Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zareena Gani, Higher Colleges of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the Canadian tool making industry while she worked in Profine Molds and her keen interest in research brought her back to school. She obtained her Ph.D. from McMasters University in Canada as an NSERC scholar. After graduation, she moved to United Arab Emirates in 2011 and joined Higher Colleges of Technology. Dr. Zareena has published her research findings in reputed international journals and confer- ences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Project Based Learning for Computer Integrated Manufacturing courseAbstract:At Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE, the objective has been to prepare students to be work-ready and professionally equipped for immediate employment. Computer

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Andrew Chi, Drexel University; Thomas Hays

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #26047Interdisciplinary Senior Design Project to Develop a Retrofit Shock Absorb-ing Go-Kart SeatDr. Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University Dr. Ertekin received his BS degree in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University. He received MS degree in Production Management from Istanbul University. After working for Chrysler Truck Manufacturing Company in Turkey as a project engineer, he received dual MS degrees in engi- neering management and mechanical engineering from Missouri University of Science and Technology (MS&T), formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla. He worked for Toyota Motor Corporation

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #26691Senior Capstone Project in Green Technologies: Study of ElectromagneticBraking as Prospective Enhancement of Friction-based Automotive BrakingSystemDr. Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University Irina Ciobanescu Husanu, Ph. D. is Assistant Clinical Professor with Drexel University, Engineer- ing Technology program. Her area of expertise is in thermo-fluid sciences with applications in micro- combustion, fuel cells, green fuels and plasma assisted combustion. She has prior industrial experience in aerospace engineering that encompasses both theoretical analysis and experimental investigations such

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver; Jong-Hoon Kim, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

undergraduate research projects, and his research interests in engineering education include writing pedagogy and engineering lab instruction.Dr. Jong-Hoon Kim, Washington State University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 HOW ENGINEERING STUDENTS DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM LAB REPORTS AND DESIGN PROJECT REPORTS AT JUNIOR-LEVEL ENGINEERING COURSESAbstractThis case study investigates how engineering juniors draw engineering judgment andconclusions. The scope of the study is student work from two courses: a materials laboratorycourse and a circuit course offered in the Fall of 2018. The terms, engineering judgement andsound conclusion, are defined using open sources in the context of this

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #27560A Senior Design Project: The Design of an Experimental Carbon DioxideCapture System for Enhancing Student Learning on Green Energy Manu-facturingDr. Richard Chiou, Drexel University Dr. Richard Chiou is Associate Professor within the Engineering Technology Department at Drexel Uni- versity, Philadelphia, USA. He received his Ph.D. degree in the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. His educational background is in manufacturing with an emphasis on mechatronics. In addition to his many years of industrial experience, he has taught many different engineering and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikki Larson, Western Washington University; David Frye, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

ableto use that theory in the lab to manufacture, troubleshoot, test, and analyze tooling, parts, andmaterials [1].PCE 372 is an introductory course into room temperature curing composite materials,manufacturing, and testing. Previously students would learn the basics of hand lay-up and resininfusion independently of tooling considerations. The students were given only one option,polyurethane foam. This led to a gap in learning and, instead of considering tooling at thebeginning of a project, it was often left as an afterthought. Even then tooling was only a minorconsideration as most students chose to use the method they were presented with in lab and notbranch out to other methods that might have been more appropriate for their

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Shelly Tornquist, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

classroom in Texas and was awarded the PTA District School Bell Award for her service in STEM Education. She has been a leader in engineering education in the state of Texas throughout her career. Projects include creating and leading new teacher boot camps, developing the Texas standards for the Math/Physical Sci- ence/Engineering teacher certification and most recently developing the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills frameworks in STEM education. Widely known for her work with Project Lead The Way (PLTW), she served as the State Lead Master Teacher training over 700 teachers in PLTW Core Training Institutes for 15 years. Shelly holds a B.S. degree in Industrial Design and Development and an M.Ed. in Teacher

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahaa Ansaf, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Course Using Design-Based Teaching ApproachAbstract: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes is one of the core courses in most mechanicalengineering, manufacturing engineering, and industrial engineering programs. The current coursecurriculum and teaching style mainly depend on the lectures for the manufacturing processes thatare aligned and synchronized with the laboratory work (project) to gain the required knowledgeand skills. According to students’ feedback for this course as well as similar courses offered at otheruniversities, the course is time intensive, involves no critical thinking, requires limited classparticipation, and is not well connected with real-world manufacturing problems

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhenhua Wu, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

exploring the approach to enable students with competencies of digital thread and digitaltwin in the courses of MANE 205-Manufacturing Processes I, MANE 201-Sophomore Lab, andMANE 315-Automation at VSU. The current approach includes: 1) lecture and lab project ondigital design and assembly of a product, 2) enable digital thread and digital twin learninglaboratorial environment.3.1 Lecture on Digital Design and Assembly of a ProductAt Virginia State University, MANE 205, which is offered in Fall annually, is the gate way courseto Manufacturing Engineering program. The MANE 205 traditionally focuses on materialproperties and some manufacturing processes such as casting and metal forming. The instructornoticed that the course content has a lot

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tomas Oppenheim, California State University Maritime

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Projects. He is currently taking manual and CNC classes at Laney Community College in Machine Tool technology. Mr. Steffan Long: Mr. Steffan Long is the head machinist at the California State University Maritime. He received his BA in Liberal Arts from the University California Santa Cruz. He teaches intro and advanced courses in machining as well as supervises the manufacturing of the ME Senior Design Projects. Mr. Adam Link: Mr. Adam Link is a senior in Mechanical Engineering at the California State University Maritime. Mr. Sean McPherson: Mr. Sean McPherson is a senior in Mechanical Engineering at the California State University Maritime. Mr. Scott Wettstein: Mr. Scott Wettstein is a senior in

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; David Malawey, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Chao Ma, Texas A&M University; Reza Langari, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Jordan; Caleb Christian Stewart; Brian Malbec; David K. James

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

received his BS degree in electrical engineering (1975) from California State University, Sacramento, and his MS (1980) and DE (1983) degrees in industrial engineering from Texas A&M University. His educa- tion and research interests include project management, innovation and entrepreneurship, and embedded product/system development.Dr. Chao Ma, Texas A&M University Dr. Chao Ma received his B.S. degree from Tsinghua University in 2010, M.S. degree from University of Wisconsin – Madison in 2012, and Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2015, all in Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Ma was a senior mechanical engineer at Cymer, LLC., San Diego, CA, from 2015 to 2016. Dr. Ma joined the faculty

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Sowrirajan Sowmithran, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

undergraduate and graduate levels. His tremendous re- search experience in manufacturing includes environmentally conscious manufacturing, Internet based robotics, and Web based quality. In the past years, he has been involved in sustainable manufacturing for maximizing energy and material recovery while minimizing environmental impact.Sowrirajan Sowmithran, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.) c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Vision-based Object Tracking Experiment for Students to Perform Simple Industrial Robotic AutomationAbstractThe paper describes the details of a student vision project at Drexel University for a robot to pickup parts from the conveyor

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; Melissa Geist, Tennessee Technological University; Yunbo Zhang, Rochester Institute of Technology; George Chitiyo, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

from the students’ viewpoint.Unique Aspects of the CourseThe objective of the course was to help students from multiple disciplines understand the latestdevelopments and critical challenges of AM technologies, and provide students with relatedtechniques and practical experience in developing innovative AM processes and applications.The course was focused on the use of AM technologies to improve health outcomes. Asdemonstrated by the survey data, this interdisciplinary, project-based course challenged studentsto think outside of their normal professional boundaries (nursing and engineering) to developviable solutions to authentic healthcare challenges. The following section will provide severalbest practices provided throughout the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

program. Also, she introduced the first experiential activity for Applied Mechanics courses. She is coordinator and advisor for capstone projects for Engineering Technology.Dr. Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University Dr. Ertekin received his BS degree in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University. He received MS degree in Production Management from Istanbul University. After working for Chrysler Truck Manufacturing Company in Turkey as a project engineer, he received dual MS degrees in engi- neering management and mechanical engineering from Missouri University of Science and Technology (MS&T), formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla. He worked for Toyota Motor Corporation as a qual- ity assurance

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John M. Mativo, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

subject, but not so much for a discipline like manufacturing.Critical Thinking in Manufacturing Engineering EducationFour Pillars of Manufacturing Engineering BOK (Body of Knowledge) do not explicitly presentcritical thinking in its components including personnel effectiveness, any of the design,improvement, or management content, as well as the overarching components listed at the top ofthe graphic given below in Figure 1. Figure 1. Four Pillars of Manufacturing Engineering Education [10]Critical Thinking in a Rapid Prototyping and Reverse Engineering CourseThe authors employ two different projects in his Rapid Prototyping and Reverse Engineeringcourse. In the first project, student groups need to reverse engineer a simple toy. In

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeleine Jennings, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Brooke Charae Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Audrey R. Boklage, University of Texas, Austin; Nadia N. Kellam, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

research questions are answered best through qualitative research methods, and thus wedesigned this research using standards common in qualitative research and in engineeringeducation to ensure a high quality project and to minimize potential validity threats [7]–[9].In this study, we visited and conducted ten observations at seven university-affiliated makerspaces,conducted semi-structured interviews with 67 engineering students, and conducted interviews withseven makerspaces managers, staff, and faculty affiliates. The makerspaces were embedded withinseveral universities that included minority serving institutions, doctoral universities, privateinstitutions, and public institutions. Student demographics are included in Tables 1 & 2. All

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Eisazadeh, Old Dominion University; Milan Rakita, Purdue University; Mona Torabizadeh, Old Dominion University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Torabizadeh, Old Dominion UniversityDr. Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University Dr. Vukica Jovanovic is an Associate Professor of Engineering Technology in Mechanical Engineering Technology Program. She holds a Ph.D. from Purdue University in Mechanical Engineering Technology, focus on Digital Manufacturing. Her research is focused on mechatronics, digital manufacturing, digital thread, cyber physical systems, broadening participation, and engineering education. She is a Director of Mechatronics and Digital Manufacturing Lab at ODU and a lead of Area of Specialization Mecha- tronics Systems Design. She worked as a Visiting Researcher at Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing in Disputanta, VA on projects

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Carlos Michael Ruiz, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

serving as a principle investigator of many research projects, funded by NSF, NASA, DoEd, KSEF and LMC. He is currently serving as an editor of Journal of Computer Standards & Interfaces. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 A Workshop on New Horizons for Next Generation Manufacturing with Student Robotics Learning ExperienceAbstractThe swift development of manufacturing within the U.S. has generated much interest in variousindustries. These industries include Food, Electronics, Medical, Energy, and UrbanManufacturing. Due to the traction of interest, large investments have been promoted bycommercial and governmental organizations to promote innovative solutions from

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louise Rosanna Manfredi, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

negative effects; most notably, landfill waste. With a burgeoning worldpopulation, much attention is focused on how we sustainably use our ever-decreasing supply ofmaterials. This project was framed within the context of low-cost flat-pack furniture, which istypically made from non-biodegradable particleboard. The end-of-life for particleboard islandfill or incineration.The overarching research goal of this project was to determine whether post-consumer paper anda bioplastic binder were suitable for the creation of a more environmentally friendly composite(than its traditional particleboard counterpart) that has future potential to be composted with foodwaste. Specifically, we aimed to (1) empirically test how this composite performs understandard

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

robot’senvironment by means of laser projection. Zieliński provides an object-oriented approach forrobot programming [10]. Freund et al. discuss a process-oriented approach to efficient off-lineprogramming of industrial robots, presenting two approaches: automatic trajectory generationand tech-in/playback programming using virtual reality techniques [11].In industry, the most widely used method for robot programming is by using teach pendants [12].A user uses the pendant to guide a robot along the path of completing a desired task. At the sametime, at different points along the path, coordinates are recorded. After the task is complete, therecorded points can be played back at a slower speed to verify the accuracy of the program. Anactive focus of research

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Zhenhua Wu, Virginia State University; Lipika Ghosh, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

research project. During their sophomore year, theparticipating students learn the theoretical and practical knowledge required for their projects.They then outline the planning, objectives setting, data collecting, and analysis of their proposedproject. The end result is an oral and written presentation of their conducted research.Although Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is now an established and commercially available methodfor joining metals, there is a need for further improvement and investigation of new venues forresearch and development. Virginia State University owned a functioning FSW machine, alongwith material processing and testing facilities, to conduct studies on new manufacturingprocesses using this technology.One of the undergraduate

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; George McLeod, Old Dominion University ; Thomas E. Alberts, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Tysha Batts; Mary Louise Sandy, Virginia Space Grant Consortium

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Specialization Mecha- tronics Systems Design. She worked as a Visiting Researcher at Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing in Disputanta, VA on projects focusing on digital thread and cyber security of manufactur- ing systems. She has funded research in broadening participation efforts of underrepresented students in STEM funded by Office of Naval Research, focusing on mechatronic pathways. She is part of the ONR project related to the additive manufacturing training of active military. She is also part of the research team that leads the summer camp to nine graders that focus on broadening participation of underrepre- sented students into STEM (ODU BLAST).George McLeod, Old Dominion UniversityDr. Thomas E. Alberts

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniela Faas, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Emily Ferrier, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

to engage in creativeproject work. Instead, this system is designed to empower users to take part in conversationsabout safety from acquisition through training and project application at every stage of learning.Olin College of Engineering was founded in 1997 with the mission to educate exceptionalengineering innovators and the aspiration to change engineering education broadly. The collegeis an undergraduate-only institution with approximately 350 students and 45 full time faculty.There are no departments at Olin and academic staff and faculty serve together on workinggroups to conduct the business of the college. This collaboration between the machine shop andthe library formed out of the intentional student experience working group. This

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adithya Kaushik, University of Cincinnati ; Janet Dong, University of Cincinnati; Ce Gao, University of Cincinnati; Hazem Elzarka, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineer (PE) in the State of Ohio, a LEED Accredited Professional (LEED AP), and a Certified Energy Manager (CEM). He has consulted for federal and state agencies and major US and international construction firms. His consulting/research work is in the areas of Infrastructure asset management, Green Buildings, applications of advanced com- puter technologies in the construction industry, and Total Quality Management. He has recently served as the principal investigator of several research projects for the Ohio Department of Transportation related to infrastructure asset management. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Building a Robot for Cleaning Trench

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asghar Rezasoltani, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

added to the additive manufacturing or material science courses in sophomore orjunior levels.Keywords: 3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Mechanical properties, Surface propertiesIntroduction Low-cost 3D printers have made it possible for schools across the nation to have additivemanufacturing implemented in their labs and curriculum. AM machines are used widely bystudents [1]. The ease of prototype manufacturing in 3D printing encourages students to preferAM machines to conventional manufacturing machines in building their projects. One majorquestion remaining unanswered is that how well the AM manufactured parts will perform underload and pressure in an industrial application. Providing the students with hands-on experiences

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Will Tyson, University of South Florida; Marilyn Barger, National Science Foundation ATE Centers; Lakshmi Jayaram, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #27933PathTech LIFE: Overview of Findings from a National Survey of TechnicianEducation StudentsDr. Will Tyson, University of South Florida Will Tyson is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of South Florida. Dr. Tyson’s re- search examines STEM educational and career pathways with a focus on student- and institutional-level influences on high school and college science and math course taking and STEM degree attainment. Dr. Tyson was the Principal Investigator of the NSF-funded project ”Successful Academic and Employment Pathways in Advanced Technologies” or PathTech (4 years, $1.2 million

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Joseph Wilck, College of William & Mary; Elizabeth Gaughan, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing in both of these disciplinesis needed8. Many current engineering programs do not emphasize the marriage of design andmanufacturing in a modern industrial technical workforce [10].Many research studies have assessed the quality of exposure to manufacturing through the seniordesign or capstone course. McMasters and Lang indicate that few people in industry have anunderstanding of how the current engineering education is undertaken. Through design projects,the inclusion of industry partners in the education process will enhance the education provided tothe students and better reflect the expectations of industry [11]. Universities are exposingstudents to manufacturing through senior capstone design courses to offer students with arealistic

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions orrecommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflectthe views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography[1] Hsieh, S. “Design of Remotely Accessible Automated Systems to Enhance Industrial Automation Education,” ASEE 2017 Annual Conference, June 25 - 28, Columbus, Ohio.[2] Grodotzki, J., Ortelt, T.R. and Tekkaya, A.E., 2018. Remote and Virtual Labs for Engineering Education 4.0: Achievements of the ELLI project at the TU Dortmund University. Procedia Manufacturing, 26, pp.1349-1360, 2018.[3] Bikas, H., Stavropoulos, P. and Chryssolouris, C., “Additive manufacturing methods and modeling approaches: A critical review,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atif Saeed, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Niki T. Taheri, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

this project is to develop an inexpensive, small,user-friendly braille cell learning device.Background ResearchBraille is a language that can be read by using fingers to touch a series of raised dots created byLouis Braille and is used by the blind community [1]. The symbols are formed inside braille cellswhich are made up of 6 raised dots in three parallel rows each having two dots. A cell can beused to represent either a letter, number or punctuation mark. An example of this can be seen inFigure 1. Figure 1. Braille Alphabet courtesy of https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_alfabet.jpgAccording to the National Federation of the Blind, 63,357 students have been reported blindthroughout