Conference Session

Mobile and Emerging Technologies in Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric A. Holt, University of Nebraska, Kearney; James M. Benham, JBKnowledge, Inc.; Ben Fitzgerald Bigelow, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

26.595.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Emerging Technology in the Construction Industry: Perceptions from Construction Industry ProfessionalsabstractAlthough historically the construction industry has been a slow adopter of technology, in recentyears the technology available to increase productivity and thus profit margins has seen rapidadoption and advancement. As these advances have taken hold the need for students to beexposed to this technology, to better prepare them for their careers has arisen. Projectmanagement, estimating and building information modeling (BIM) technologies are nowcommonly found in construction higher education. However, as technology in the

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andre Lucena MA, NAIT; Don Mah P.Eng., Northern Alberta Institute of Technology; Faisal Arain, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT)

Tagged Divisions

Construction

training our professionalsbetter to address the needs of BIM practices in the construction industry. There is a need for acertificate program that provides the required skillset to produce career ready professionals toenable BIM practices in the construction industry. The study findings would be of interest toBIM experts, construction professionals, and faculty involved with BIM education. Page 26.596.3Introduction Building Information Modeling (BIM) is commonly defined as the creation of a model tosupport the exchange of various types of information to multiple users involved in the design,delivery, and operation of a building through a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul G. Flikkema, Northern Arizona University; Rhonda R. Franklin, University of Minnesota; Jeff Frolik, University of Vermont; Carol Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC; Aaron T. Ohta, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Wayne A. Shiroma, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Sylvia W. Thomas, University of South Florida; Tom Weller, University of South Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, interconnects and inte- gration techniques using MEMS and other advanced fabrication processes, RF fluidics, and high speed material’s characterization. She has authored or co-authored over 85 professional journals and conference publications and 4 book chapters. Dr. Franklin was the recipient of the 1998 Presidential Career Award for Scientists and Engineers by the National Science Foundation. She is an active member of the MTT-S society in the technical area of passives, packaging, integration and microwave education and is currently an Associate Editor of the IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters.Dr. Jeff Frolik, University of VermontDr. Carol Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC Dr. Carol Haden is a Principal

Conference Session

Innovation in Engineering Leadership Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

, professionalism, dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility, and Page 26.631.4capacity for lifelong learning (pp. 54-56). The emphasis on these attributes reflects anassumption that engineers of the future will no longer be able to rely solely on a core body ofexpertise throughout their careers. Perhaps more importantly, it reflects a desire to see engineersand engineering exercise appropriate influence for the public good and to attract talentedstudents to a profession that both pays well and provides personal fulfillment.Engineering leadership programs as they are portrayed through their websites appear focus oncurricula, requirements, and the benefits

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

and after the course understanding of the need and value of the“software and systems engineering education project.” The students are asked to answer, withyes/no/not sure type of answers, two questions using their current understanding of the necessaryintegration process of engineering hardware and software and the perceived benefits of thisintegration in relation to their future careers, as follows: • The initiative to integrate Software Project Management and Engineering Project Management will help/helped me better understand the overall project management process as it applies to today’s high-tech integrated hardware and software systems. • As a computer engineering (hardware) graduate student, the exposure to the

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions I: Communication in Engineering Disciplines

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David A. Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Mary U. Christiansen; Adrian T. Hanson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Jill D. Jenson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Sara Ojard; Rebecca L. Teasley, University of Minnesota Duluth; Emily Woster, University of Minnesota Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

students improvetheir writing while still covering normal course content. Needless to say, students struggle withtrying to meet standards they have yet to be taught or had the opportunity to practice. The writingguide is meant to help alleviate this problem by offering consistent guidance for studentsbeginning at the freshman year and continuing throughout the degree program.Simply providing the students with the writing guide, however, will most likely not be enough todrastically improve their communication skills. Faculty must also demonstrate to students theimportance of developing these skills as they relate to a successful career in engineering.6 Socalled “soft skills” such as communication, teamwork, information seeking and

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ethan Sclarsky, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ; Tyler Marquis Cooper, Rowan University; Johannes Strobel, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Andrea Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

as improved attitudes towards STEM areas and the building of confidence in conducting research 37. These instruments have been developed by an external evaluator and will be collected by PI.A summative evaluation will be conducted with the following instruments:• Career aspiration and design self-efficacy survey for undergraduate students: These surveys (modified, tested, and validated by Dr. Johannes Strobel) will be used to assess the long-term Page 26.670.5 impact of the curricula on student interest in bioengineering, and the impact on their career choices, and self-confidence in their engineering expertise.5

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of the four pillars of manufacturingknowledge model. The gap analysis is used to identify opportunities of improvement andsuggest changes to course descriptions and possible courses to add to selected IndustrialEngineering Technology curriculum. The suggested improvements are used to create a revisedcurriculum map and a plan to implement the recommendations. Page 26.956.4Results and DiscussionThe selected Industrial Engineering Technology program has both major and support courses toprepare graduates for technical and supervisory careers in a variety of industries. The programcombines technical knowledge with communications skills and teamwork

Conference Session

INDUSTRY DAY SESSION: CMC PANEL SESSION TWO

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College

Tagged Topics

Corporate Member Council

 projects in collaboration with more than 35 sponsoring  Page 26.957.2organizations.  Her academic background is in civil engineering, but she teaches engineering  design across disciplines in the capstone design course, in keeping with Smith’s general engineering degree (B.S. in Engineering Science).  She followed a primarily academic pathway in her career (M.Eng., Ph.D., post­doc, faculty), joining Smith without having worked in industry.  As a result, she has developed her applied engineering skills across disciplines during her time at Smith through involvement in the numerous capstone design projects, interaction with liaisons from

Conference Session

Construction Project Delivery and Control

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University; Robert Bruner; Alan Merrill Francis, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #13608Integrated Construction Laboratory - Lessons LearnedDr. John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University John Tingerthal joined the Construction Management faculty at Northern Arizona University in 2007. His engineering career spans a variety of design and forensic engineering experiences. He spent the first eight years of his career performing structural consulting engineering in Chicago. He earned his Doctorate in Education and is currently the Associate Chair of the Civil Engineering, Construction Management and Environmental Engineering Department. His academic interests lie in the field of discipline-based

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Radian G Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, electromagnetic compatibility and engineering education. During his career Dr. Belu published ten book chapters, several papers in referred journals and in conference proceedings in his ar- eas of the research interests. He has also been PI or Co-PI for various research projects United States and abroad in power systems analysis and protection, load and energy demand forecasting, renewable energy, microgrids, wave and turbulence, radar and remote sensing, instrumentation, atmosphere physics, electromagnetic compatibility, and engineering education. Page 26.1009.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, NMIMS University; Gautam Akiwate, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Validation Development Action Plan Figure 1: Approach Page 26.1022.3ScopeEgoless behavior is a mindset. The earlier this mindset is developed, the better it is. Younger minds aremore malleable and have full careers ahead of them. Carver, et al. argue that before running an empiricalstudy at a software company, it is useful to carry out a pilot study with students in an academic setting17.Therefore, we defined our scope of research to a batch of 86 junior software engineering students of

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan E. Walden, University of Oklahoma; Cindy E. Foor, University of Oklahoma; Rui Pan, University of Oklahoma; Randa L. Shehab, University of Oklahoma; Deborah A. Trytten, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and facilities, theseprograms consume a significant amount of institutional resources for relative small groups ofstudents (SELECT typically have fewer than 20 members). The impact on recruitingengineering students from under-represented populations (URP) potentially extends to issueswith future career opportunities as well. (We use URP to refer to both female students andstudents from racial/ethnic minority populations.) Industry sponsors willingly pay for theprivilege of recruiting graduates from these teams, apparently because they believe that SELECToffer educational and professional advantages. The question of whether URP students have equalopportunity to participate in SELECT is therefore also one of whether URP students receiveequal

Conference Session

Makerspaces in the Library: Using 3D printers, Laser Cutters, and Kits to Enhance Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Rogers, North Carolina State University Libraries; Ben Leduc-Mills, SparkFun Electronics, Inc.; Brendan C. O'Connell, Smith College Libraries; Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

. Ben has taught, presented, and published at numerous academic conferences, Maker Faires, hackerspaces, universities, and other informal learning spaces on building and teaching emerging technology to children and incorporating it into learning spaces of all shapes and sizes.Brendan C. O’Connell, Smith College Libraries Brendan O’Connell is Instructional Technology Librarian at Smith College Libraries, Northampton, Mas- sachusetts.Mr. Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics Brian Huang is an Education Engineer for SparkFun Electronics, a cutting edge open-source hardware and electronics education company. Brian started his career in engineering with wireless transport tech- nologies for ADC Telecommunications in

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodney Boehm, Texas A&M University - Dwight Look College of Engineering; Magdalini Z Lagoudas, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

for), the SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) architecture, which served as the base for today’s North American telephone network. Rodney was Chairman of the T1X1 Technical Sub- Committee (the organization responsible for SONET standardization) from 1990 through 1994. He has been active in SONET’s National and International Standardization since 1985. In addition, Rodney has published numerous papers and presentations on SONET. Rodney began his career with Fujitsu Network Communications in 1989 as the Director of Strategic Plan- ning. He also held the positions of Director of Transport Product Planning, Vice President of Business Management, Senior Vice President of Sales Management, Senior Vice President of

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Redfern, Duke University; A. Leyf Peirce Starling, North Carolina State University; Claudia K Gunsch, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, applicable, andengaging activities that are linked directly to current research at Duke University; discovercurrent research at Duke University by visiting research labs and engaging in real time datacollection and analysis; define and analyze engineering ethics; improve technical communicationskills; learn about college and career opportunities in engineering; and apply acquired contentknowledge in math and science to define, analyze, and solve a problem that will help society in acapstone project. Additionally, this experience is designed to provide students with mentorshipand exposure to novel engineering curriculum developed and delivered by current undergraduateand graduate students. This model focuses on a coordinated effort between Duke

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Approaches for Enhancing Non-technical Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alistar Erickson-Ludwig, Drexel University ; Rosie Sullivan, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

emotional intelligence, disciplineand self- awareness to successfullyserve in a mentorship role. Infollowing terms, the Paul PeckScholars progressed through coursesfocused on organizational behavior, Figure 1- Course Sequencecommunication, management, andresearch opportunities. Thecoordinators have also worked with the Steinbright Career Development Center (Steinbright) tocreate specialized leadership-driven internship experiences for the Scholars. Steinbright preparesstudents for their co-op search, and provides professional development opportunities for studentsthroughout their college careers. See Figure 1.Program Outcomes

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd R Hamrick, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and German in 1987, and returned to academia after a 22 year engineering career in industry. During his career Dr. Hamrick served in a broad range of positions including design, product development, tool and die, manufacturing, sales, and management. His teaching style brings practical, innovative, experience based learning to the classroom, where hands on projects that reflect real world applications are valued by students. Since 1998 he has mentored and lead youth organizations including Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H, and First Robotics, with youth ranging in ages from first grade through high school. He was named a Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources Outstanding Teacher for 2013-14

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Tricks of the Trade: Developing Research Funding AbstractBuilding a research group is an important determinant of career success. Maintaining acadre of students and assistants depends upon many factors, but perhaps none is soimportant as funding. Raising money takes time, a fact often bemoaned by professionalsacross the spectrum, from educators to politicians to missionaries. This paper presentsadvice from faculty who have been very successful in obtaining funding, including somewho have served for a time as NSF program officers. They advise that it’s important toserve on review panels to learn how the system works. Find out what each

Conference Session

Construction Project Delivery and Control

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MaryEllen C. Nobe, Colorado State University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. However, an introductory construction managementcourse provides an excellent opportunity to combine course objectives with facilitatingdevelopment of students’ self-reflection skills through discussion of the project control cycle.Particularly, this paper represents a qualitative case study conducted with first year studentsenrolled in CON 101: Introduction to Construction Management on how to convey theimportance of evaluating project performance – regardless if the project was a success or not –and facilitate development of their self-assessment skills. The purpose of the introductory courseis to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the construction industry including:different industry sectors, different career paths, and the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlotte De Vries, Penn State Erie, the Behrend College; Yi WU, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Melanie R. Ford, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Oladipo Onipede Jr., Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

over 30 students. The MCE/WISE programs arefree programs, offered by PSU Erie, designed for minority or female students from theErie area in the summer before their senior year in high school. This program offers Page 26.1670.2students the opportunity to explore their options in higher education and examinepossible career paths. Along with STEM related field trips, in-depth workshops, andexperiences, the students take a free 6-week college course.In our workshop, the high school students not only had a chance to build an automatedwheeled car and a grasping robotic arm, but also observed that changing controllerparameters in MATLAB/Simulink resulted in

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Hamilton P.E., Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Figure 3 – Aid in understandingQuestion four is in fact two questions. The first questions deals with when the students took thescience elective in their academic careers. It is advised that the students take this course late intheir academic careers so that they can make an informed decision about what course would bemost useful to them and their chosen specialization. However, due to the fact that many if notmost of our students transfer courses to our university we felt a significant number of students Page 26.1201.6may have already have taken an approved science course before joining us. Therefore the firstpart of this question was asking

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Huang, SparkFun Electronics

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Paper ID #14073Open-source Hardware – Microcontrollers and Physics Education - Integrat-ing DIY Sensors and Data Acquisition with ArduinoMr. Brian Huang, SparkFun Electronics Brian Huang is an Education Engineer for SparkFun Electronics, a cutting edge open-source hardware and electronics education company. Brian started his career in engineering with wireless transport tech- nologies for ADC Telecommunications in Minneapolis, MN. While working at ADC, Brian volunteered at the Science Museum of Minnesota and quickly discovered a passion for teaching and working with students - especially in an environment that fostered and

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Curricular Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough P.E., University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

how a society raises itschildren is not the ultimate expression of societal bias.Student views on prospects of women’s success in the professional world also demonstratedunconscious bias One student wrote that, “[One] reason that a woman would have a hard time Page 26.1255.4getting [into] and progressing through an engineering or computer science career is thatsometimes men have too much pride. There are men who would not tolerate knowing that awoman could do a better job.” Another gave as his reason for few women in engineering asrelated fields as, “...women usually draws [sic] maximum benefits from their employers. Ifemployers do not want

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

 introduced and emphasized. Offered fall and winter semesters. EGR 289 ­ Engineering Co­op Preparation ­ Introduces potential engineering cooperative education students to the industrial environment, the manufacture of quality products, and the basic principles of leadership. Helps students develop a better self­understanding through self­assessment and career development theory and prepares students for the co­op interview process. EGR 250 ­ Materials Science and Engineering ­ The internal structure, composition, and processing of metals, polymers, and ceramics are related to their properties, end use, performance and application in engineering. Materials selection exercises are included. Laboratory. (3­0­3) Offered winter and spring/summer

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ford, Western Carolina University; Aaron K. Ball, Western Carolina University; Sungho Tae, School of Architecture & Architectural Eng., Hanyang Univ., Ansan, Korea; Michael E. Smith Ph.D., Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

instructional quality. Most seniors were very pleased with instructional quality. There were negative comments about instructional quality by 12% of the seniors. 2. Career advising and career fairs were mentioned by 25% of graduating seniors as effective and important. 3. The WCU student Construction Management Club was rated as important by nearly all respondents in the sample.One notable finding was that many of the students attended Western due to the cheaptuition. Western is currently among the lowest priced universities in the University of NorthCarolina System. Several students (20%) also mentioned a need for an AIC exam preparationcourse and also for a building information modelling (BIM) course (5%).The current exit

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Long Island University, and a Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from Lehigh University. Dr. Lenox served for over 28 years as a commis- sioned officer in the U.S Army Field Artillery in a variety of leadership positions in the U.S., Europe, and East Asia. He retired at the rank of Colonel. During his military career, Dr. Lenox spent 15 years on the engineering faculty of USMA – including five years as the Director of the Civil Engineering Di- vision. Upon his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1998, he joined the staff of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). In his position as educational staff leader of ASCE, he managed several new educational initiatives – collectively labeled as Project ExCEEd

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Louise Antaya Dancz, Arizona State University; Kevin J. Ketchman; Melissa M. Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; Amy E. Landis, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. She began her career as an Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, after having obtained her PhD in 2007 from the University of Illinois at Chicago under the supervision of Dr. Thomas L. Theis. She has developed a research program in sustainable engineering of bioproducts. Her research ranges from design of systems based on industrial ecology and byproduct synergies, life cycle and sustainability assessments of biopolymers and biofuels, and design and analy- sis of sustainable solutions for healthcare. Since 2007, she has lead seven federal research projects and collaborated on many more, totaling over $7M in research, with over $12M in collaborative research. At ASU, Dr. Landis continues to grow her

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonio Jose Soares P.E., Florida A&M University; Doreen Kobelo, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Chao Li, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; G. Thomas Bellarmine P.E., Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Florida A&M University in School of Architecture, Di- vision of Engineering Technology. Her primary research interest is on traffic operation and safety. Dr. Kobelo is currently working on studying traffic operation and safety in third world countries in partic- ular Africa and how it affects their economy. She also has been working with minorities in the STEM fields and encouraging students to consider STEM related careers. She received her Master and PhD in Civil Engineering from Florida State University with her research focusing on safety analyses of non limited access roadways and interchanges respectively. She received her Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Dar es Salaam and her

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Rulifson P.E., University of Colorado, Boulder; Nathan E Canney PE, Seattle University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

undergraduate or graduate education that influenced your view of the engineering profession. Describe post-collegiate experiences that have influenced your view. What has been your career path after graduation?Interviews followed a semi-structured format where interviewers were allowed to ask follow-upquestions to allow for more elaborate responses. Interviews lasted from 30 to 60 minutes andwere performed by one of two researchers over the phone, on Skype, or in person depending onthe preference of the interviewee. Interviews were transcribed verbatim using voice recognitionsoftware, then edited to match the conversation exactly in Microsoft Word. All intervieweeswere given a pseudonym using typical methods23. As the first round of interviews