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Displaying results 451 - 480 of 701 in total
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Mary Kay Roy, University of Texas, El Paso; Alexandria Ogrey, University of Texas, El Paso; Ann Gates, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
necessarily reflect the views of theNSF.References0 Eric Freudenthal, Mary K. Roy, Alexandria Ogrey, Sherri Terrell, Olga Kosheleva, Pilar Gonzalez, and Ann Gates, Work in Progress - Initial Evaluation of an Introductory Course in Programming that Assists in Career Choices, Proc Frontiers in Education, 2008.1 Design Process for a Non-Majors Computing Course, Proc.36th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE), ACM, 2005.2 Mark Guzdial, Narrating Data Structures: The Role of Context in CS2, The Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), ACM, 2008.3 David Hestenes, Malcolm Wells, and Gregg Swackhamer, Force Concept Inventory, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 30, March 1992, 141-158.4 Dan
Conference Session
Software and Hardware for Educators III
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston; Marcella Norwood, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
reflecting key course concepts was utilized togather data about how well students learned the key course concepts. The test items weredeveloped at a departmental level by faculty teaching the course and were reviewed by an expertpanel to verify their validity as a measure of student learning. Furthermore, faculty sought toensure that the items (i) represented seminal course concepts and (ii) were at an appropriate levelof difficulty for assessment of junior-level attainment of conceptsThe items were administered at the end of the semester, as a component of the last course examin all sections of each course, regardless of format. Thus, all enrolled students were required toanswer the items, and student performance on the items was incorporated into
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Mark Barker, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University
and reduces facultyworkload. The curriculum has been very well received by both students and faculty.Acknowledgement and DisclaimerPartial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation’s Course,Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program under Award No. 0618288. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Nelson, J. and Napper, S., “Ramping Up to an Integrated Curriculum to Full Implementation.” Frontiers in Education, Puerto Rico, 1999.2. National Academy of Engineering, “The Engineer of 2020.” The National Academies Press, Washington DC
Conference Session
Liberal Education and Leadership
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Val Hawks, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
) Managing conflict and conflict resolution Understanding and use of power, authority and influences Managing and measuring performance Communication and interpersonal skills Project managementGlobal (Holistic) Understanding: Effective leadership occurs within the context of global,meaning general or comprehensive, systems. This has always been true, but the nature of themodern society adds emphasis to this dimension of leadership. The complexity of modern,worldwide systems is reflected in the changing ethnic composition of organizations, the potentialof political change to quickly alter environments and situations, and the extent to whichinternational issues, including trade, business, and employment, affect local
Conference Session
Student Attitudes and Perceptions
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Parikh, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Krista Donaldson, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
limited our scope to the current or first choiceof major so as to allow for each student to be counted only once in the cross-major comparisons.Our analysis included only juniors and seniors. We believe these students were more likely thanunderclassmen to graduate in the major they selected (thereby minimizing responses fromstudents who may later decide to transfer out of the major). Furthermore, we expect that juniorsand seniors have completed more major-specific coursework resulting in responses that reflect amore complete picture of the specific major’s engineering curriculum. We did not include 5thyear (or more) seniors in our analysis.In order to determine the effects of collapsing men and women students of both junior and seniorlevel
Conference Session
Two-Year/Four-Year: From Articulation to Matriculation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology; Abi Aghayere, Rochester Institute of Technology; Vincent Amuso, Rochester Institute of Technology; Michael Eastman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Daniel Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
) reflecting tuition and cost of living increases in the last 5 years. The NSFscholarship of a total of $8,000/student requested was in addition to other grants and aid awardedby our university.Program-Specific Transfer Credits: EET programs at our university have articulation agreementswith twenty 2-year schools. The articulation agreements are designed to transfer in credit tobring each student at or close to 3rd year level at our university. These articulations areperiodically discussed and refined at the annual conferences of our state’s EngineeringTechnology Association and the Two Year Engineering Science Association.To allow students greater curricular flexibility, including the opportunity to earn a minor inanother discipline, we completed a
Conference Session
Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amir Mobasher, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed Seif, Alabama A&M University; Kenneth Fernandez, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
graduates would be usefulhands in the interdisciplinary fields involving science, mathematics, and or engineering. Theexistence of financial support to the under-represented minorities is an attractive feature toenhance retention rate at the sophomore level for concentrating studies in engineeringdisciplines. Citing evidence of project oriented financial support for the students is an attractivetechnique for motivation. This motivation assures students in multi task projects and therebybuilds strength. This strength reflects students’ learning and directs them towards completingtheir educational goals in engineering. In a true sense these potential graduates may involve inas many multidisciplinary tasks as they may encounter in the working
Conference Session
Capstone Design II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Regina Hannemann, University of Kentucky
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
structure of thecourse including experiences, challenges, and successes. It will further outline future changes tothe course planned for the next couple of semesters. The design review is needed at this pointbecause it is planned to implement the next major step in the remodeling process: switching froma one-semester course to a two-semester sequence in the fall of 2009. Evaluating the status willhelp to define current strengths of the course, which should be kept and reinforced, as well ascurrent shortfalls, which should not be transferred to the two-semester sequence if possible.Presenting this design review will encourage other educators to reflect on the status of their ownCapstone Design Courses.IntroductionThis paper briefly describes the
Conference Session
First-Year Advising and Transition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles McDowell, University of California, Santa Cruz; Adrienne Harrell, University of California, Santa Cruz
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
). Transfer Shock: Why is a Term Forty Years Old Still Relevant? Retrieved March 3, 2009- from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources Web site: http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/AdvisingIssues/Transfer-Shock.htmAcknowledgementsThis research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DUE-0336517. Any opinions,findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 14.504.8Appendix THE ENGINEERING TRANSFER TRANSITION PROGRAM PROGRAM SCHEDULEDAY
Conference Session
ECE Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Bowles, University of South Carolina; Caitlin Buchhaults, University of South Carolina; Donald Griffith, University of South Carolina
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
they also mustlearn to control a complex system containing sensors, end-effectors, and pneumatic subsystems,all contained on a mobile robot that must be able to both respond to the operator’s control andoperate autonomously.As noted above, this method of outreach, challenge, and inspiration has proven to be successfulwith measurable increases in the numbers of students entering related disciplines in college. Inaddition, the percentages of minorities entering into engineering reflect the percentages of FIRSTalumni entering engineering as well. Women are more than 16 times as likely to enter intoengineering (33% versus the national average of 2%) , African Americans are more than 5 timesas likely to enter into engineering (27% versus 5%), and
Conference Session
Sustainability in Engineering Curricula
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jess Everett, Rowan University; Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; Krishan Bhatia, Rowan University; Chris Moore, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University; Chris Baralus, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
typicalsemester.Experiential education involves educators teaching by engaging students directly in realexperiences and focused reflection. Experiential learning is a component of experientialeducation, i.e., learning through direct experience. Experiential education and learning can be a Page 14.533.3valuable component of engineering courses [2,3,4,5,6]. Conducting Energy Audits for realclients in Junior and Senior Engineering Clinic provides students with a quality experientiallearning experience. Students define project scope, communicate with clients, conduct fieldassessments, assess data, write engineering reports, make recommendations, and
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aaron St. Leger, United States Military Academy; Anthony Deese, Drexel University; Chikaodinaka Nwankpa, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Page 14.175.7As seen in Table 3 above, at Drexel University, the ECE curriculum provides a certain level offlexibility in the selection of courses to fulfill B.Sc requirements. This table reflects the five yearversion which is taken by the majority of students. With respect to where the emulator fits, onefinds a few options: a) as an experimental component module of the sequence of lab courses thatrun from Years 3-5; b) as an experimental module within one of two junior (Year 4) level powerengineering courses called ECEP354 Energy Management Systems and c) as a experimentalmodule within the second quarter of the three course sequence in Power Systems (ECEP401, 402and 403) offered to all power engineering majors. The next section provides
Conference Session
DELOS Best Paper Nominations
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Rogers, United States Military Academy; Robert Rabb, United States Military Academy; Christopher Korpela, United States Military Academy; Ryan Ebel, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
. Students clearly enjoyed this achievement. The governing equation for the steel ball in Page 14.839.5equilibrium is derived from Newton’s Second Law where magnetic force and weight act inopposite directions. The magnetic force is modeled as proportional to current squared divided bygap distance squared: ⎛ i2 ⎞ m&x& + c⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − mg = 0 ⎝x ⎠where m is the steel ball mass, x is the air gap between steel ball and electromagnet, &x& is theacceleration, c is a proportionality constant reflecting the
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Assessment I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ehsan Sheybani; Singli Garcia-Otero; Keith Williamson
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
asa group of critical friends and provides constructive advice on how to improve implementation of Page 14.696.5the program, keeping in mind the purposes of the original award: to increase the quality and quantity of under-represented minorities who earn degrees in science and engineering. Recommendations from the committee have positively impacted the program and the university. Based on the positive influence and recommendations of the committee, the School of Engineering adopted its own student advisory board to reflect student concerns. The School then went to the next level and developed a strategic partnership with some of the
Conference Session
Curriculum in Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology: Part I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Muhammad Hasan, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
tosignify the benefits of being at par with the lectures and to encourage solving problems inconsultation with others. The HWs were designed to prepare the students well for the tests.Laboratory reports were due following the completion of every experiment. Such report mainlyincluded the working VHDL code written for that experiment along with the answers toquestions testing the understanding of the experiment in general. These reports carried a weightof 10 points. Full laboratory attendance credited the students with 5 points. Performance of eachstudent in the laboratory was assigned 7 points. This was based on their level of effort and theoutcome of the experiments.At this point, we can reflect quantitatively on the students’ performance. First
Conference Session
DEED Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Fleisig, McMaster University; Harry Mahler, Ontario College of Art and Design; Vladimir Mahalec, McMaster University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
, and LJ Leifer, “Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching and Learning”,Journal of Engineering Education, 2006, 34(1), pp. 103-120.19 CL Dym and P Little, “Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction”, third edition, 2009, Wiley.20 KT Ulrich and SD Eppinger, “Product Design and Development,” fourth edition, 2007, McGraw-Hill.21 AS Lau, “Teaching ethics to first-year college students”, 2004, Science and Engineering Ethics, 10(2), p. 359-368.22 C Justice, J Rice, W Warry, S Inglis, S Miller, and S Sammon, “Inquiry in Higher Education: Reflections andDirections on Course Design and Teaching Methods”, Innovative Higher Education, 2007, 31, pp. 201-214, DOI10.1007/s10755-006-9021-9.23 Ibid.24 S Memmer, “Volvo’s Safety Concept Car: The
Conference Session
Embedded System Design
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wagdy Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
videostreams, automated inspection of semiconductor chips finding the boundaries of organs inmedical images, etc.The designed system used many of the software components available in the reference designsprovided by Xilinx. Some of these components need to be modified to take advantage of the IPcores available in the current version of the EDK These modification included the use ofUARTlite, the generation of addresses to connect the UARTlite to the PowerPC 405, and tomodify the microprocessor software specification (MSS) to reflect the use of the UARTlite. AScreen shot of the original image is shown in Figure 1. The detected edges are shown in figures2-4.Figure 1 – Original image Figure 2 – edges using Sobel method
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Potpourri
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Samuel T Hunter, Pennsylvania State University; Gul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 14.419.4this study. First, during the pilot phase, the questions were modified to allow students to identifyany course as the source for their design learning, not just the first year cornerstone course.After each CADEK question, students were also asked to evaluate their agreement with twostatements; “I have acquired related knowledge to this question during the design class I havejust completed” and “Any person who takes this course should be able to answer this question.”Responses were coded as follows: “agreed” = 3, “neutral” = 2, and “disagree” = 1. These resultssuggested that students perceived most items to be an adequate reflection of the material coveredin their introductory engineering design course. Based on these ratings along
Conference Session
First-Year Advising and Transition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria Sanchez, California State University, Fresno; Ira Sorensen, California State University, Fresno; Walter Mizuno, California State University, Fresno; Satya Mahanty, California State University, Fresno
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
the course. Finally, upper-classmen surveyed indicated that thecompetition was an effective means to introduce first-year students to the mechanicaldesign process, which is the primary curricular objective.Participating students and faculty were also asked to reflect on their experiences with thecompetition. Some comments from the students include:"The ME-1 competition boosted my interest in an engineering discipline because thevarious awards that were given or noted. It's important to have applications as well asgeneral computation skills.""The ME-1 competition is a great event to give engineering students a first-handexperience of what it's like to design, build and test a project."(Note: The competition is informally known among the
Conference Session
BME Laboratory Courses and Experiences
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melissa Micou, University of California, San Diego
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
Good Mentoring Practices % Utilized Discussed goals and outcomes of your mentee’s research project 100% Page 14.343.6 Discussed expectations of your mentee with him/her 86% Oriented your mentee to your lab and its practices 86% Talked with your mentee about things other than research 86% Discussed career goals with your mentee 86% Reflected upon your own mentoring philosophy 86% Discussed amount of time mentee was expected to spend on research 71
Conference Session
Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carmine Balascio, University of Delaware
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Page 14.921.2holding 2-year ET associate degrees from regional community colleges. The 4-year general ETdegree obtained TAC of ABET accreditation by around 1987.Because of demographic shifts in the state, the AET program was attracting only a few studentsper year and was no longer sustainable by the mid to late 1990s. By this time, also, theuniversity had evolved into a top-tier research institution. In 1997, the name of the departmentwas changed to Bioresources Engineering (BREG) to reflect a wider research emphasis beyondagriculture. The AET program was discontinued and the general ET program was modified toaccept incoming freshmen. In 2002 the ET program was revised further to increase its rigor andto include two concentrations: (1) Applied
Conference Session
Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz; Hisham Alnajjar, University of Hartford; Beth Richards, University of Hartford; Abdul Hai Sofizada, SHEP
Tagged Divisions
International
and UK began to contact the Ministry of Higher Education directly.A new leadership in the Ministry of Higher Education and the creation of a strongerimplementation team in the summer of 2006 were the turning point toward building effectivepartnerships between Afghan and foreign institutions of higher learning. Table 1 reflects theUniversity Partnership Program.The partnership between the University of Hartford (UH) in West Hartford, Connecticut, USA,and Herat University (HU) in Herat City, Afghanistan was initiated in August 2007 to developand implement a modern program to strengthen and modernize engineering education at HU.The program includes a number of activities such as curriculum review and revision, facultydevelopment, and laboratory
Conference Session
Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrie Koehler, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Eugenia Fernandez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
undergraduate students’ perceptions of teaching, much relevant information canbe found. Following college graduation, these individuals will become professionals in various STEMareas. Even though the undergraduate students have not entered the workforce, they have given muchthought and consideration to their career choices and preparation. Since the undergraduate STEMstudent and the STEM professional have pursued similar career preparation, STEM undergraduatestudents’ attitudes toward teaching are reflective of STEM industry professionals’ perceptions towardteaching.The number of organizations offering financial support to individuals to encourage them to shift from aspecific industry into education continues to increase. In Indiana, beginning next
Conference Session
Pedagogical Developments in BME
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Cawthorne, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Melissa Stacer, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
institutions (associateprofessor), and 21% were working in other areas, possibly out of the academe. The distributionof the participants by gender was about fifty-fifty. Sixty-six percent of respondents were white,10% were Asian, and 14% were African-American. Ninety percent of the respondents were UScitizens and permanent residents compared to 10% non-US citizens.Survey Construction The exploratory survey developed for the graduate students sought to glean insights fromrespondents about their experiences with HPL-oriented, or challenge-based instruction before,during, and after their participation in VaNTH. Participants were asked to (1) reflect and recalltheir understanding of the HPL framework and their concept of effective teaching, (2
Conference Session
Design for Society and the Environment
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melissa Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; David Torick, University of Pittsburgh; Joe Marriott, University of Pittsburgh; Amy Landis, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 14.467.5curriculum development. The Sustainability in Higher Education Assessment Rubric (SHEAR) 4is designed to aid faculty in creating effective courses in sustainability. Through the knowledgeand use of this rubric, we increased our focus on group learning and reflection opportunities forthe learner. The rubric also suggests greater success can be achieved through long-term mutuallybeneficial relationships with corporate/community partnerships. This category has helped usensure that we are mindful of both our learners and our partners needs
Conference Session
Implementation of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge and Recent ABET Experiences
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea Welker, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
students to pursue both knowledge and wisdom, and to aspire to ethical and moral leadership within their chosen careers, their community, and the world. We value a spirit of community among all members of the college that respects academic freedom and inquiry, the discovery and cultivation of new knowledge, and continued innovation in all that we do.The mission statement of the University is reflected in these mission statements. In addition,these mission statements guided the development of our objectives, which are presented later inthis paper.FacultyA full-time teaching load in the College of Engineering at Villanova is 12 contact hours persemester. If a faculty member is an active scholar, this load is reduced to 9
Conference Session
Computational Tools and Simulation III
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lok PASUPULETI, Northern Illinois University; Omar Ghrayeb, Northern Illinois University; Hubert Ley, Argonne National Laboratory; Clifford Mirman, Northern Illinois University; Young Park, Argonne National Laboratory
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
keep up with rapid changing requirements.TRANSIMS generates ‘normal day’ model which is valid only in statistical sense. To be used asan operation planning tool, it is necessary to adjust the traffic model in real-time to reflect theactual traffic situations based on roadside traffic monitoring sensors and other online data. SinceTRANSIMS model involves extensive iteration process and complex network, modelmodification requires long computing time.The Graduate students of NIU under the guidance of ANL Researchers are working to blend theexternal real time data into the TRANSIMS software to predict accurate traffic conditions. Aftermaking an analysis of the TRANSIMS model it was established that modifying the link delaytable is the best way to
Conference Session
Design Cognition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 14.547.2among engineers and researchers there has not been an in depth study for the relationshipbetween realization and design. By using the word realization, in product realization, to meanbeing in physical reality through production the contribution of design and its relation torealization is usually lost. To understand this relationship in depth, however, it is important tounderstand what the term realization actually means. Webster's Dictionary describes some of theuse of the verb to realize as [1]: to make real; to convert from the imaginary or fictitious into theactual; to bring into concrete existence; to accomplish; as, to realize a scheme or project. Anothersource [2], reflecting the current use of word, defines realization as
Conference Session
Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthias Lang, University of Texas, Austin; Dinesh Rabindran, University of Texas, Austin; Tricia Berry, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
possibility of them attending graduate school. Their work reflects the themeof the importance of undergraduate research that will be addressed in this paper as well.According to the pre-survey and post-survey of GLUE completed by the participant, it was Page 14.609.3shown that the participant gained valuable experience and progressed throughout the semester.The set of criteria established by Rabindran and Berry3 includes mentorship, contribution,adequacy, and technical communication. Based on these criteria, the GLUE program fulfills 75%of the requirements to successfully promote undergraduate research.Research Project Description DC Motor
Conference Session
Modeling Student Data
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Junqiu Wang, Purdue University; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
was so I knew what to expect from them.PT01 My team was confident in its ability to overcome adversity (e.g., interpersonal conflict, assignments).PT02 I feel a sense of accomplishment in my team's ability to work together.PT03 This team gave me confidence in the ability of teamwork to solve problems.PT04 My team had the collective abilities (e.g., communication, interpersonal, technical) to accomplish course assignments.PT05 I was confident that our team produced acceptable solutions to course assignments.GS02 My team used clear, long term goals to complete tasks. Page 14.249.3GS03 My team reflected upon its goals in