Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Ringenberg, University of Michigan; David Chesney, University of Michigan

notes at any time from any internet-connected computer using a web browser. Thisfeature was very useful for students who left their notes at home and needed to use them atschool. In addition, students were able to insert content into their notes that was obtained duringlecture from the internet. In one case, a student was able to insert an alternate definition fromwikipedia for several terms that were presented that day. This helped to broaden that particularstudent’s notes with additional material and to give another perspective to the topic that wasbeing taught. Another useful feature of the tools was that students were able to look at eachothers notes. Therefore, if anyone missed a class or was not able to take enough notes, s/hecould simply

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Fani Zlatarova

class projects Possess the needed Final projects background for Projects related to ethical behavior internships S Students Acquire professional L Lecturers Cover curricula requirements IS

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean-Claude Thomassian, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

automatically shows the phase shift in degrees.Figure 8 shows the results of PSpice for the magnitude and phase. Note that there is no relevantinformation produced in the output file for this type of analysis.Fig. 8 PSpice magnitude and Phase plots of the Low-pass filter of Fig. 7.Again notice from Fig. 9, the Analog Insydes output, that the output voltage across the capacitorat V(2) is not just a plot as produced by PSpice, instead we have an equation that states whatV(2) depends on; in this case, it consists of the input voltage VIN divided by 1 + C1*R1*s. Theoutput level varies from 1V at f = 1 Hz to almost 0V at f = 1 MHz. When the frequency is low,the value of X is large, allowing most of the source voltage of 1 V to appear across node 2. Asthe

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Rajaei, Bowling Green State University; Mohammad Dadfar, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

2005 Annual Conference, 3620-03.4. Lawson, Barry G., Smirni, Evgenia, ”Multiple-queue Backfilling Scheduling with Priorities and Reservations for Parallel Systems” Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA5. Srinivasan, S., Kettimuthu, R., Subramani, V., and Sadayappan, P., “Characterization of backfilling strategies for parallel job scheduling”. IEEE International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, pages 514– Page 12.803.16 519, August 2002.6. Bode, Brett, Halstead, David M., Kendall, Ricky and Lei, Zhou “The Portable Batch Scheduler and the Maui

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Brown; Devlin Montfort; Kip Findley

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of MaterialsAbstractStudents often have far less conceptual understanding in core engineering courses thanfaculty assume. The first wide-spread application of the Force Concept Inventory in theearly 1980’s highlighted students’ lack of understanding in fundamental physicsprinciples. Recently, educators have been reevaluating student understanding of conceptsin the standard science and engineering curriculum using concept inventory instrumentsin topics such as thermodynamics, mechanics, and fluid mechanics. The objective of thisstudy is to develop a methodology to observe specific examples of difficulty inconceptual understanding which could be used to infer specific student misconceptions.To achieve this task a pilot study was undertaken

Conference Session

Leadership Perspectives in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Segalewitz, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

University of Dayton (USA). Signed March 26, 2003. 2. Shanghai Normal University Web Site . [Retrieved 01/05/2007] 3. University of Dayton Web Site . [Retrieved 01/05/2007] 4. P. Kenna, S. Lacey. Business China: A practical guide to understanding Chinese Business culture. Passport Books. 1994. 5. Wikipedia . [Retrieved 01/05/2007] Page 12.834.7

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Helbling, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Darin Marriott, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Thomas Gally, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the design teams at the end of the semester. An attempt will be made in the future to provide Page 12.248.4teams with more of the required analysis tools earlier in the semester to help spread the workloadmore evenly and potentially allow for a more complete analysis of their design options. Bibliography 1) Brandt, S. A., Stiles, R. J., Bertin, J. J., Whitford, R, Introduction to Aeronautics: A Design Perspective, 2nd Ed., AIAA, 2004. 2) Sellers, J. J., Understanding Space: An Introduction to Aeronautics, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2005. 3) Texas Space Grant Consortium (TSGC) Spacecraft

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Frehill; Amanda Lain, New Mexico State University; Ricardo Jacquez, New Mexico State University; Lauren Ketcham, New Mexico State University; Karen Luces, New Mexico State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

theory approachwas used to study the themes that emerged from these faculty members’ interviews concerningtheir experiences of mentoring as graduate students.The study in which these faculty interviews were completed was an impact evaluation of ascience and engineering (S/E) faculty mentoring program. Of the 43 interviews, 24 wereconducted with mentors or mentees who had participated in the program. Purposive samplingwas used to ensure that the interviewees included a mentor and mentee of both sexes (2 X 2)from each of the three campus units associated with the National Science Foundation-fundedADVANCE: Institutional Transformation program. Of the 24 participants, 3 were departmentheads (and were either full or associate professors), 6 were full

Conference Session

New Models for Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malgorzata Zywno, Ryerson University; Mary Frances Stewart

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-1608: A SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS'INTERACTIONS WITH AN ONLINE LEARNING OBJECT IN THE CONTEXT OFTHEIR LEARNING STYLESMalgorzata Zywno, Ryerson University MALGORZATA S. (GOSHA) ZYWNO Gosha Zywno, M.Eng. (U. of Toronto), Ph.D. (Glasgow Caledonian U.), is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Ryerson University. Dr. Zywno is a recipient of several university, national and international teaching excellence and achievement awards, including the 2005 ASEE Sharon Keillor Award, 2002 3M Teaching Fellowship and 2005 Canadian Engineers’ Medal for Distinction in Engineering Education. Her research interests are in active, collaborative learning with technology. She has

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the class meetings. The study will hopefullygenerate enough interest to do further research for deriving models for predicting studentperformance in other courses.Bibliography1. Moore, R., 2005, “Attendance: Are penalties more effective then rewards?”, Journal of Developmental Education, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 26-32.2. Brocato, J., 1989, “How much does coming to class matter? Some evidence of class attendance and grade performance”, Educational Research Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 2-6.3. Devadoss, S. & Foltz, J. 1996, “Evaluation of factors affecting student class attendance and performance”, America Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 499-507.4. Murburger, D., 2001, “Absenteeism and undergraduate

Conference Session

Mathematics in Transition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Linder, Math Out of the Box; Donna Gunderson, Math Out of the Box/Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Look at your I want you to We have got T: How S: TheMath going to do numbers as extend your four words many coreOut of now is you are doing pattern so to write people are separates athe Box collect some it. See what that it goes down. We in the pattern more data. kinds of on and I are going to core? S: from Instead of relationships want you to find out Six. T: No, another measuring you can see have a what each not six. S: pattern. T: around your from your yellow in one of these Three. Very good, wrist

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; Mike Englert, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; cody ross, TAMUCC

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

/sensorinformation.pdfRafic BachnakRafic (Ray) Bachnak is Professor and Coordinator of Engineering Technology at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi (A&M-CC). He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and ComputerEngineering from Ohio University in 1983, 1984, and 1989, respectively. Dr. Bachnak was previously onthe faculty of Franklin University and Northwestern State University.Michael S. EnglertMichael Englert received his B.S. degree in Control Systems Engineering Technology from Texas A&MUniversity—Corpus Christi in May 2005. His interest includes working with and programmingmicrocontrollers and researching any related information to control systems.Cody RossCody Ross graduated with a BS in Control Systems Engineering Technology

Conference Session

Teaching Design in Manufacturing Curriculum II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Falkowski, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

for theirmanufacture”2. The U. S. Department of Commerce has recognized the need for manufacturingeducation in responding to the challenges of the manufacturing industry in the United States.3Employers have a need for engineers to have some project and design knowledge when enteringthe workforce. It is these reasons that a class in manufacturing design is offered in order to teachstudents the process of design for the manufacturing of a product.ChallengesThe National Science Foundation recognized the need for project based learning as well as closeinteraction with industry.3 So the needs of industry must be taken into account when looking atthe structures of classes. With a class that emphasizes design how do the students get a flavor

Conference Session

The Critical First Year in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Lindsley, Arizona State University; Veronica Burrows, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-750: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ONLINE TEXTBOOK AND RESEARCHTOOL FOR FRESHMAN ENGINEERING DESIGNLinda Lindsley, Arizona State UniversityVeronica Burrows, Arizona State University Page 12.527.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Development of an Online Textbook and Research Tool for Freshman Engineering DesignAbstractIn many engineering design texts, the solution(s) to design problems are provided along with theproposed problem. Therefore, the student will read about the solution rather than take the time tothink about the problem being presented. This paper explores the development of and pilot studydone on an online textbook and

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Susan Powers, Clarkson University; Mary Graham, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

National Academy ofEngineering (NAE) and the National Research Council (NRC) defined technological literacybroadly as encompassing three dimensions: knowledge; ways of thinking and acting (criticallyanalyzing, assessing); and capabilities.12Since as early as the 1970’s, environmental science educators and education professionals havealso emphasized the application of skills and knowledge in attempting to set criteria forenvironmental literacy. Environmental literacy lacks a clear definition, but the TbilisiDeclaration of 197715 was modified in 199016 to state: “Environmental literacy is a basicfunctional education for all people, which provides them with the elementary knowledge, skills,and motives to cope with environmental needs and contribute

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Drnevich, Purdue University; John Norris, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Management Science, APR, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 143-153. 6. Reeves, G, and E Hickman, (1992) "Assigning MBA Students to Field Study Project Teams: A Multicriteria Approach". Interfaces, Linthicum, Sep/Oct, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 52-58. 7. Glover, F, and F Laguna. (1997) Tabu Search. Kluwer Academic Publishers, July, pp. 408pp. 8. Weitz, R, and S Lakshminarayanan. (1997) "An empirical comparison of heuristic and graph theoretic methods for creating maximally diverse groups, VLSI design, and exam scheduling". Omega, Oxford: Aug, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 473-482. 9. Chen, S, and L Lin. (2004) "Modeling team member characteristics for the formation of a multifunctional team in concurrent engineering". IEEE Transactions

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Günter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Emilia Bratschitsch, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive; Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Domagoj Rubesa, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

condensed matter. Positrons can be obtained from β+-decayof radioactive isotopes or from nuclear reactions. For the investigation of the electronicstructure of defects in solids they are implanted into the sample and move through themedium until they reach thermal equilibrium. As the antimatter counterpart to the electron,the positron remains only a short time (10-10 s) in the sample before annihilating with anelectron under emission of annihilation gamma rays that escape the system without anyinteraction. The spectrum of these gamma quanta holds information about the electronicenvironment around the annihilation site 9. The principle of the method lies in the analysis ofthe positron annihilation line shape, which directly corresponds to the

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for International Practice

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bahman Motlagh, University of Central Florida; Michele Shahir-Motlagh, Harcourt School Publishers; Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1113: CRAFTING AN INTERNATIONAL ROAD MAP TO GLOBALLEARNING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENTBahman Motlagh, University of Central Florida Bahman S. Motlagh is an associate professor at the University of Central Florida and the Program Coordinator for Information System Technology program. He received his B.S. from Istanbul Academy of Sciences, M.S.Cp.E, and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Engineering from the University of Central Florida, in 1993 and 1997, respectively. He is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He has served as Chairman of the IEEE Cape Canaveral section and is currently

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech; Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University

, (Blacks burg, VA: College of Engineering).14. Michael Alley, Jenny Lo, and Whitney Edmister, 2005, Promoting undergraduate research through a research option in a technical communication course, (Blacksburg, VA).15. Michael Alley and Alicia Williams, 2005, A pilot symposium to highlight undergraduate research in engineering, 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Conference & Exposition, paper 1267 (Portland OR).16. Michael Alley and Kathryn A. Neeley, 2005, Rethinking the design of presentation slides: a case for sentence headlines and visual evidence, Technical Communication, 52 (4): 417–426.17. Tracy P. Ng, W. R. Bussone, and S. M. Duma, 2006, The effect of gender and size on linear accelerations of the head

Conference Session

Approaches to Learning Outcomes Assessment in Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Oliver, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Traci Nathans-Kelly; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Laura Grossenbacher, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

just ethics,which we believe to be both a strength (in light, for instance, of Dvorak and Fulle’s suggestionthat ethics instruction is improved when it’s placed in larger social contexts4) and a necessity (inlight of our institution-specific circumstances).Assessment designIn designing and conducting our assessment of this course, we have come to agree with Shumanet al.’s observations about the challenges of assessing “Professional Skills”-type learningoutcomes9. With limited funding for this project (in the form of a small, University-awardedstudent/faculty fellowship for independent research), we were unable to employ some of themore sophisticated assessment techniques Shuman and his colleagues suggest. Nevertheless, weimplemented an

Conference Session

Using Technology to Enhance Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Smaill, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Teaching engineering: A beginner's guide, M.S. Gupta, Editor. 1987, IEEE Press: New York.10. Gibbs, G., Using assessment strategically to change the way students learn, in Assessment matters in higher education: choosing and using diverse approaches, S. Brown and A. Glasner, Editors. 1999, The Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press: Buckingham, UK & Philadelphia, PA. p. 41-53.11. Mehta, S.I. and N.W. Schlecht, Computerized assessment technique for large classes. Journal of Engineering Education, 1998. 87(2): p. 167-172.12. Black, P. and D. Wiliam, Inside the black box: raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 1998. 80(2): p. 139-148.13

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2007-2906: INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING CONSTRUCTIONFUNDAMENTALS: IMPLEMENTING DESIGN-BUILD PROJECT DELIVERYPROCEDURES INTO A COURSE IN COST ESTIMATINGDavid Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte DR. DAVID S. COTTRELL is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1978 and retired in 2000 after more than 22 years of service with the US Army Corps of Engineers. Studies at Texas A&M University resulted in an MS Degree in Civil Engineering in 1987 and a PhD in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer and has taught courses in statics, dynamics

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Olivia Graeve, University of Nevada-Reno

-reportedopinions of the students and does not control for separating out the instructor effectiveness andthe general content of the course from the module format. 30 25 20 Enjoyed Class 15 Learned 10 5 0 e e e s s

Conference Session

Technology in the Physics Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Rothberg, Stevens Institute of Technology; Pavel Boytchev, Sofia University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

also included, and otherreal substances important in engineering, such as refrigerants, will be added. Water Temp vs Time 160 140 120 100 Temperature (deg C) 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 -20 Time (s)Figure 2. Temperature versus time on heating water from ice to vapor phases. The next figure shows a

Conference Session

Design Methodolgy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rudolph Eggert, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, Jim Schaaf, Tim Hight, Drew Nelson,Ramesh Shah, Andrew Davol, Steve, Laguette, Jawaharlal Mariappan, Amir Rezaei, JawaMariappan, Keiko Nomura, Nathan Delson.8.0 References[1.] Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, ABET-Accredited Programs, www.abet.org, AccessedJanuary 2007.[2.] Dixon, J. R., “Engineering Design Science: The State of Education,” Mechanical Engineering, ASME,February 1991, pp 64-67.[3.] Dixon, J. R., “Engineering Design Science: New Goals for Engineering Education,” Mechanical Engineering,ASME, March 1991, pp 56-62.[4.] Todd, R., Sorenson, C., and Magleby, S., “Designing a Senior Capstone Course to Satisfy IndustrialCustomers,” Journal of Engineering Education, April 1993, pp. 92-100.[5.] Todd, R., Magleby, S

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Univ Of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

interrelations. In P. Chambres, M. Izaute, & P.J. Marescaux (Ed.) Metacognition Process, Function and Use. (pp. 19-34). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 8. Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychology, 34, 907-911. 9. Jonassen, D., Strobel, J., & Lee, C. B. (2006). Everyday problem solving in engineering: Lessons for engineering educators. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(2), 139-151.10. Marzano, R. J., Brandt, R. S., Hughes, C. S. Jones, B. F. Presseisen, B. Z., Rankin, S. C., & Suhor, C. (1988). Dimensions of Thinking: A framework for curriculum and instruction. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Conference Session

Engineering in Elementary Schools

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kate Hester, Museum of Science, Boston; Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

draft that will be used in pilot testing.Curricular MaterialsWith our lead teachers, we have identified a set of curricular materials and resources to supportengineering teaching. EiE materials include: • A storybook narrated by a child character from around the world. As the child tries to solve a problem, s/he is introduced to engineering, some basic engineering concepts, related science content, and cultural knowledge about the country. The storybook sets the context for the engineering challenge that readers will engage with. • Lessons plans with detailed instructions for teachers. • Duplication masters--ready-to-photocopy activities and handouts for students available in two levels: basic and advanced

Conference Session

Faculty Reward System Reform

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

the Engineer of 2020: Phase I Report, 2004.8. National Academy of Engineering, Educating the Engineer of 2020: Phase II Report, 2005.9. Bertoline, G. R., Depew, D. R., Dyrenfurth, M. J., McHenry, A. L., DeLoatch, E. M., Lee, P. Y., Dunlap, D. D., Tricamo, S. J., Keating, D. A., Stanford, T. J. (2005). A Look at Representative Templates for Professionally Oriented Faculty Reward Systems in Other Service Professions. 2005 ASEE Conference, Portland, OR. Page 12.735.5

Conference Session

Partnerships in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Tulenko, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

AC 2007-480: A SUCCESSFUL PROTOTYPE FOR UNIVERSITY/NATIONALLABORATORY RESEARCH COOPERATIONJames Tulenko, University of Florida James S. Tulenko, a professor in the Department of Nuclear and Radiological Engineering at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fl, is also the Director of the Laboratory for Development of Advanced Nuclear Fuels and Materials. He was Chairman of the Department of Nuclear and Radiological Engineering at the University of Florida for sixteen years. He is a Past President of the American Nuclear Society (ANS). Prior to his academic career, Professor Tulenko spent 23 years in the Nuclear Industry as Manager, Nuclear Fuel Engineering at Babcock and Wilcox; Manager

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Bott, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

theenvironmental engineering field in the 1970’s at the time when major federal environmental lawsand regulations were promulgated. With the commonly reported saturation of the environmentalengineering field in the 1980’s and 1990’s and the emergence of the information technologyboom, it seems that the baby boom generation represented the backbone of the professionalenvironmental engineering workforce during this time, with proportionally much lessrecruitment into the field as compared to other engineering disciplines. Although some of thesepredictions for the environmental engineering profession are quite speculative, the trend isapparent – there will be a significant demand for technically qualified Environmental Engineersover the next 10 to 20