuals and organizations is highly recommended. STEM outreach programs may be found at virtually every institution and institutions must network with affinity groups to glean/share best practices as part of their continuous improvement efforts. Tracking the responses of student and teacher participants in

Conference Session

Green and Susainable Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Shraman Kadapa, Drexel University (Mechanical Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Smarth H Chadha, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

include motion planning and localization of ground robots.Mr. Smarth H Chadha c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017Incorporating Life Cycle Assessment Issues for Green Energy Manufacturing Education AbstractThis paper describes the incorporation of life cycle assessment practices for teaching students froma variety of engineering disciplines in design and manufacturing. Green energy manufacturing isan emerging field and also provides a sustainable development model for modern manufacturingindustries. Sustainable green manufacturing encompasses the design of manufacturing processesto prioritize energy conservation, pollution

Conference Session

Projects in Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Michael G Mauk P.E., Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

itself then combined withthe initial piezoelectric system. By creating a solely piezoelectric system, the team would be ableto develop and expand upon a renewable energy source that would be beneficial to the area it isimplemented. Our local area is one of the most densely populated in terms of traffic volumes andthe team plans to take advantage of the wasted energy generated everyday by simply driving towork or school.Alternative Designs and Concepts During the course of constructing the team’s project, the team approached many differentdesigns before reaching the optimal solution for the piezoelectric system design. While designingthe project the team tested three different types of piezoelectric disks: a 35mm diameter non-PZTflat disk