Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J Skromme, Arizona State University; Paul Rayes, Arizona State University; Brian McNamara, Arizona State University; Xiaoxuan Wang, Arizona State University; Yih-Fang Huang, University of Notre Dame; Daniel H. Robinson, Colorado State University; Xiang Gao, Arizona State University; Theodore Thompson

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

include educational technology innovations that may facilitate learning, team-based approaches to learning, and examining trends in Page 26.1311.1 articles published in various educational journals and societies. He was a Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand and was named as one of the most published authors in educational psychology journals from 1991-1996, 1997-2002, 1991-2002, and 2003-2008, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1998, 2004, 2010. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson P.E., James Madison University; David O. Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. Swan, C., K. Paterson, O. Pierrakos, A.R. Bielefeldt, B.A. Striebig. 2011. ISES a Longitudinal Study to Measure the Impacts of Service on Engineering Students. American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Paper AC 2011-1328. 17 pp.7. Engineers Without Borders USA. 2010. EWB-USA Strategic Plan. https://s3.amazonaws.com/ewbgeneral/stratplan_FINAL_lo.pdf Accessed 1/23/2015.8. Engineers Without Borders – Valparaiso University. History of the Chapter. http://www.valpo.edu/student/ewb/about/history.pdf Accessed

Conference Session

ECCD Innovations in Energy Engineering & Technology

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

2010 through September 2013 at the MAC Marlette facility. These data show that peak demand at harvest time is growing each year at Marlette, and off-harvest-time grain transfer, storage and handling energy usage is also growing each year.For this project the on-site data collection needed to be accomplished with a portable, robust andreliable electric power and energy data acquisition (DAC) system. Initially it was thought that asmall portable DAC system using a laptop and custom assembled current transducers and voltagesensors could be developed at Lawrence Tech. But after seeing the facilities and need for out-doordata collection, it readily became apparent that such an approach was not at all practical. It wasdecided that the Fluke

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

named an ASEE Fellow in 2008. Currently, she is on two division boards, Engineering Technology and Engineering Ethics, and has served as Zone IV chair. In 2010, she received the McGraw Award, and in 2013, the Berger Award. In addition to ASEE, Marilyn is active in the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics as pro- ceedings editor and the Association for Business Communication, serving on the editorial boards of two journals and editing a teaching section for ABC’s pedagogical journal. Page 26.683.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University; Pradip Kumar Krishnadevarajan, Karpagam University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. American Society for Engineering Education (AC 2009-1352). 6. Mohammed, J., Narang, R. & Albayyari, J. (2010). Developing a New Manufacturing Engineering Technology Curriculum. American Society for Engineering Education (AC 2010-940). 7. Zargari, A., Hayes, R. & Spradling, R. Curriculum Development on Manufacturing Technology: A Survey of Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) College Fellows. 8. Bennett, R.J.& Millam, E.R. (2011). Educating Manufacturing Leaders: Creating an Industrial Culture for a Sustainable Future. American Society for Engineering Education (AC 2011-144). 9. Dittman, J. (2012). Skills and Competencies that Supply Chain Professionals Will Need. 10. U.S. Energy

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary E. Goodwin, University of South Florida; John Pharo Morgan III, University of South Florida; Yan Wang, University of South Florida; Michelle King, University of South Florida College of Engineering; Blake A Burton, University of South Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

attend it. The grading for the classwas pass/fail.Engineering Living Learning CommunitiesThe College began a small engineering living learning community (ELLC) of 28 students in thefall of 2007. Two years later, in 2009, the ELLC was then moved to a newer more expensiveresidence hall in 2009 which had suite style rooms and was located close to the engineeringbuildings. That year the enrollment more than doubled (see Table 1). Due to limited residentialhousing there is no more room to expand the ELLC.Table 1. ELLC Enrollment and Overall Enrollment of First-Year Students Year # Admits ELLC ELLC 2007 440 28 6.4% 2008 479 27 5.6% 2009 363 71 19.6% 2010

Collection

2015 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Xingwu Wang; Bruce B. Rosenthal; Casey J. Busch; Jeff Porter; John L. Cusack

, 2008.18. “On-farm renewable energy production survey 2009,” AC-07-SS-6, United States Department of Agriculture, Feb., 2011.19. “Farming Statistics: Diversification and renewable energy production on Farms in England 2010,” UK Department for environment, food and rural affairs, August 2013.20. S. Sayce, B. Clements, and E. Cowling, “Are employers seeking sustainability literate graduates? A review of the importance of sustainability within the graduate recruitment process in the built environment,” Higher Education Academy, 2009.21. A. Cade, “Employable graduates for responsible employers,” Higher Education Academy, 2008, https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/esd-employable-graduates-responsible- employers.pdf22. D. A

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Julia Ziyatdinova

), Washington Accord, APQN (Asia-Pacific Quality Network), and many others. 316 engineering programs of 54 universities situated from Vladivostok to Kaliningrad and in Kazakhstan were given public-professional accreditation by AEER, 235 of them received the EUR-ACE label. Results of accreditation are presented in Fig. 2. Nevertheless, the proportion of programs acknowledged internationally is rather small. Page 19.11.9 8 Figure 2 – AEER Accredited Engineering Education Programs in Russia and Kazakhstan(from 2002 to 2014

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chengying Xu, Florida State University; Seyed Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Manufacturing since 2010 and International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Surface Engineering since 2007.Dr. S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University Dr. Hossein Mousavinezhad is an active member of ASEE, IEEE and is a program evaluator for engi- neering programs (ABET). Hossein is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Idaho State University and serves as IEEE Education Society VP, is the Founding General Chair of IEEE International Conferences on Electro Information Technology. Page 26.385.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Computer-Aided

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Elizabeth MH Garcia

. government.References1 Beer, Ferdinand, E. Russell Johnston Jr., Elliot Eisenberg, and Phillip Cornwell, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 9th Edition, Hughes McGraw-Hill, 2009.2 Egelhoff, C.J., and K.L. Burns, “A Heuristic to Aid Teaching, Learning and Problem-Solving for Mechanics of Materials,” Proceedings of the 118th ASEE Annual Conference, Vancouver, 2011, AC 2011- 1261.3 Egelhoff, Carla J., Nathan Podoll, and Kassim Tarhini. "Work in Progress–A Concept Map for Mechanics of Materials." Proceedings of the 40th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Washington, DC. 2010.4 Ellis, Glenn W., A. Rudnitsky, and Becky Silverstein. "Using concept maps to enhance understanding in engineering

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Patrick McGuire P.E., Lafayette College; Jeffrey David Helm, Lafayette College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 YearFigure 3: Number of results returned per year by searching "digital image correlation" in the ASCE CEDB Table 1: Some published research using DIC or PIV to measure soil deformation Type of image Publication Research topic analysis White et al. (2003)8 Application of PIV to geomechanics 2D-PIV Bhandari et al. (2012)9

Conference Session

ECCD Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriela De Mattos Veroneze, North Carolina A&T SU; Zhichao Li, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University; Pedro Augusto Pinto Caldeira

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

current electricity (DC) andusing an alternator converts it into alternative current (AC) that can be used to power equipmentinside a house. Photovoltaic cells have to combine cost effectiveness with relatively highthroughput energy yield production, in order to achieve this combination a couple of factors haveto be counted in: Material of construction, location that the PV cell will be placed and energyconversion efficiency. Even though there is a high initial cost to purchase and install Solar panels the financial Page 26.1484.2return of investment is worth it besides it provides added home value. Figure 1. Solar PanelsWind

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy John Vaillant, University of Massachusetts, Lowell ; Christopher J. Hansen, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Stephen Johnston, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Sammy G. Shina, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; David Willis, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

comprehensive CAM packages such as MasterCAM14, SolidCAM15,and NX CAM16 include advanced features such as: tool changes, material specification, clamplocation, and other functions. However, these products are much more expensive and are tailoredtowards professional manufacturing.2.1.5 Rotary Spindle ToolThe final component to consider when selecting a desktop CNC machine is the type of rotarytool or spindle that will be used. Spindles can be adapted from several different rotary tools.Considerations when selecting a spindle include: • Alternating Current (AC): Dremel® & rotary tools, routers and derivatives, which are used for small detail work, Cutout tools, used to cut rough holes in sheet rock and ply- wood, and routers

Conference Session

Engineering Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

André J. Butler, Mercer University; William Moses, Mercer University; Stephen Hill, Mercer University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, for example, any four of the sub-tasks have been adequately presented, then a score of ‘4’ is recorded on the evaluation sheet forthe appropriate task. These twelve individual scores thus obtained (four per evaluator) aresubsequently averaged, and the grand average is determined for each laboratory group. Theoutcome is judged to have been achieved if 70% or more of laboratory groups have a grandaverage of 3.0 or higher6.An assessment was conducted in 2010 that provided the motivation for changing the content ofthe junior-level laboratory course (MAE 302L). The results of that assessment exercise indicatedlow performance in the ‘interpretation of data’ task (2.17/5.0). This result was consistent withresults from earlier assessment cycles using

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monika Herrmann, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

ac- commodate aging in place and independent living. Her academic focus includes quality management in graphic communication in engineering and architecture. Page 26.392.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Confidence - A Path to Mastering Challenge Exploring strategies to strengthen students’ confidence in graphical expression through transformative experiencesAbstractThis study is an exploration into strategies designed to strengthen students’ awareness of therelationship between their perceived and actual skills and abilities

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Anstaett Metzler P.E., Ohio State University; Blaine W. Lilly, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

curriculum, traditionally one of the most rigorous andfrequently overwhelming periods for mechanical engineering students. Stay tuned for moredevelopments!References: 1. Abrams, Lisa, James William Aultschuld, Blaine W. Lilly, Daniel A. Mendelsohn “Introduction to Mechanical Engineering: A Course in Progress”, 2012 ASEE Annual Conference, AC 2012-5238. 2. Clayton, Garrett, et al. "Introduction to Mechanical Engineering - A Hands-On Approach." 2010 Annual ASEE Conference. 2010. AC 2010-1048. 3. Vaughan, Joshua, et al. "Using mechatronics to teach mechanical design and technical communication." Mechatronics (2008): 179-186. 4. Hargrove, Jeffrey B. "Curriculum, equipment and student project outcomes for mechatronics

Conference Session

Examining "Big" Data

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Issam Wajih Damaj, American University of Kuwait; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper PE, Norwich University; John Edward Patterson, Norwich University; Michael Puddicombe, Norwich University; Daniel Amos Sagan AIA, Norwich University, School of Architecture and Art

Tagged Divisions

Construction

findings of the “2010 Housing Needs Assessment” of the Vermont’s Housing and FinanceAgency, at $170 per square foot, the ΔT90 House at house is beyond the reach of the majority ofnew households4. Based upon average construction costs from national survey and U.S. Bureauof Census figures, the costs for the ΔT90 House must be reduced by approximately one third inorder for the house to be affordable5.Norwich University’s Solar Decathlon Design PhilosophyWhile the Solar Decathlon Competition is about solar technology, its focus on affordability alsospeaks to practical marketability of the completed structure. An overwhelming number ofVermonter’s cannot afford a house that meets the target construction costs of the 2013 SolarDecathlon’s Affordability

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vishwas Narayan Bedekar, Middle Tennessee State University; Ahad S. Nasab, Middle Tennessee State University; Walter W. Boles, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. After completing his degree Doc- tor of Philosophy in Materials Science and Engineering from University of Texas Arlington he worked at Virginia Polytechnic and State University as a Post – doctoral fellow (Jan 2010 – Dec 2010) and as a Research Assistant Professor at University of Arkansas (Jan 2011 – Jun 2013). Dr. Bedekar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Engineering Technology at the Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU). His research is related to Energy Harvesting, Magnetoelectric Materials, Struc- tural Health Monitoring and synthesis and characterization of novel nanomaterials. Dr. Bedekar is an editorial board member of Journal of Materials Science Research and a reviewer on

Conference Session

ECCD Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Esther T. Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Wagdy H Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Samuel Lakeou, University of the District of Columbia; Samuel Daouda Diarra, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, France 1992 (summer): Adjunct Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Addis Ababa University, under the TOKTEN program of the UNDP 2009-2010: Fulbright Research Fellow, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia Page 26.454.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Design and Implementation of a Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation SystemAbstractAccording to the Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Agriculture is a majoruser of ground and surface water in the United States, accounting for approximately 80 percentof the Nation's consumptive water use and over 90

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University; Kathleen Louise Nazar; Paul Bonfanti, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

  650   Math   630   Reading   610   Wri8ng   590   570   550   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014   Year  Enrolled  Figure 1. Average SAT Scores of Enrolled Students in the College of Engineering from 2008 to 2013Key statistics regarding women in

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Susan E. Shadle Ph.D., Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

relativelyconstant; however, profound changes were made across all sections in terms of pedagogy,homework, timing of course content, grade computation and exam content.  The motivation for focusing on Calculus I arose from a five-year National Science FoundationScience Talent Expansion Program grant that was awarded in 2010 to a multi-disciplinary teamthat spanned engineering, mathematics and science. A major grant objective was to raise first-semester, full-time retention of students in STEM majors. The projects supported several year-long faculty learning communities (FLCs) of about 10 instructors each. With significantinvolvement from mathematics faculty, the first two FLCs prepared the ground for pedagogicalreform of calculus. In 2013-14, a final FLC

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nesreen Alsbou, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University; Vladimir A Labay, Gonzaga University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

- trepreneurship Education Network (KEEN) initiative at Gonzaga University that focuses on developing the entrepreneurial mindset in undergraduate engineering and computer science students.Dr. Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University Heath J. LeBlanc is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department at Ohio Northern University. He received his MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from Vanderbilt University in 2010 and 2012, respectively, and graduated summa cum laude Page 26.1028.1 with his BS in Electrical Engineering from Louisiana State University in

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming; Thad B. Welch III P.E., Boise State University; Michael G. Morrow, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

), the John A. Curtis Lecture Award from the Computers in Education Division of ASEE (1998, 2005, and 2010), and the Brigadier General Roland E. Thomas Award for outstanding contribution to cadet education (both 1992 and 1993) at the U.S. Air Force Academy. He is an active ABET evaluator and an NCEES PE exam committee member.Dr. Thad B. Welch III P.E., Boise State University Thad B. Welch, Ph.D., P.E. received the B.E.E., M.S.E.E., E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Postgraduate School, and the University of Colorado in 1979, 1989, 1989, and 1997, respectively. He was commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1979 and has been assigned to three submarines and a

Conference Session

Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noelle K Comolli, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

food product an easy to follow, and enjoyable example for theirfirst introduction to chemical processes and chemical engineering unit operations.References[1] Robert Caverly HF, Sridhar Santhanam, Pritipal Singh, James O'Brien, Gerard Jones,Edward Char, Frank Mercede, Randy Weinstein and Joseph Yost. Project-BasedFreshman Engineering Experience: The Core Course. American Soceity for EngineeringEducation Annual Meeting 2010.[2] Noelle K. Comolli QWaWJK. The Artificial Kidney: Investigating Current DialysisMethods as a Freshman Design Project. American Society for Engineering EducationAnnual Meeting 2010.[3] Rose M Marra BP, Thomas A Litzinger. The Effects of a First Year EngineeringDesign Course on Student Intellectual Development as Measured

Collection

2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference

Authors

Daniel Bullock; Edward Carl Greco; Jim D. Reasoner

student operation, robust, portable, and economically viable. In thispaper we describe the details of integration of our system into an existing introductory DCElectric circuits course and additionally, details of the planned study including implementationand assessment are discussed.KeywordsActive learning, DC Circuit Analysis, Portable Lab, Kinesthetic LearningIntroductionAt Arkansas Tech University (ATU) Electric Circuits 1 is an introductory engineering coursethat teaches students electrical concepts utilizing direct-current (DC) circuit analysis and basicelectrical devices. This course is designed to provide a foundation for a sequence of courses inalternating current (AC) circuits, electronics, electrical machines, and engineering design

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven G Northrup, Western New England University; John J. Burke P.E., Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Circuits Lecture 2 6 Nodal Analysis Lecture 1 15 Transient Analysis 7 Nodal Analysis Lecture 2 16 AC steady-state AC steady-state complex 8 Nodal Analysis Lecture 3 17 power 9 Op-Amp Lecture 3Table 2 shows the schedule for the laboratory experiments and recitations that were used forgroup work with hands-on problem solving. There were 7 lab experiments, 5 recitations wherestudents worked in 2-person teams to solve practice problems or to work on their design project,2 design project sessions (one for building and testing their design and one for rechecking their

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelito G Enriquez, Canada College; Erik N Dunmire, College of Marin; Tom Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College; Nicholas Langhoff, Cañada College; Eva Schiorring, EduData4Action

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

initiative is to support the development of a statewide online education systemthat, by increasing access to courses that are in high demand and required for transfer, willaccelerate and increase associate degree completion and transfer. The initial focus for the OEI isto use online education to support the courses needed for the Associate Degrees for Transfer.Numerous studies have been conducted across various disciplines to determine the effectivenessof online teaching and learning.12-24 A 2010 meta-analysis released by the US Department ofEducation, which included a systematic search for experimental or quasi-experimental studies ofthe effectiveness of online learning published in the literature from 1996 to 2008, concluded that“on average

Conference Session

Best Practices for Two-Year Students Majoring in Engineering & STEM Fields

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Groppi P.E., Cabrillo College; Susan Tappero, Cabrillo College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

% 0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Page 26.949.2 Figure 1 Increase in Latino STEM Majors at Cabrillo College23Those seeking to increase the number of STEM and engineering majors, including URMstudents, and help ensure their graduations will find replicable activities and pedagogiesdiscussed that may also hold promise at their institutions.STEEP Outcomes OverviewData collected over the six year period of the STEEP project reveals several large-scalechanges at the college: Although the overall college population was in decline during period from 2008-2014, there was almost a doubling in the number of students

Conference Session

Fifty Shades of Grey Literature

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J White, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

and the resultscompared. The WIPO patent database does not have citation searching capabilities, so nocomparison could be made with the other three databases.Other free and commercial patent databases, such as Patent Lens, FreePatentsOnline, GooglePatents, and Derwent Innovations Index, and specialized databases that index patents, such asChemical Abstracts/SciFinder, were not included in this study due to lack of time and space.3. Citations in Patent DocumentsAccording to ISO standard 690:2010, a citation is an “indication within the text or other form ofcontent of a relevant reference” and a reference is “data describing a resource or part thereof,sufficiently precise and detailed to identify it and to enable it to be located.”8 The purpose