Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eva Andrijcic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William D. Schindel, ICTT System Sciences; Craig G Downing, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

engineeringcompetencies. Figure 1 illustrates the problem under consideration and the target audience(organization’s leadership). The SCL represent leadership competencies of an organization’sleadership, and they are aimed at enabling leaders to deal with systemic challenges that arisefrom a target system of interest21. In such a way SCL competencies are differentiated from thetechnical systems competencies of the team members, which have been discussed in detail inSchindel et al.20. In order to put the need for such leadership skills into context, we briefly recalltwo real-world examples – one of which resulted in a costly failure, and the other of whichresulted in a success and therefore illustrated the benefit of systemic thinking at leadershiplevels

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Ardis, Stevens Institute of Technology; Christina L. Carmen, University of Alabama in Huntsville; Michael Delorme, Stevens Institute of Technology; Eirik Hole, Stevens Institute of Technology (SSE)

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

determinedthat the HADR kits could be designed such that they could be stowed and deployed from theferry vessels. This allowed for multiple design teams to work collaboratively to meet the projectrequirements. Table 1 provides project details for each of the three students teams involved inthe Dual-Use Ferry multidisciplinary design project. Page 24.1318.4Table 1. Dual-Use Ferry sub-projects No. of Team Team Major Project Tasks Members Stevens 2 Naval Engineering • Dual-Use Ferry design Institute

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnes Galambosi, UNCC; Ertunga C Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

addition to flexibility and accessibility, it also offers no capacity constraints for theclassroom in the traditional sense such as class size. As it has been previously discussed inOzelkan and Galambosi[1, 2], distance education can also have a significant effect on increasingnot only enrollment but the number of degrees completed as well, so it can be a very importantstrategy to grow a degree program.Colleges at the UNC Charlotte, such as College of Arts and Architecture, Computing andInformatics, Education, Engineering, Health and Human Services and Liberal Arts and Sciencesall are offering now online courses and online programs that started in recent years. The SystemsEngineering and Engineering Management (SEEM) Program has also started its

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger V. Gonzalez P.E., The University of Texas at El Paso; Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas, El Paso; Joseph A Ramos, The University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

engineering science courses for all engineering degrees.ABET also allows degree programs to add additional outcomes to further describe the particular Page 23.982.8attributes students will obtain by graduation. We have added two additional outcomes – “l” and“m” – which are:(l) A knowledge of leadership issues and ability to apply leadership principles(m) An understanding that engineers who are leaders build Character, Competence, and Capacityin themselves and others.The degree program course listing is seen in Table 1. The Leadership Course Series (I, II, III)covers foundational leadership skills and progresses through an in-depth understanding

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Eisner, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

applieddirectly to current and future curricula in the fields of systems and software engineering andarchitecting.Systems Engineering ArchitectingAn extraordinary technical leader who set the stage for architecting large-scale systems was E.Rechtin. His book on architecting established the fundamentals, which included his articulationof the four basic approaches, namely1: 1. The normative (pronouncement) methodology 2. The rational (procedural) method Page 23.1126.2 3. The argumentative approach, and 4. The heuristic approachA few years after Dr. Rechtin’s book appeared, the Department of Defense came out with itsC4ISR Architectural Framework

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Maier-Speredelozzi, University of Rhode Island; Colleen Grinham; manbir sodhi, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

students to pursue engineering as a career.1 Many efforts havefocused on developing improved curricular materials for K-12 engineering education,2, 3 andsome of these studies have specifically looked at systems engineering and systems thinking inthe K-12 classroom.4, 5 Many K-12 educators encourage certain students to pursue engineeringdegrees, but do not necessarily incorporate engineering concepts into their normal classroomlessons and do not always include different types of engineering, such as industrial and systemsengineering.A two-day workshop was planned, including a plant trip and several activities that explained anddemonstrated systems engineering. The funding was provided through a grant from NASA, sothroughout the workshop the

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael C Smith, University of Virginia; Barry Horowitz, University of Virginia; Thomas S. Brett, Dept of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

)#sponsored#a#workshop#in#April,#2009#in#which#participants#identified#needs#and#opportunities#and#laid#out#principles#and#strategies#for#assisting#eligible#veterans#to#obtain#the#education#needed#to#transition#into#advanced#technology#careers#in#government#and#industry.###The#workshop#findings#are#available#in#the#report#“Veterans’#Education#for#Engineering#and#Science”#posted#on#NSF’s#web#site#at#www.nsf.gov/eng/eec/VeteranEducation.pdf.1####The#University#of#Virginia#offers#a#customized#pilot#Accelerated#Masters#Program#in#Systems#Engineering#for#Veterans#(AMPFV);#a#program#based#upon#an#existing#program,#but#modified#along#the#lines#of#the#principles#established#at#the#NSF#workshop#for#tailoring#educational#programs#toward#the#career#development

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Albright P.E., University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

23.1290.2intuitive to most students. The MATLAB® numeric computation software package, as used inthis paper, can readily perform the simple calculations and construct plots of the results todemonstrate the origin and nature of steady-state errors for various values of system parametersand types of input signals. The graphical example of a car race analogy presented in Section III of this paper is designedto match the preferred learning style of most engineering students which is visual, sensing,inductive, and active; and it provides balance to the traditional lecture presentation which isusually auditory, intuitive, deductive, and passive.1 As preparatory background to the car raceanalogy, the author’s pedagogy in engineering courses makes extensive use

Conference Session

Integrating Systems Engineering into the Capstone Project

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wagdy H Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Roussel Kamaha

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

including real-time video processing systemshave compelled the Electronic System Level (ESL) community to switch over from RegisterTransfer Level (RTL) languages such as VHDL and Verilog to higher abstraction levellanguages such as C/C++ in order to reduce the overall design time and improve the productivityof system-level designers. Recent improvements in High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools hasallowed for the development of highly-optimized video processing systems [1-2].Real-time image and video processing applications employ computationally intensive algorithmsthat demand high computational power. High definition images or video frames contain anenormous number of pixels and large number of complex operations is usually performed oneach of these

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David O. Olowokere, Texas Southern University; Abayomi Ajofoyinbo Ph.D., Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

read real-time data toillustrate or explain concepts (or principles) during classroom session.2.2 Systems modeling and designFrom the perspective of engineering education, the current paper is related to systemsengineering as it creates enabling framework for integrating the different entities (or subsystems)involved in teaching and learning. Such integration will produce better learning experience forthe students (Fig. 1). It is expected that the integration framework presented in this paper willfurther narrow the gap between practical and theoretical knowledge acquisition by engineeringstudents. Teaching Professors/ Engineering materials Instructors

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University; Lin Li, Prairie View A&M University; Lei Huang, Prairie View A&M University; Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

the computing programs (CPEG, CS, and CPET) from the abovementioned three departments. Four faculty members from those three departments arecontributing to the project with their respective expertise. Worthwhile to mention is that the threedepartments also collaborated to obtain a HPC cluster through NSF Major ResearchInstrumentation (MRI) program. Page 26.652.3The three departments’ fall 2012 undergraduate enrollment, categorized by gender andracial/ethnic groups, is listed in Table 1. CPEG and CPET program enrollments are enclosed inparentheses beside their department enrollment. Of all the three programs, enrollment of womenis 25% and

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Polinpapilinho Katina, Old Dominion University; Joseph M Bradley, Leading Change, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

characterized as global, long term, complex problems c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Towards a systems theory-based curriculum for Complex Systems GovernanceThe purpose of this paper is to explore challenges associated with the development of acurriculum for an emerging field of Complex System Governance (CSG) that could be used forinstruction and teaching leaders, managers, and students interested in increasing their knowledge,skills, and abilities about CSG. CSG has been suggested as a means to (1) explore deep systemissues impacting performance, (2) introduce practitioners to new thinking, technologies, tools,and methods to address these issues, and (3

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Sadraey, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

the participation of six fundamentaldisciplines: 1. Flight dynamics, 2. Aerodynamics, 3. Propulsion, 4. Aero-structure, 5. Managementskills, and 6. Engineering design techniques. The engagement of these disciplines indicates thetrue multidisciplinary face of the aircraft design education; which involves various challenges andmethodologies.Aircraft design is the culmination of all aerospace engineering activities, embodying engineeringoperations and analysis as tools to achieve design objectives. Aircraft design is the central activityof the aeronautical engineering profession, and it is concerned with approaches and managementas well as design techniques and tools. The customer needs have to be translated into designrequirements through goal

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas H. Bradley, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

synchronous student interactions. Synchronous student presence and participation - To quantify the synchronous student presence and participation, the number Figure 1. Timeline of synchronous student attendance in the sampled subset of courses (n=24, colored lines) of students who actually synchronously with a fitted linear trend line (black) showing small streamed any portion of the course was recorded but significant net decrease in student attendance for each of the sampled class periods (n=24). over the class period

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamran Iqbal, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Gary T. Anderson, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

projects.Systems engineering program assessment includes assessment of student outcomes that mirrorthe ABET a-k outcomes. These outcomes are assessed in the system engineering core courses(see Appendix: Table 1). The achievement of each of the 11 SYEN student outcomes (SOs) is tobe demonstrated by a primary core course and often by one supporting course. The assessment ofeach SO is based on quantitative performance measures that directly assess the SO. Assessmentmethodology is based on the student work, such as assignments, exams, projects, presentations,laboratory experiments, etc. Samples of student work supporting assessment of SOs are retainedand placed in the course binders maintained in the department office.The student outcomes are assessed as per

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Benneyan, Northeastern University; Corey Balint, Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute at Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISyE) in Healthcare Although ISyE was lauded in the 2014 PCAST report, engineers worked for many decades to improve the healthcare system and establish a long term partnership with healthcare providers. In the 1980’s Donald Berwick, former President and CEO of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), espoused that continuous improvement is a necessary solution to the ongoing problems in healthcare 2. During that decade, healthcare professionals observed an increasing amount of inefficiencies in the system which reinforced complexity and contributed to increasing costs. Two methods of improvement dominated the healthcare industry: 1) inspection and correction of problems and 2) continuous improvement

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bungo Shiotani, University of Florida; Dante Augustus Buckley, University of Florida; Amy Elizabeth Bumbaco, University of Florida; Norman G. Fitz-Coy, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

careers. Dante is a consultant (former research assistant) for the Space Systems Group (SSG), a graduate research team advised by Professor Norman Fitz-Coy in the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. SSG designed and developed a cube satellite mission known as SwampSat, which launched in 2013. SwampSat is a CubeSat for on-orbit demonstration of a compact three-axis attitude control system de- veloped at UF geared to affect rapid retargeting and precision pointing (R2P2) of pico-class (1 kg) and nano-class (<10 kg) spacecraft. Through Dante’s leadership, SSDC won the Annual Florida University Nano-SATellite (FUNSAT) design competition sponsored by the Florida Space Grant Consortium and Space

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Scott Kirkpatrick, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Anneliese Watt, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

system engineering content to make it more easily accessible and understandable byundergraduate students.IntroductionA faculty team (professors of professional communication, mechanical engineering, and physics)at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology have collaboratively designed and taught an intensivemultidisciplinary design program [1] in which undergraduate engineering and science studentstackled one of the National Academy of Engineering’s Grand Challenges[2] during a 12-credit-hour 10-week summer program. The program is centered around designing a system to use in aless developed country with major components of systems engineering integrated throughout theexperience in the form of practice of model-based systems competencies.[3-4] For

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

through failure, systems thinking with creativity and innovation,project and personnel management skills14.The qualities or attributes of “entrepreneurial mindset” described above are very well aligned withsystems thinking and practicing systems engineering principles as shown in the Table 1 below.Curriculum ModulesThe curriculum modules were developed without eliminating or reducing the actual course content,rather the concepts of systems engineering principles were introduced to the existing projects withminor modifications, like; team based hands-on exercises, discussions concerning the systemengineering implications for each project and experiencing entrepreneurial thinking. In addition, byimproving some of the project methods using a system

Conference Session

Integrating Systems Engineering into the Capstone Project

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred J. Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

system competencies that capstone project students (among other) should learn. Theseinclude: 1. Applying a system stakeholder view of values, trade-offs and optimization of a system. Stated another way, is the system concept, design and operation as it evolves what the stakeholders really want? 2. Defining a project as interconnected subsystems. 3. Understanding a system’s interactions and states (modes). 4. Specifying system technical requirements. 5. Creating and analyzing high-level designs including concept architectures and implementations, and (for example) HW/SW functional trade-offs. 6. Assessing solution feasibility, completeness and consistency. 7. Performing failure mode and risk analyses.Contrasting these

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar H. Salcedo, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

toappreciate the central role of engineering in all facets of modern life. The civil engineering ideasdisseminated by the Structures course are vital to STEM majors and students majoring in thehumanities and social sciences alike, because civil engineers design and build the systems thatgive us shelter (buildings), enable transportation (roads, bridges, ports), and bring us water andpower (dams, reservoirs). In addition to ensuring the content was accessible to all students, thefaculty utilized evidenced-based teaching practices with the aim of enhancing students’ cognitionand affect, as well as addressing retention and overall student satisfaction4.Three research questions guided the evaluation: (1) As reported by the students, to what extentdid the

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Ian Smith, Penn State Harrisburg; Fares S. Alromithy, Wayne State University; Aldo Morales, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg; Nate Archibald

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

that the US governmentwants to make this type of technology mandatory 1-5. Hence, many institutions are researching Page 26.745.2this area. For example, researchers at University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) are implementing acrowd-sourced simulation software called GrooveNet 6. This tool allows multiple roadsidevehicles to be efficiently tracked. For instance, when a car is not on the right course by a fault ofthe driver, a warning will notify all vehicles in the car’s vicinity to avoid it or take safetyprecautions by slowing or speeding up.In this paper, V2V communications operation is discussed based on a wireless protocol,Dedicated Short Range

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon Patrick Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises); Roberta S Cohen, Stevens Institute of Technology; Nicholas S Bowen, Stevens Institute of Technology; Eirik Hole, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems and Enterprises)

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

strategy, leading large teams, and talent development. Nick has led and contributed to many critical projects including saving the mainframe business, taking AIX/Power to the #1 UNIX position, establishing Linux servers in the enterprise market, and was on the team that built the first Bladed architecture for the general purpose x86 market. Nick received a Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from University of Massachusetts at Amherst, an M.S. in Computer Engineering from Syracuse University, and a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Vermont. Nick has been on the advisory boards of many engineering schools including Florida International Uni- versity, North Carolina State University, University

Conference Session

Integrating Systems Engineering into the Capstone Project

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Armand Joseph Chaput, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

- A Capstone Design Approach Armand J. Chaput (ajchaput@mail.utexas.edu), Senior Lecturer Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics The University of Texas at Austin1.0 OverviewA hands-on educational approach for teaching undergraduate aircraft design students aboutSystems Engineering (SE) has been developed which we believe is applicable to otherengineering disciplines. The impetus for the initiative is our conclusion that (1) fundamentalunderstanding of the principles of SE and their practical application is important for all engineersand (2) SE can be taught as a principle of design without displacing other course content

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

engineeringexperience. This paper discusses how the Robotic Mining Competition is used to providestudents with a multidisciplinary, systems engineering learning experience. Specifically, itpresents the general design process used by the University of North Dakota Robotic MiningCompetition Team. The paper also contains a discussion of how the team evolved from year toyear based on their successes and failures.IntroductionAs engineers develop more complex systems there is a need for every engineer to have at least abasic understanding of systems engineering. NASA defines systems engineering as “a robustapproach to the design, creation, and operation of systems.”1 This process involves theestablishment of a set of project objectives, creation of a set of design

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lena B. Gumaelius, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Per G. Norström, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. Theeducational design and pedagogical choices were to be analysed and motivated usingliterature on socio-technical systems and general technology education. Page 26.545.3Table 1: Overview of the participantsName Assigned system Background(not real)Agatha Sewage Teacher in mathematics and science studiesBertram Sewage Teacher in mathematics and science studiesClaude Nuclear power Teacher in crafts (wood and metal work)Dahlia Internet Teacher in mathematics and science studiesEustace Car Teacher in mathematics and science studies

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, rather than component-best solutions, within the performance-risk-cost-scheduleframework.1. IntroductionDuring the last academic year, the Electrical, Computer, Software, and Systems EngineeringDepartment at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University started an innovative effort to integrate aseries of graduate systems engineering and software engineering courses. The advent ofembedded systems and cyber-physical systems, as integration of computation, networking andphysical systems and processes, and, consequently, the goal to impart the needed knowledge todesign and lead the operations for such systems, is one motivation. The other significant drive topursue the software and systems engineering integration project is the ubiquitous use ofintegrated

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University; Rick Homkes, Purdue University; Mark T. Carnes, Purdue University; Kevin D. Taylor, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

identification, idea generation, and brainstorming, it wasdecided to focus on the areas of form factor, propulsion, and control. The team was able toproduce four working units that performed very well in the competition. Since none of thespecial players were built (i.e. passer, kicker, center), these units were nicknamed “basebots” andworked as linemen, linebackers, and rushers. Figure 1- Robotic football team, first four players (2013-2014)Encouraged by their success at the competition, and with support from the collegeadministration, it was decided to offer a course focusing on the design of robotic systems thatwould cover the essential topics needed to design and build a full team of robotic footballplayers. The Purdue EET

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron W. Johnson, Tufts University Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Sara Willner-Giwerc , Tufts University Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Paul T Grogan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

grade studentsshould learn that “systems thinking involves considering how every part relates to others,” and“requirements are the parameters placed on the development of a product or system” (p. 39).    Some organizations have developed and executed SE-oriented K-12 outreach and educationalprograms.20,23 Despite this interest, few studies have been able to assesses outcomes. Jain etal.24,25 use multiple-choice pre- and post-tests to assess student learning on three levels: 1) SEinformation content, 2) SE applications, and 3) analysis of SE concepts. Results show astatistically significant increase in post-test scores for levels 1 and 2; however, they employ animperfect instrument to measure SE knowledge. Other studies, including Bartus and

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lina Trigg, William Mason High School

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

 problem was solved. Designing and formatting a new product is the complex problem because not all the components of solving the problems is there nor is there one correct solution. Finding the solution is what industries are always trying to do because this unknown area is where companies compete. The first company to solve the problem is the first to reap profit.     Model 1  Setting   Well­defined Problems  Complex Problems  Classroom  Commonly used to  They are rare to find due to the time constraints  teach curriculum in the  of a class period. The lack of ill­defined  time constraints.  problems in the classroom is the problem.   Industrial   Used in