Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Luis Fernando Cortes, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, human made systems reflect the functioning of multiplecomponents that are enhanced together to accomplish the same goal. A great example of anatural SoS is the human ‘machine’. The human machine is composed of multiple single systemsthat operate together to give multiple capabilities to the human body, such as cognition,communication, movement, and evolution. In engineering, single or traditional systems that formpart of an SoS are made to be a piece of a solution to solve a multilevel necessity. These singlesystems are designed and developed based on a well-structured problem with fixed boundaries[3] ; therefore, they emerge with a clear, capable, implicit, and limited set of goals. In addition,their design is based on the integration of

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Scott Kirkpatrick, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Anneliese Watt, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

device,such as the government. Also, features were accidentally included such as lifespan which shouldbe captured in the stakeholder/feature model, whereas things that reduce the lifespan could havebeen included. An example would be wild animals that accidentally step on the device due to itsuse in the Savannah or birds that defecate on the device, reducing its reflective properties,ultimately diminishing its capability of purifying water. Students also had difficulty with thedirectionality of various interactions. Next, we had the students develop the logical architecture.It seemed fairly obvious to us that the domain model that was developed would influence theinternal components that comprise the logical architecture; however, the students

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Li, University of Illinois at Chicago; Yong Wang, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. Page 23.855.3The course final grade consists of five components, i.e., homework, the course projectpresentation, the course project report, the midterm exam, and the final exam. The instructormade the largest efforts to ensure that the course grades accurately reflected each student'sachievement level. The end-of-course grades assigned to these five components together with thetotal grades are intended to convey the level of achievement of each student. These grades areused as course outcomes and hypothesis tests have been conducted on the grades of the twoparties of students.Every world or national university ranking system bears some limitations10-12. Existingliterature13 has studied the impact of professors' behaviors on the ranking of the

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colin J. Neill, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Joanna F. DeFranco, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

and experiential learning1,2. Through peer interactionand collaboration student’s are able to synthesize and evaluate their ideas collectively3,4,5 and areforced to reflect upon and reason about their ideas at greater depth than when workingindividually6.In contrast, there are numerous studies that show the difficulty students experience working inteams. Student’s frequently cite that they have little influence and no control over their team-mates; they believe their grade will not reflect their contribution or competence; and thetransaction cost of scheduling meetings, and working collaboratively are not worth the rewards,of which they see few7. These bad team experiences can have a profound impact on thosestudents who are subsequently

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters; Wallace T. Fowler, University of Texas, Austin; Martin James Brennan, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

thirteen hours of courses, with asecond design course being added to each area. The faculty in the space flight area chose torequire the Space Systems Engineering Design (SSED) course as the prerequisite for thecapstone spacecraft/ mission design course. Also, a computational laboratory attached to theorbital mechanics course was revamped to focus on the modeling of spacecraft subsystems. Thecourse was renamed as the Spacecraft Systems Laboratory (SSL) to better reflect the new coursecontent. These courses were formally adopted for inclusion in the curriculum as prerequisites forthe capstone design course effective in the fall 2008 semester.Space Systems Engineering Design (SSED) This course is a three semester-credit-hour course taught on a

Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H. Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Connie M. Borror, Arizona State University, West; Douglas C. Montgomery, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

the University of Texas – Pan American (UTPA)in MANE 4311 – Quality Control during the Fall 2011 semester. Sixteen students were enrolledin the course and eleven students completed the (voluntary) demographic information survey.Assessment results are provided in Tables 1-3.Table 1 contains the student demographic information. Participation in the demographic surveywas voluntary and only eleven students completed and submitted a demographic survey. Thedemographics are reflective of the UTPA student demographics. All students in this course wereHispanic. 55.6% of students reported a family income of $60,000 or less. An interesting statisticis that only 9.1% of the students responding had English as a first language. During the studyperiod

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chet Boncek Jr, Raytheon Company

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

] Page 23.86.13Figure 6a SafelyAssembling The Prototype Figure 6b Wave Reflections and the Underlying Theory Figure 6c How It Measured Up Figures 6a- 6c Page 23.86.14 From the 2012 presentation by Walsh Middle School ‘Sound Cats’ Team Framingham, MA, [12]Figures 6c and 7a document the “Sound Cats” testing and results. Although Figure 6cstates that they did not have good performance in their testing, their design, in fact,delivered excellent performance. On competition day the Sound Cats’ design achievedthe highest voltage reading. The data also exhibits the correct shape for the voltage fall-off with distance. Theory states that the voltage should decrease by

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naveen Seth, New Community College at CUNY; Donald P. O'Keefe, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

measures. b. Ethical and professional responsibilitiesIssues such as ethics in engineering businesses are best addressed through context; otherwise thesubject essentially receives lip service. The conflict between quality product/process and costeffectiveness should be illustrated through examples of where this issue arose and was/was not Page 25.800.3addressed, e.g., costs of oil spills, externalities in production processes, social vs. out of pocketcosts. Ethics is becoming increasingly important in engineering and business courses and is afocus of ABET5 (2011) accreditation as reflected in the associate-level Criterion 3Ah andbachelor-level

Conference Session

SED Technical Session: Instructional Experiences

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A. Davis, Virginia Tech; Alejandro Salado, Virginia Tech; Thomas A. McDermott, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

implementing the studio art course for thefirst time. This was reflected in the student comments most prominently in terms of theirsuggestions that more feedback was needed on the assignments. Although they tended to believethat the open-ended assignments were useful, they suggested that they could get more out ofthem with more thorough and prompt feedback. One remote student summarized this clearly,saying:“The open-ended assignments are a great way to make us grapple with the concepts and makesure that we actually understand the concepts, but in order for those to be effective, we need waymore feedback. I have often felt like I was very unsure of the answers I was providing for theassignments, but the schedule and the lack of feedback meant that I

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Vinarcik P.E., University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

added new content to reflect the latest advances in theengineering discipline. The author was exposed to Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)at the 2010 International Council on Systems Engineering’s International Symposium inChicago; by 2011, he had begun the first steps to integrating MBSE into the MPD curriculum.Early attempts included the use of DoDAF (the Department of Defense Architecture Framework)in addition to SysML.3 However, DoDAF did not add sufficient incremental value to warrant itsuse; it has been dropped from the courses and both Systems Architecture and SystemsEngineering now focus solely on the use of SysML. Instead of requiring students to learn, inessence, two systems engineering languages, the courses instead focus on

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia; Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology; Matthew E. McFarland, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

Boix-Mansilla model iscaptured in four dimensions: 1. Purpose: students must understand the reason why multiple disciplines are necessary to solve a given problem 2. Disciplinary Grounding: students must have fundamental knowledge from all of the disciplines needed 3. Integration: students must know how to integrate the different worldviews, approaches, and tools used by the different disciplines 4. Critical Awareness: students must be able to reflect on the appropriateness and utility of taking an interdisciplinary approach for a given problem.Students apply for the LEP at East Central State University at the end of their first year and, ifaccepted, are in the program from their sophomore through senior years

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Harmon, Colorado Technical University; John M Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, improvements to reflect updates to industry-academic curriculumrecommendations subsequently published by IEEE Computer Society, INCOSE (International Council onSystems Engineering), and others as well as improvements to better address faculty and student inputssuch as a richer treatment of Bayesian, and future plans to embrace industry advisory board inputs suchas treatment of Big Data Analytics.In the BeginningBoeing approached us in 2002 with the observation that the US defense and aerospace industry wouldbe experiencing a large number of retirements of systems engineers in the very near future and thatAcademia needed to step up to the challenge and provide the education needed by their replacements.Conversations were held then with representatives

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy L.J. Ferris, School of Engineering, University of South Australia; Alice F. Squires, Washington State University; Fanny Camelia, University of South Australia

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

investigate students’ systems thinking, an essential conceptneeded by systems engineers to do systems engineering work. Systems thinking must bedeveloped in the affective domain in order that the depth of that learning can be understood andassessed. Based on the four levels of thinking model [40], systems thinking can be described byfour distinct but closely related levels: events or symptoms; patterns of behaviors; systemicstructures; and mental models [40, 41]. Events or symptoms are the most visible yet shallowestlevel of reality, and mental models reflect the deepest and most profound assumptions, norms,and motivations [41].The first level, events and symptoms, although representing only the ‘tip of the iceberg’, are thelevel at which most

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Runing Zhang P.E., Metropolitan State University of Denver; Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Jeno Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. Thediversified academic programs, student bodies and the integrated Engineering Technology ofCivil, Electrical and Mechanical Programs at Metropolitan State University of Denver gives theuniversity an exceptional advantage to develop a new bachelor’s degree of Sustainable SystemsEngineering program. This program will incorporate current interdisciplinary majors of socialsciences, natural science and engineering across the campus to provide students with theknowledge, skills, and leadership needed to ensure high professional standards and protect publicsafety, health, welfare and through sustainable development practice. The curriculum will becontinually updated to reflect the growth of the development of human society with regard tosustainability and to

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Gary Teng, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. China EMS manufacturing facility case 7. US-China joint manufacturing facility case 8. Axle assembly line improvement case Page 24.472.3Using these cases to discuss systems engineering process and systems thinking as well as theirimplementations, the instructor provides some discussion points that reflect the issues of systemsthinking and the achievement of systems objectives. For example, one discussion is on the initialimplementation of lean approach to outsource various processes to multiple suppliers located atdifferent countries for Boeing 787 Dreamliner’s design and production activities. Some of theissues discussed include how

Conference Session

A Systems-Thinking Approach to Solving Problems

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yumin Zhang, Southeast Missouri State University; David K. Probst, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, an interesting issue is the time delay betweendemand and supply. It seems harmless at the first look, but it turns out to be a potential cause foroscillation or even instability, which is reflected as the periodic cycles of boom and bust ineconomy. This problem is pretty hard to analyze except with advanced knowledge of systemthinking. However, it can be conveniently simulated and analyzed with the help ofSTELLA®/iThink® .The third part of this course is the investigation of systems in different fields. The first topic is aphysical system, where a simple climate model can be set up. The inflow of energy from the sunis assumed to be constant, and the outflow of energy by radiation is affected by the concentrationof greenhouse gasses, as well

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith G. Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; John A Nastasi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Eirik Hole, Stevens Institute of Technology; Peter L. Russell, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

done in association with this framework. Students’ artifactsare the primary source for evaluation. Reflective essays will also be required at the end of theproject. In addition the teamwork and communication aspects are assessed through existingassessments9.Rubric development is an iterative process involving the faculty advising the multi-disciplinary Page 22.1278.11team, together with the input of systems engineering faculty members with extensive industrialexperience in the systems field. This is to ensure that the learning objectives are appropriatelyaddressed and that the rubrics are constructed to effectively and reliably capture the range

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Benneyan, Northeastern University; Corey Balint, Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute at Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

the individualpatients, data analysts and MHAs may need to have a greater focus on what is going on at thewhole system level. These two distinct methods of thought help students develop a greaterappreciation and knowledge of decision making.Involvement in the Program As mentioned above there are numerous facets within the center that engender studentparticipation. These methods include: summer internships, co-ops, research, independentstudies, and capstone projects. At our center, experiential education is divided into twoprograms: summer internship and co-ops. The summer internship program includes springpreparation, a summer cohort experience working on several applied and research problems,and fall reflection and dissemination

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses and Tools in support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston (CoT); Heidar Malki, University of Houston (CoT); Xiaohui Yuan, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. Learning outcomes in each area reflect the overall goals of theproject and include: (1) at the component level, students will demonstrate their ability to (a)select appropriate sensors to monitor physical phenomena and (b) design analog and digitalsignal conditioning circuits to connect them to microcontroller/computers; (2) at the systemlevel, students will be able to identify and use current technology practiced in monitoring andcontrol systems; (3) at the network level, students will be able to (a) understand fundamentalconcepts of WSN, and (b) design and develop such a system; and (4) at the capstone/projectlevel, students will be able to demonstrate their capability to design, develop, implement, and testa networked data acquisition system to

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

cooperative learning. These approaches go beyond traditional lectures typical of ArtHistory classes. Students in art appreciation classes consider the visual arts from multipleperspectives including concepts, interrelationships and relevance to different disciplines and witheveryday life. Many strategies support and reinforce critical thinking that is essential to alldisciplines including systems engineering.The following examples illustrate some of the active and cooperative learning techniques15. 1. Affective Response - provides an emotional or evaluative response to material. Students look at works of art and note the reaction/response they have to the image/artwork. They reflect on what they see and what has been discussed regarding

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice F. Squires, Stevens Institute of Technology; David H. Olwell, Naval Postgraduate School ; Timothy L.J. Ferris, University of South Australia; Nicole A.C. Hutchison; Arthur Pyster, Stevens Institute of Technology; Stephanie Enck, Naval Postgraduate School

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

continuous improvement process for the curriculum. Assessments can eitherindirect or direct measures of student achievement; direct measures are preferred.SE Graduate Program Alignment with GRCSEA program that adopts or chooses to align with GRCSE will go through several phases. Thesephases reflect the maturity of the program, from the initial planning through to a matureprogram. Existing programs will align to GRCSE in varying degree. To aid universities indetermining the degree of alignment, assessment rubrics are provided in Table 2. Theassessment categories can also be used to provide a basis for program improvement. Forexample, a program can use the categories initial, emerging, developed, and highly developed, asa basis to develop a strategy

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Jacques, Air Force Institute of Technology; John M. Colombi, Air Force Institute of Technology; Richard G. Cobb, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

curriculum elements, and this benefit can extend beyondthose students directly associated with the SE capstone projects. The program has received positivefeedback from most of the graduates that have participated on these projects, and the influence ofthe SE program has grown far beyond the number of students entering the graduate school forSE.Introduction The US Department of Defense (DoD) is facing major challenges associated with theirScience, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) workforce. This problem goes beyond theneeds of the core acquisition workforce that comprise only 40% of the overall STEMworkforce1, and in fact is a reflection of shortages of engineers throughout defense industries and

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger V. Gonzalez P.E., The University of Texas at El Paso; Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas, El Paso; Joseph A Ramos, The University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Muller 2013)3, reflecting the industry attitude thatengineering professionals need a foundational background in one of the traditional engineeringdisciplines, with the addition of practical experience to be effective as systems engineers.Undergraduate university programs in systems engineering are still relatively rare, with mostprograms being at the graduate level.Since we have already been teaching Systems Engineering graduate students at UTEP during thepast 5 years, we anticipate our teaching of undergraduate LE students will in some key ways besimilar. As is the case with SE, our teaching in LE courses will be more focused on skills,entrepreneurial thinking, critical thinking, and problem solving, and less on transferable facts.Our goal will

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elisabeth W. McGrath, Stevens Institute of Technology; Susan Lowes, Institute for Learning Technologies, Teachers College/Columbia University; Chris Jurado, Stevens Institute of Technology; Alice F. Squires, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

per se and more of a way to provide both theproject team and the DoD advisors with information about project teams’ progress. It was alsohoped that the DoD advisors would use the blogs as one means of communicating with thestudents. The prompts for the final blog prompt, at the end of the course, were more elaborateand reflective. They were:  What were the most important system-level trade-offs you had to consider during this project?  If you were to start this project over again, what would you do differently?However, the only school to complete the project in one semester and therefore the first to finishwanted the final blog to be more comprehensive and so replaced the above with the following setof questions, which we may

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yue Bi, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Michael C. Smith, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

―enhancement of student learning by means of reflection, analysis, anddiplomatic criticism‖. Other benefits include the increased amount of more immediatefeedback12 and the potential of extending learning to a public domain13. More recently, online peer review has become popular. DiGiovanni and Nagaswami14conducted a study on online peer review in two English-as-Second-Language classes andobserved that ―when our students were online, they remained on task and focused‖.According to DiGiovanni and Nagaswami, other advantages, compared to face-to-face peerreview, include closer monitoring of student interaction and independence on students’memory to revise draft based on peer feedback. Effects are not only seen in writing classes;Tseng and Tsai15, in

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C. Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Yearwood, University of North Dakota; Alex Johnson, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

; and 2. faculty and industry’acceptance of smaller lathes as viable alternatives to their costly industrial size cousins. Themetal lathe was selected for this study because of its multipurpose nature and the capability ofthe unit to provide hand-on experiences in a variety of manufacturing applications, e.g. milling,drilling, and grinding.Historical PerspectiveThe Industrial education roots can be traced to ancient times where a need existed to educateworkers in the performance of various tasks essential for work. And, according to Bennett, 3industrial education in America reflected the needs and values of an ever-changing world wherefathers provided industrial education for their sons at a time when it was possible for sons tolearn what they

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eva Andrijcic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William D. Schindel, ICTT System Sciences; Craig G Downing, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

organization and individuals, approving organizational superior system skills display superior systems skills. as well as development of plans, job descriptions, and can out-perform same, their recognition and professional development others. reward, all reflect the plans that include systems- importance of systems skills related considerations. to the success of the organization

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2: SE Applications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Claxton Bommer, KBRwyle; Alice E. Grimes, Air Force Institute of Technology; Adedeji B. Badiru, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. This change has resulted in a 200%increase in feedback responses received. This is a critical factor in the program’s success ascontinuous improvement of the system would not be possible with insufficient data.DisclaimerThe views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy orposition of the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.References[1] N. J. Gladwell and G. E. White, “Mentoring 101,” [Online] Available: National Recreation and Park Association, https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2016/may/mentoring-101/. [Accessed July 2017].[2] C. Klinge, “A Conceptual Framework for Mentoring in a Learning Organization,” Adult Learning, vo1

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

students ought to provide system-optimized solutions, rather than component-best solutions, within the systems engineering “performance-risk- cost-schedule” framework. • Student immersion into new experiences, such as project team work on complete systems and software development management projects, rather than traditional engineering discipline component development projects. The Kolb experiential learning framework[10] will be used as model. The experiential learning framework comprises students’ experience, their skills to observe and reflect on the experiences, their abilities to learn from the experience, and their proficiency to try out the learned facts. • Student opportunity to