Conference Session

FPD1 -- Implementing a First-Year Engineering Course

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Hagenberger, Valparaiso University; Barbara Engerer, Valparaiso University; Doug Tougaw, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Vertically Integrated Team Design Projects on First Year Engineering Students,” Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition (2004).9. H. Diefes-Dux, D. Follman, P.K. Imbrie, J. Zawojewski, B. Capobianco, and M. Hjalmarson, “Model Eliciting Activities: An In-class Approach to Improving Interest and Persistence of Women in Engineering,” Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition (2004).10. K. F. Reardon, “A Project-Oriented Introduction to Engineering Course,” Proceedings of the 1999 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition (1999).11. R. Whalen, S. F. Freeman, B. K. Jaeger

Conference Session

Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming; Dennis Coon, University of Wyoming; Paul Crips, Laramie Middle School; John Pierre, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

encourage students to independently continue their studies beyond the course.Curriculum. The curriculum consists of a series of self-contained laboratory exercises thatincrementally build upon one another. The exercises were adapted from laboratory exercisesoriginally developed for use in a sophomore level, undergraduate electrical and computerengineering curriculum [7, 8, 9]. In developing the program an emphasis was placed onminimizing theoretical lectures while maximizing student investigation and discovery throughhands-on laboratory exercises.A typical schedule is provided in Table 1 while a summary of laboratory exercises is provided inTable 2. The schedule is divided into 12 separate 2 hour and 15 minute lessons. A 15 minutebreak is provided

Conference Session

ChE: Experimental Design & Error Analysis

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Shoichi Kimura, Oregon State University; Connelly Barnes, Oregon State University; Danielle Amatore, Oregon State University; Derek Meyers-Graham, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

complex cognitive processes. Danielle received her BS in chemical engineering from OSU and her MS from the University of Washington.Derek Meyers-Graham, Oregon State University Derek Meyers-Graham is an undergraduate student in Computer Science and Mathematics at OSU. Page 11.621.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Experiential Learning of Design of Experiments Using a Virtual CVD ReactorAbstractPresently there is a need for more effective ways to integrate statistical methodologies such asDesign of Experiments (DOE) into the engineering curriculum. We have

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Fernandez, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

University-Corpus Christi’s Computer Science Advisory Board havecommented on the need for graduates to have strong skills in systems analysis and design, which meansusing software engineering CASE tools. However, maintaining a curriculum in line with employerneeds that requires industry tools can be an expensive process13.Shared Software Infrastructure ProjectThe Open Standards SSI Hub Project at Texas A&M University15 alleviates the expense of incorporatingadditional material into the curriculum. At no cost to participating universities, SSI Hub suppliesresources that facilitate the task of empowering students with the experience of using industry tools todevelop cutting edge industrial strength software, while still educating students in

Conference Session

Assessment Methods

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Boser, Illinois State University; Kenneth Stier, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-446: OUTCOME ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATIONKenneth Stier, Illinois State University Dr. Ken Stier is a professor and Coordinator of the Integrated Manufacturing Systems Program at Illinois State University. He received his Ed.D in Curriculum and Instruction and has been responsible for coordinating the assessment plan for the Manufacturing Systems Program for the last three years. He has served in various capacities on six accreditation site visits. Regular teaching responsibilities include courses in manufacturing processes, materials technology, and manufacturing organization and management.Richard Boser, Illinois State University Dr. Richard Boser is a Professor and Coordinator of the

Conference Session

Moral Development, Engineering Pedagogy and Ethics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, Texas A&M University; James H. Gill, Jr., Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

environment.INTRODUCTIONEthics, social responsibility, and trust are critical issues for the built environment fromproduction and professional identity perspectives. These issues have been recognized byowners, manufacturers, designers and constructors through the creation of the codes ofethics/professional conduct and integration of ethics to the professional degree programcurriculums. The codes of ethics/professional conduct are generally defined and enforcedthrough licensing institutions, professional organizations or within individual companies orfirms. The educational need for ethics and social responsibility is also noted in the highereducation system by the revision of educational curriculums through accrediting agencyrequirements. However, in professional degree

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Methods and Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Maxim, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

similar to that used to specify any other type of software product. However, unlikemost software products, games have an entertainment dimension. People play computer gamesbecause games are fun.8The International Game Developers Association (IGDA) proposed a curriculum framework foruniversity level training in game development.5 The core topic areas from the IGDArecommendations appear in Table 1. Many of these topics involve the application of skills taughtin software engineering courses. Page 11.660.2 Table 1: IGDA Curriculum Framework Core Topic Key Elements Critical Game Studies game

Conference Session

CPD - Engineering Education K - Life

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Becker, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

(ITEA) with funding from NSF and NASA. The STLwere reviewed and endorsed by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) andWilliam Wulf wrote the forward to the document [3]. Salinger describes the breadth of standards for science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM) education and concluded that standards should cause crosscurricular teaching and learning and that the standards should be geared toward higherlevels of achievement. He is not specific regarding what to teach, however, he stronglyemphasized the need for curriculum integration among STEM subject areas. The collaboration between engineering and technology educators is an importantinitiative that has tremendous potential for benefiting both. Therefore, the

Conference Session

FPD7 -- Service Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

P.K. Raju, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

admitted to engineering programs by the end of their sophomore yearand employers chide schools for not providing the skills neededv. These observationsshow that the education establishment is not doing an adequate job of educating theengineering students to meet the challenges of the global economy. This in our opinion isbecause the appropriate educational materials that bridge the gap between theory andpractice are not available to the educators. The National Academy of Sciencesvi stressesthat engineering educators should introduce interdisciplinary learning in theundergraduate curriculum and explore the use of case studies of engineering successesand failures as a learning tool. Based on this premise, we have been working on a projectto develop

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Engineering Courses of 2020

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Olivia Graeve, University of Nevada-Reno (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Materials

content shouldcater to different learning styles, especially benefiting global learners who suffer in traditionalforms of the class that do not emphasize the “bigger picture”.3 Cabral et al showed that placingthe fundamental material within the context of an applied situation increases students motivationto learn.4 Each lecture module will have an open ended project that student teams work onthroughout the course of the module. The project is integrated into each module in order toincrease student ownership of their learning and to deepen students’ understanding between theconnection of the fundamentals they are learning with real world engineering applications.5 Thefundamental material appears in multiple modules. This allows students to revisit

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Cheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati; Brian Dansberry, University of Cincinnati; Louis Trent, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

International

is thus to operationalize the conceptualoutcome in some way (e.g., to develop a test of competence in critical thinking).”3Professional Practice faculty recognized that students achieve a host of significant learningoutcomes through co-operative education work experiences, many of which are described byCates and Jones. “From the standpoint of academic faculty there are several outcomes of co-operative education that are critical. As an educational strategy, co-operative education provideslearning that is related to the students’ curriculum. From the standpoint of industry, it isimportant that students have the technical knowledge that their academic preparation provides,but it is equally important for them to develop workplace knowledge.” 4

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Beams, University of Texas-Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Project TUNA II –Bode Analyzer and Teaching ToolAbstractStudents measuring the frequency response of a linear circuit (e.g., an active filter) by manualmethods find the task mind-numbing and repetitive, and the purpose was frequently lost in theminutiae of data-taking. Project TUNA (Texas Universal Network Analyzer), a Bode analyzerfor low to moderate frequencies, was conceived as an answer to this problem. The prototype ofProject TUNA was developed as a project in Electronics II (EENG 4409) in 1999, andpermanent copies were constructed in 2000. Project TUNA has been integrated into theelectronics curriculum of UT-Tyler since that time. It is used as both a laboratory instrument andas a teaching tool, particularly to illustrate the principles of

Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Lee Hansen; Jorge Vanegas, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and financial, and the ecological and environmental systems. o Intra- and intergenerational satisfaction of human needs and aspirations are an integral part of the outcomes of the development process. o Natural resource use is managed proactively through monitoring and control of the extraction of resources from the biosphere in a way that ensures that the supply will always exceed the demand, and of the extraction of nonrenewable natural resources from the lithosphere to prevent their total depletion. o Sustainable strategies and technologies are used proactively within every element of the system: − To promote the development, and to enable the use, of environmentally conscious

Conference Session

Topical Public Policy Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Schuhmann, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Pangborn, Pennsylvania State University; Kim Barron, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

impact, and the minimal disruption on the path to graduation. An integral partof the ELP mission is to promote a robust contemporaneous and projective world-view instudents and user-friendly international programs are a significant part of this effort.With respect to leadership education and internationalization, the ELP curriculum appears to beon target with alumni perceptions and the program will continue to build upon and refine itsmission to educate World Class Engineers. Students will be taught leadership in a global contextso that they are sensitive to cultural differences and aware of the world and that people andnations are interconnected; as part of this effort, additional short-term international experienceswill continue to be built

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Yost, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

2006-459: SO YOU SURVIVED THE ABET VISIT… HOW TO CONTINUE ASUSTAINABLE ASSESSMENT EFFORTSandra Yost, University of Detroit Mercy Sandra A. Yost, P.E., Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Detroit Mercy, where she teaches in the areas of control systems, digital and analog circuits and electronics, and design. She is currently serving on the ASEE Board of Directors as Chair, Zone II. Page 11.1134.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 So You Survived the ABET Visit… How to Continue a Sustainable Assessment

Conference Session

Manufacturing Laboratory Experience

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Hye Jeong Kim, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

essential role in the manufacturingindustry. Engineers constantly design, maintain, reconfigure, and upgrade these systems toaccommodate shifts in product design or manufacturing priorities. Often engineers require yearsof experience to become expert in this area. Needed are systematic procedures and acomprehensive curriculum for education on automated system integration tasks such as roboticsystem design. This paper describes the design and evaluation of a web-based robotic workcelldesign tool kit created to help students learn how to design an automated robotic workcell in asystematic way. The design of the toolkit is based on interviews with engineers about typicalapplication engineer job tasks at system integration companies. The toolkit was

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology; Robert Merrill, Rochester Institute of Technology; James Scudder, Rochester Institute of Technology; John Stratton, Rochester Institute of Technology; George Sutherland, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the program faculty, department chair, and theprogram industrial advisory board (IAB). As a result of this report and feedback from the IAB,the program and department chair develop an action plan that recommends changes to coursesand the curriculum. The program chair submits this action plan to the IAB and updates them onprogress in its implementation.A standard format is used for each program in preparing yearly reports allowing the sharing ofassessment information. Summaries are developed for each PO that show the learningopportunities, assessment criteria, assessment methods and results, analysis of data and actionplans. The summary for the materials PO which is common to all three programs is shown inFigure 3 as an example

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Rogers, Arizona State University; Dale Palmgren, Arizona State University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

development andevaluation.ASU has developed a curriculum leading to a Master of Science degree focused on securitysystems and engineering and, in the process, faced many challenges. The experiencedemonstrates that a rigorous methodology, such as the Sandia methodology, can successfullyform the foundation of a system engineering curriculum focused on security engineeringeducation. In addition, such programs offer students an option for a scientifically rigorouseducation in the field, in contrast to the more typical criminal justice or policy-orientedapproaches used in most educational programs focused on homeland security. This paperexplains the Sandia methodology, briefly describes the courses developed, the types of master’sprojects done by students

Conference Session

K-12 Activities

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Aslam, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

mechanicalparts, can lead to a substantially higher resolution. This simple construction explains the actualprinciple of an AFM, which can then be shown to children in an arranged visit to an AFM facility. Wehave tested this concept on a number of children in grades 4-8 and they seem to get some idea of howan AFM works on the nanoscale. However, one needs to do a systematic study on a larger number ofchildren with the help of teachers and educational experts, which will be the subject of a subsequentstudy.Science, Engineering and Mathematics Now we are ready to explain some science and engineering principles. A Pentium 4 microprocessorhas millions of transistors integrated on an area of approximately 1-2 cm2. The use of a transistor as aswitch is a key

Conference Session

Assessing K - 12 Engineering Education Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Karen Hollebrands, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

predictor of future college success.What mathematical concepts are future freshman engineering students taught in high school andare they sufficient preparation for the rigors of an engineering curriculum? This paper will takean introductory look at these questions by examining the North Carolina approach to high schoolmath, through the Standard Course of Study, by selected classroom snapshots and by assessmentof selected mathematics skills of college freshmen.1.0 IntroductionExperience working with teachers1 has show that it is common for teachers at one level to not beaware of what math is taught at the previous and next levels, including the transition from highschool to college. In addition, high stakes testing is having a definite impact on

Conference Session

Best Practices and Structuring for Aerospace Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Orabi, University of New Haven; Corinne Lenk, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

education, Smith requiresthat a substantial part of each student’s education be devoted to study outside the major. This isattained through a General Education Curriculum that adds breadth of learning to the expertiseacquired in the major.The NASA Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program (RGSFOP) allows groups ofstudents to design and perform an original experiment aboard the DC-9, a modified jet capable ofproducing periods of microgravity. The presentation of the student’s findings to the generalpublic is an integral part of the project. The RGSFOP encourages participants to reach thebroadest audience possible through the use of innovative presentation formats and uniqueeducational opportunities. The students are inspired to spark

Conference Session

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Neck, Babson College; John Bourne, Olin College; Stephen Schiffman, Olin College

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the Sloan Center on Online Education at Olin and Babson Colleges.Stephen Schiffman, Olin College Dr. Schiffman is an associate professor of entrepreneurship at Olin and Babson Colleges. Prior to Page 11.1255.1 joining the Olin faculty, Dr. Schiffman was the dean of the Undergraduate Program at Babson College and a Senior Partner at Olin College. In his two years as a Senior Olin Partner, Dr. Schiffman worked closely with the faculty to develop and improve the Olin curriculum. He has been a Babson faculty member in Entrepreneurship, Mathematics and MIS since 1986. He was the

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camille George, University of St. Thomas; Elise Amel, University of St. Thomas; Karl Mueller, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

2006-655: A SOLAR-POWERED DECORATIVE WATER FOUNTAIN HANDS-ONBUILD TO EXPOSE ENGINEERING CONCEPTS TO NON-MAJORSCamille George, University of St. Thomas Camille George is an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, MN. She teaches thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and a fuel cell technology class. She is interested in technology literacy, engineering ethics and the internationalization of the engineering program. She has been instrumental in adding a humanitarian service-oriented engineering project option to the senior design curriculum and also in exploring ways of adding engineering content into classes for non-science and

Conference Session

Digital Communications Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cajetan Akujuobi, Prairie View A&M University; Matthew Sadiku, Prairie View A&M University; Alam Shumon, Prairie View A&M University; Veeramuthu Rajaravivarma, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. ObjectivesThe objectives of this phase of the research project are to: • Team with several instructors in integrating this experimental project and lessons learned into engineering curriculum. • Demonstrate this experimental project and evaluate its effectiveness as an innovative engineering design for students. • In collaboration with industrial partners, evaluate and explore the possibility of commercialization upon demonstrated success. Page 11.1185.3 • Work with industrial partners and other academic collaborators, to constantly improve on the modeling and simulation system design, based on the evaluations of this

Conference Session

Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Gulick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Debbie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer Oliver, IAESTE United States; Karl Zimmer, General Cable

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

- Individual student teaching to help guide students toward integrating classroom and co-op learning experiences with personal goals for an international co-op assignment - Identifying companies and developing partnerships to create co-op job opportunities with international companies in the US and abroad - Working with language faculty to develop specialized intensive language and culture programs that prepare students to work abroad - Program evaluation and assessmentJennifer Oliver, IAESTE United States Jennifer Oliver is currently the Outbound Program Manager and East Regional Coordinator of IAESTE United States, a membership and exchange organization dedicated to developing global

Conference Session

Professional Development/Scholarship & Service Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guy Hembroff, Michigan Technological University; Yu Cai, Michigan Technological University; Scott Amos, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

search for ways toreduce their expenses in order to become or remain financially stable.Combining the challenge for higher-education to give students industry experience whileproviding a method for organizations to maximize their services with little or no fiscalexpenditures, results in a process called service-learning [1]. This term refers to educationalactivity in partnership with a public or non-profit agency, organization, or project within thecommunity. Service-learning from an academic viewpoint is normally completed in one of twoways. The first, curricular service-learning, is a process in which the project is integrated into anacademic course and carries academic credit. The second, co-curricular service-learning,complements academic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Bowen, Rice University; Marcia O'Malley, William Marsh Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

it is an integrated system. Students interact with a realmechanical system, and then use that system in a lab setting to touch the concepts that areconveyed in lectures and homework.There are alternate hardware choices for this series of laboratory experiments. Commercialhardware such as force feedback gaming joysticks, Sensable’s Phantom Omni haptic device, andImmersion’s Impulse Engine 2000 provide platforms that can be used off-the-shelf for conveyingsystem dynamics concepts via a haptic device. However, these systems are cost prohibitivecompared to the haptic paddle kits, and do not allow students to study the hardware on acomponent-by-component basis prior to working with the assembled system. The authors areaware of only one other low

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Soled, University of Cincinnati; Patricia McNerney, University of Cincinnati; Laura Koehl, University of Cincinnati; Kelly Obarski, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

tailored educationalmethods course, one instructional planning course, a Field Practicum course,Instructional Technology Across the Curriculum course, and Instructional Teaching &Learning Styles course. The education courses train them in: 1) methods, concepts,theory, and assessment of instruction; 2) design and implementation of science andmathematics curricula with an emphasis on instructional technology; 3) local, state andnational curriculum standards, educational practices, and pragmatic and logisticalsecondary education issues; and 4) advanced technology, time management andclassroom management techniques for technology use in classrooms 2-6. Each year, thegraduate Fellows present a one- or two-day “Teaching with Technology” workshop for

Conference Session

Capstone Courses I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grant Martin, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

Page 11.1188.8 Pimmel, Russ, “Cooperative Learning Instructional Activities in a Capstone Design Course,” Journal ofEngineering Education, (July 2001), accessed online athttp://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:mTq_X9wN5dkJ:https://www.asee.org/jee/papers/EE009-16.pdf+pimmel+capstone+cooperative+learning on December 14, 2005.5 Jenkins, S. Rod, et al., “Capstone Course in an Integrated Engineering Curriculum,” Journal ofProfessional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, (April 2002), pp. 75-82.6 US Military Academy Website, www.usma.edu/mission.asp, accessed January 17, 2006.7 Kaufman, pg. 26.8 Ibid, 28.9 Project Management and System Design, Instructional Memorandum, Academic Term 2006-2 (springsemester

Conference Session

Women & New Faculty Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. degree from Brigham Young University, a M.S. in Consumer and Home Economics Education from Utah State University, and an Ed.D. in Curriculum and Instruction from Brigham Young University. Page 11.1166.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Student Self-Assessment: How Can It Be Used to Improve Instruction?IntroductionA significant change to the culture of higher education is a broad-based, long-term focus onassessment of student achievement, course and teaching effectiveness, and overall programquality. The increased importance placed on assessment is evidenced by the