Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Student-Centered Activities and Maker Spaces in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Larson, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

in engineering, and engineering careers.Young MakersYoung Makers at flagship Maker Faires demonstrate engineering thinking and doing inabundance. Children as young as 10 are designing, programming, and manufacturing suchartifacts as smart watches for their peers. The engagement and excitement is remarkable for theirage. A common theme amongst these Young Makers is that they have no formal education in, orknowledge of what is they are actually doing, from their K-12 schooling. And this is what makesit so fascinating. The Maker Mindset has much in common with ABET's student learningoutcomes for engineering students 8, 9 but is not rooted in similar standards and expectations atthe K-12 level. The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) itself

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research to Practice: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan D. Hertel, Museum of Science; Christine M. Cunningham, Museum of Science; Gregory John Kelly, Pennsylvania State University; Cathy P. Lachapelle, Museum of Science

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

discipline-specific context. Our review ofliterature revealed that research focusing on how writing supports engineering learning is largelynonexistent. However, as a corollary body of work, much research has been done to examine thevalue of writing as discourse in science education and to scientific literacy3,4.In science, writing is a key method for building and distributing knowledge. The use ofnotebooks and other written inscriptions throughout the process of scientific investigation lead tofurther written documentation that become objects of discussion and peer review5. This is whyNorris and Phillips differentiate how to write and read in science, what they call the fundamentalsense of scientific literacy, from the knowledge of science (the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research-to-Practice: Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christie Jilek, West Ada School District; Noah Salzman, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

begiven to the designing group and included: good things about the game, how it could be modifiedto improve design, future concerns for game play, and where they identified the action/reactionrelationship occurring. Consultants gave their feedback to the designers of the game and Iprovided class time to make modifications. Students set up games on the final day and had theopportunity to play peers designs. As they played they identified the action/reaction for eachgame, where potential and kinetic energy occurred, and any forms of energy they could identify.Post attitude surveys were administered just before completion of final task.Survey Results and DiscussionI analyzed the Friday Institutes’ surveys1 using an unpaired t-test in Excel and

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Programs & Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen A. Harper, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

workshops for area chemistry andphysics teachers since 2004, reaching almost 370 teachers during that time. For most of theprogram’s history, three concurrent workshops have been offered each summer: one inmechanics, one in introductory chemistry, and an advanced curriculum writing workshop. Thecurriculum workshop is open to any teacher who has completed an introductory workshop andimplemented the Modeling approach. The majority of participants maintain ties after theirworkshops to the local and national Modeling community via active listservs and, primarily onthe local level, special events. Almost one-third of the teachers have taken at least twoworkshops through the program. Given that the workshops consist of three intense weeks duringthe

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental: K-12 Student Beliefs, Motivation, and Self Efficacy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer B. Listman, New York University ; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

andlabs were matched to align and maximize interests. Students also received formal collegeguidance and training in public speaking during the summer. The program ended with acolloquium, open to the university community and family members of students, whereparticipants gave short talks to present their work.The program includes two courses: Dimensions of Scientific Inquiry (DSI) and Basic Robotics toInspire Scientific Knowledge (BRISK). DSI, taught by a member of the NYU faculty, is adiscussion-based course that covers scientific methods and practice, including their social,cultural, political, and economic contexts; ethical questions surrounding science and technology;and writing, especially as it relates to college application materials and a

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Impact of Curriculum for PreK-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph E. Michaelis, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

toanother student)) You're also. Okay, ((looks at Lucas)) and you're... I can talk you through Javalater.” Walter seems to be organizing the level of instruction each will need as they proceed.Evidence for this can be seen from the way that Walter then organizes activity for eachnewcomer. He helps Eli find the code for the visual display, called a smart dashboard, that isavailable to the robot operators during competition, and allows Eli and another student to readthrough that code and interpret what it does. This is another form of enculturation employed byWalter, which can be seen as an early form of scaffolding, because Eli depends on peer supportto make sense of a worked example of code, but is not expected to write any code himself

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danilo Garbi Zutin, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences; Michael E. Auer, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences; Christian Kreiter MSc, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

apositive impact on the usage and utilisation of Online Laboratories. After developing the userinterfaces based on the mock-ups they had the chance to discuss with their peers from otherpartner schools and try the online labs developed by their colleagues. The project runs untilNovember 2016. At the time of writing we are in the process of carrying out tests and asurvey where the students will test labs developed by their peers. Results are expected to beavailable during the summer break.In general, we value this self-paced student activity as a kind of inquiry and project-basedlearning. Students showed high engagement with the project objectives and clealy enjoyedparticipating. They had additionally the opportunity to work together with other

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Professional Development for Students and Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Duggan, Northeastern University; Maureen D. Cabrera, Center for STEM Education; Madeline Jean Leger

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

proposal-writing workshops; Co-facilitator (2004), Boston East Pipeline Network; and Alumni, Lead Boston 2004 (The National Conference for Community and Justice). She won the 2006 Northeastern University Aspiration Award, and was recognized at the 2003 Northeastern University Reception honoring Principal Investigators that obtained funding in excess of $1 million over a five-year period.Miss Maureen D. Cabrera, Center for STEM EducationMadeline Jean Leger c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Summer Research Programs for high school students, supporting componentsAbstractThe Young Scholars Program at Northeastern University provides a diverse group of high schoolstudents who have

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Practices in K-12 Engineering Education Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur D. Kney, Lafayette College; Rebecca Arielle Citrin, Lafayette College; Pamela L.B. Clark, PLB Clark Consulting LLC

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

engineering and science education for K – 12 students, as well as assess the learning outcomes of these programs. Post-graduation, Rebecca has continued to explore her interest in K-12 engineering education by participating in the ACE (Architecture, Construction and Engineering) Mentoring Program, during which she teaches high school students about the concepts of engineering and sustainability.Pamela L.B. Clark, PLB Clark Consulting LLC Consultant who works with local and national non-profits for grant writing, evaluation, and technical assistance. Board member of the National Foundation for Teen Safe Driving and NJ State Contact for Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD). Twenty years of experience in program

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Use of Technology and Tools for K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Henry M. Clever, New York University; Allison Graham Brown, New York University ; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

students’support in performing preliminary research to generate experimentally validated data for theproposal. This approach produced a contagious excitement and ownership because manystudents in sections following earlier introductory sections knew what to expect; their peers fromearlier sections had shared the idea outside of class. Furthermore, hands-on interactionsembedded in PBL4 allowed students to “do something” to “learn about something,” instead ofthe usual classroom teaching with singular focus on “learn about something.” At the start of theMUAV lesson, students drew names out of a hat to choose between four possible roles: pilotingthe MUAV, timing MUAV flight to measure its ground speed over a set number of parkingspaces located behind the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Programs & Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; Johnna Bolyard, West Virginia University; David Luke Loomis, West Virginia University; Kelly Leigh Watts, RESA 3; Sera Mathew, West Virginia University; Michael Theodore Carte, George Washington High School

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

year, Mr. Carte served as President of the West Virginia Academic Coaches Association. Hewas recognized as an outstanding teacher by the West Virginia Governor’s Honors Academy in 2006 and2008, and in 2005, he served on West Virginia Instructional Materials Selection Committee for Science.He served on the WESTEST II Item Writing Committee for Chemistry in 2009. While at Riverside HighSchool, Mr. Carte was named Kanawha County Teacher-of-the-Year in 2010.In 2012, Mr. Carte gained certification from The Princeton Review to be a part-time general chem-istry instructor, and has taught preparation courses for the Medical College Admissions Test at MarshallUniversity. For the past two years, he served as the College and Career Ready/STEM Coordinator

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Robotics in Pre-K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis, Northern Arizona University; Anna Danielle Newley, Sonoran Science Academy - Phoenix; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada - Las Vegas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

grades 5-8, the Elementary Science Olympiad team, and the competitive high school robotics team, FTC. She contributed to international published papers, national proceedings, and is the process of writing several children’s books. This summer she will present a workshop on robotics for elementary school students.Mr. Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada - Las Vegas Erdogan Kaya is a PhD student in science education at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is work- ing as a graduate assistant and teaching science methods courses. Prior to beginning the PhD program, he received his MS degree in computer science and engineering. He coached robotics teams and was awarded several grants that promote Science, Technology

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundemental and Evaluation: Embedded Programs in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego; Heidi A. Tremayne, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; James Mallard, UC San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Paper ID #16796Promoting School Earthquake Safety through a Classroom Education Grass-roots ApproachDr. Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego Van Den Einde is a Teaching Professor in Structural Engineering at UC San Diego. She incorporates education innovations into courses (Peer Instruction, Project-based learning), prepares next generation faculty, advises student organizations, hears cases of academic misconduct, is responsible for ABET, and is committed to fostering a supportive environment for diverse students. Her research focuses on engagement strategies for large classrooms and developing K-16

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental: K-12 Student Beliefs, Motivation, and Self Efficacy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Capobianco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James D. Lehman, Purdue University; Qiming Huang, Purdue University; Chell Nyquist, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

4.00 4.00 4.00 and client’s needs) 2 Express individual ideas in writing using models or 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 drawings. 3 Share individual ideas orally and express group ideas in 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 writing. 4 Collaborate with one or more peers throughout the design 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 process for the selection of the most

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Programs & Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Mike Borowczak, Erebus Labs

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

grants at UW. Her research interests include secondary STEM partnerships and the meanings, negotiations, and conceptual changes associated with partnerships. She publishes and writes about STEM education extensively.Dr. Mike Borowczak, Erebus Labs Mike is the chief scientist and founder of Erebus Labs - a Hardware Security and Engineering Outreach company located in Laramie, WY. He is also the Senior Data Scientist at a recently acquired startup. He has worked with university faculty to promote and extend K20 STEM outreach in Ohio, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming. He also has over a decade of industry and research experience - mostly revolving around the semiconductor and bio-informatics industries - with specific

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Engineering Alignment with Core Curriculum (Physics)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla Arlina Nix, Drexel University ; Jared Andrew Ruddick, Girard Academic Music Program; Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University; Adam K. Fontecchio, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics, Pre-College Engineering Education Division

since 2008. He works to increase student interest in the sciences through partnerships with Gift of Life, Dow Chemical, University of Pennsylvania, and Drexel University that bring real life biological and physical science into classrooms.Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University Jessica Ward serves as the Director of Operations for the DragonsTeach program. She previously worked in the College of Engineering at Drexel University for more than 9 years with a focus on recruitment, grant facilitation and STEM program management. During her tenure in the College of Engineering, Jessica successfully coordinated with multiple faculty members in the submission of approximately 600 grant proposals, including co-writing, editing

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Student-Centered Activities and Maker Spaces in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Holly Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cole H. Joslyn, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Avneet Hira, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Chanel Beebe, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

whether this gap exists because students are consciously pursuing career interests dissimilar to their avocational interests or because they cannot identify opportunities for merging these two interest areas. For example, one student expressed interests in music, sports, writing, and general creativity, but mentioned a desire to become a biomedical engineering following an excitable demonstration experienced during an engineering summer camp. Students’ responses to questions about their leisurely activities and career aspirations were coded in categories. The categories for hobbies include language arts, sports, music, social, and performing arts. The categories for career aspirations include

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Engineering Alignment with Core Curriculum (Physics)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamalee A. Brady, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo; Jennifer H. Rushing, Central Coast New Tech High

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics, Pre-College Engineering Education Division

.  Indeed they found that the highest peer evaluation scores could be predicted by evidence in the design notebooks of content, continuity and duration of student participation.   In this vein we sought to use engineering notebooks as a means of: (1) fostering practices critical to both project­based learning and engineering design including inquiry, reflection and redesign, (2) emphasizing and making evident physics concepts of motion, forces and energy that are important in the design of an engineering artifact, and (3) promoting teamwork and identifying participation throughout a design process. Study Framework The work was conducted collaboratively by an engineering faculty member at California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo and a

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Pre-college Programs for Women

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University; Aimee Cloutier, Texas Tech University; Guo Zheng Yew, Texas Tech University; Maeghan Marie Brundrett, Texas Tech University; Dylan Christenson, Texas Tech University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division, Women in Engineering

supplemental readings prior to each engineering discipline’s discipline specific lessonproviding background knowledge for each activity. Students were tasked to work in groups on anopen-ended project applying knowledge of the six disciplines introduced throughout theprogram. Problem-based learning through the assigned project allowed students to develop skillssuch as teamwork, oral communication, time management and project management. During thefinal program session, students gave an oral presentation to peers, parents and programinstructors detailing their design solutions to a real-world problem. Evaluation instruments of theoutreach program’s design included pre- and post-questionnaires for assessment of theinteractive sessions, and their impact

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Addressing the NGSS: Supporting K12 Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy, Engineering Science, Careers, and Technical Pathways

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael E. Edley, Drexel University; Stephanie Owens, Science Leadership Academy; Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University; Adam K. Fontecchio, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

successfully coordinated with multiple faculty members in the submission of approximately 600 grant proposals, including co-writing, editing and serving as the Program Manager for 5 awarded STEM edu- cation grants totaling more than $12M. She has collaborated with University offices and College faculty and professional staff in the facilitation of recruitment strategies to increase the quality and quantity of undergraduate and graduate enrollment, including supervising the planning and implementation of Open House and other recruitment events. Jessica now manages the day-to-day operations of the DragonsTeach program, including supporting the development of programs of study, student recruitment, fundraising and grant

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research-to-Practice: Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Kelly B. Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

, SketchUp).  To train students in using modern prototyping equipment (low cost 3d printing, vinyl cutting, vacuum forming) and tools.  To require that students work in teams, give presentations, and write reports, thus developing both their oral and written communication skills.In order to design content that provided these educational objectives, the Project ExecutionTeam, along with the content experts in each of the three primary threads met multiple times toprovide an initial layout of the project content. The team followed the DESIGN model, proposedby one of the Project Execution Team members. This is a model that builds upon previoussuccessful projects, but is a new iteration that was piloted for STEM-Discovery. DESIGN

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mandy Biggers, Penn State University; Leigh Ann Haefner, Penn State University - Altoona; Jonathan Bell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

semester and was closely tied to the concepts in thescience curriculum, while also serving as a large-scale model for the water filtrationchallenge in the engineering curriculum. Some classes attended the field trip while inthe science unit and other classes attended the field trip during the engineering unit. Methods This study was conducted in a central [state blinded for peer review] schooldistrict that serves approximately 7000 students K-12. Five teachers from threeelementary schools volunteered for this study. Four of the five teachers attendedtraining on the new engineering curriculum during the summer, and all five teachers metweekly to discuss how their lessons were going and what they

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Design Practices: Best Paper Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University; Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

engineering in her elementary and early childhood science methods courses, and has developed engineering education courses for middle school pre-service teachers and practicing ele- mentary teachers. She has provided science and engineering professional development to multiple schools and school systems in Maryland, and has significantly contributed to the writing of many integrated STEM units of instruction used by teachers and school systems. Her research has examined factors that support and those that hinder elementary teachers as they learn to teach engineering, and currently focuses on how children and teachers learn to engineer and in the process, learn to fail and productively persist. She is the Director of the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Impact of Curriculum for PreK-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lana Plumanns M.Sc., RWTH Aachen University; Sebastian Reuter P.E., RWTH Aachen University; Kristina Lena Lahl, RWTH Aachen University; Rene Vossen, RWTH Aachen University; Sabina Jeschke, RWTH Aachen University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

the Humanities Cologne. Her PhD thesis focused on identity models in the transcultural space and used specific examples of German speaking literature from Bohemia and Moravia in the Czech Republic. Whilst a lecturer at the universities of Cologne and Olomouc and writing various publications, Kristina Lahl researched sociocultural references in German literature from the age of Enlightenment to the present using transdisciplinary approaches. Her main areas of research are sociotechnical narratives, ritualization and human self-assurance in interaction with artificial intelligence, as well as Second-Order Cybernetics.Dr. Rene Vossen, RWTH Aachen University Dr. Rene Vossen is Managing Director of the Institute for

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental & Research-to-Practice: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 2)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Ann Jacobs, Manhattan College; Kathleen Christal Mancuso, Manhattan College ; Zahra Shahbazi, Manhattan College; Alexandra Emma Lehnes, Manhattan College; Anthony Scotti, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

engineering faculty to form a partnership to createdynamic lesson plans that promote inquiry in the classroom. The stigma very often placed on themath and science classroom is that the content is difficult and uninteresting. By providingmultiple professional development sessions, constant communication with the engineeringprofessors, and peer review with other teachers within the program, teachers developed lessonplans that helped not just one, but all teachers interested in bringing engineering to life in theirclassrooms. When presenting math or science content at the middle and high school level, these initialexperiences could potentially be the catalyst to drive students toward a career in these essentialfields. The goal of persuading

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental: K-12 Student Beliefs, Motivation, and Self Efficacy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, University of Arizona; Rebecca Primeau, University of Arizona; Noel Kathleen Hennessey, University of Arizona; James C. Baygents, University of Arizona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

found to be more concerned with embarrassment, and having an uncertainfuture (Nelson, 2012; Nelson et al., 2013). A University of Alabama dissertation researchexamined “first generation to attend college” students and found no significant difference in fearof failure, procrastination and self-efficacy when compared to their non-first generation peers(Stuart, 2013). However, when the population was sorted by gender, female students from bothfirst generation college attendance and non first generation showed significantly more fear offailure. Ironically, in this same study female students from both groups received higher firstsemester GPAs than their male counterparts.2.5 External versus Internal: Examining Environmental FactorsPerceived