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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leisa D. Thompson, University of Virginia; Lecia Jane Barker, University of Colorado, Boulder

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Services for Undergraduate Programs (ES-UP) is a reform program of theNational Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) for increasing womenrecipients of bachelor’s in computing. ES-UP uses a consultant-based approach to promoteevidence-based practices for improving the experience of the major for all students, rather thanexpecting women to conform to existing, disadvantageous conditions [1]. Computing andEngineering departments (“Clients”) who participated in the program were encouraged to adoptrecruitment and retention strategies that bring the greatest return on investment in the shortesttime with the smallest resource commitment, and which could be integrated into existingprograms and practices. Increasing participation in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Tomko, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Melissa Wood Aleman, James Madison University; Wendy C. Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

pedagogy and implications. Makerspaces are often labeled as“open, learning environments,” and this work demonstrates how these spaces facilitate uniqueforms of learning that engage these women in the makerspace.1 IntroductionMakerspaces, places dedicated to making things, are labeled as open, accessible spaces whereone is free to create. These spaces gave makers a place where they could design, build, test, andcreate. While more and more makerspaces surfaced, the maker movement crept into academia,and before researchers could even make sense of this new phenomenon, makerspaces werestarting to take root on college campuses and in K-12 educational settings. From repurposingsupply rooms to building bright and shiny new facilities, these spaces have

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmund Tsang, Western Michigan University; Anetra J. Grice, Western Michigan University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

undergraduate graphics and printingscience program that is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Collegiate GraphicCommunications (ACCGC). In addition, CEAS offers 11 master’s programs and seven doctoralprograms. Fall 2017 enrollment consisted of 2,415 undergraduates, 447 master’s students and158 doctoral students.In 2005, WMU was awarded a STEM Talent Expansion Program (STEP) from the NationalScience Foundation to improve second-year retention by adapting the strategy of placingstudents into cohorts. Placing first-year students in cohorts or learning communities isrecognized by the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) of Indiana University as oneof six high-impact practices positively affecting student success and retention [1]. Placing

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Tuchscherer P.E., Northern Arizona University; Christine Allison Gray, Northern Arizona University; John Tingerthal P.E., Northern Arizona University; Ron Gray, Northern Arizona University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

“micro” nature of ourinterventions was not effective towards producing significant changes to students’ sense ofcommunity, engineering self-efficacy, or engineering identity – in a large lecture-formatintroductory engineering course. Or, it may be the instruments employed were not sensitive tomeasuring the change. Nonetheless, while inconclusive, the findings of this study are providedfor practitioners who may be interested in incorporating similar pedagogies into their classroom.In addition, the findings grow the knowledge-base and are available to researchers interested inextending the results into future studies.IntroductionThe current NSF-funded project [1] was designed to positively impact the retention ofengineering majors in early career

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Proctor Page Reid, National Academy of Engineering

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

is the US engineeringeducation–workforce system preparing and using engineers? What adaptations are needed toensure that this system can respond effectively and expediently to current and future needs? Tounderstand these questions, a committee of experts reviewed published literature and analyzedrelevant datasets in order to accomplish the following three objectives: 1. Collect and synthesize data on the characteristics (e.g., age, job category) of those working or trained as engineers. 2. Collect and synthesize data on factors (e.g., personal values, economic incentives) influencing the career decisions of those working or trained as engineers. 3. Use these analyses to consider the implications of current career pathways of

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert P. Van Til, Oakland University; Chris J. Kobus, Oakland University; Michael A. Latcha, Oakland University; Sankar Sengupta, Oakland University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

part-time basis.What’s Left To Do.The final semester for the PLM Scholarship Program is winter 2018. Currently, there are 25active students in the program. Many of these students will graduate within 1-2 semesters.Although scholarship funds will not be available after this semester, the investigators willcontinue to working with the remaining students in all other aspects of the PLM ScholarshipProgram until the remaining students graduate.

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean S. VanderGheynst, University of California, Davis; Colleen Elizabeth Bronner, University of California, Davis; Alin Wakefield, University of California, Davis

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

needs ofthe 21st century” [1]. While the United States moves toward minority-majority status, thatchange is not reflected in the number of graduate degrees being awarded to underrepresentedminorities (URM). In 2014, only 8.3% of the research-intensive doctoral degrees awarded inSTEM fields were earned by URM students [2].The Preparing Engineering Graduates Students for the 21st Century (PEGS21) project at UCDavis seeks to examine the transition from undergraduate to graduate study in engineering, andextend prior research of Gardner (2007), Gardner and Holley (2011) and Tate et al. (2014) thatidentifies the five following challenges to graduate degree attainment in first-generation students[3-5].1) Breaking the Chain: Low-income, academically

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Virgil U. Pierce, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Stephen W. Crown, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Arturo A. Fuentes, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

undergraduate level, and Struc- tural Dynamics, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, and Finite Element Analysis at the graduate level. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 An Ecosystem for Success in Engineering and Computer ScienceAbstractSupported by a National Science Foundation STEP grant, our activities continue to establish aregional ecosystem for STEM success by targeting barriers to student achievement and creatingopportunities for enhanced student engagement. Description of the activities and results obtainedduring the 4th year (2016-2017) of this grant are presented in this paper. Students participated inthe following activities: 1) a targeted, STEM-focused, concurrent-enrollment program

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Steinbrink, Gannon University; Karinna M. Vernaza, Gannon University; Barry J. Brinkman, Gannon University; Lin Zhao, Gannon University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

classifies Gannon University as a PUI in theMasters L level category. For full-time faculty, the percentage of female faculty members is36.71% in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) departments and54.73% in non-STEM departments. The academic programs are organized into three colleges:the College of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences; the College of Health Professions andSciences; and the College of Engineering and Business. The NSF S-STEM activity describedherein offers scholarships only to students within the identified engineering and computer andinformation science majors of the College of Engineering and Business.Table 1 includes baseline data for women and minority STEM students at Gannon Universitythrough the 2014

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin L. K. Koskey, University of Akron; Wondimu Ahmed, University of Akron; Nidaa Makki, The University of Akron ; Nicholas Garafolo, University of Akron; Benjamin G. Kruggel, University of Akron; Donald P. Visco Jr., The University of Akron

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

increase students’ interest in STEM and expand theiraccess to opportunities to experience integrated STEM activities. Our work focused on middleschool students as research shows that interest in STEM decreases through middle school [1].The planned intervention is based on existing theory and research on motivation, as well as theemerging body of literature on integrated STEM instruction. Research shows that relevance isessential to student engagement in science and mathematics [2]. Research also indicates thatthere is a link between students’ interest and experiences in school and their future educationalcareer choices [3,4] . Therefore, engaging students in engineering activities where they solve realworld problems motivates them to learn science

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Vitali, University of Michigan; Noel C. Perkins, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan

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Engineering DynamicsIntroductionEngineering dynamics (Newtonian mechanics) is often a difficult subject for students to grasp,particularly when taught in traditional lecture-only settings. In lecture-only settings, studentsoften exercise concepts solely through idealized textbook problems which provide little to noopportunity for understanding or exploring in realistic contexts [1]. This is understandable giventhe considerable expense and resources needed to create companion laboratories where studentsmight otherwise explore concepts through hands-on experimentation. Despite these difficulties, ithas been shown across STEM fields that demonstrations and experiments can dramaticallyimprove student learning compared to traditional teaching methods [2

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leo C. Ureel II, Michigan Technological University; Charles Wallace, Michigan Technological University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

Programs for the Computer Science Department. In conjunction with his research projects, he has founded local outreach efforts in computer education for middle and high school students and digital literacy for senior citizens. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Enriching communication in introductory computer science: A retrospective on the Agile Communicators projectAbstractAmong software professionals and educators, the quality of team communication is acknowledged as a keyfactor in the success or failure of software projects [1, 3]. Successful communication in the workplace is aprocess requiring more than technical mastery of standard genres

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tobin N. Walton, North Carolina A&T State University; Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina A&T State University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

]; n.d.a.).One way to accomplish this initiative is to model educational practices after the innovativeresearch and development processes characteristic of engineering businesses. According to [1],innovators within the engineering business model tend to be risk-averse, spending time andmoney on those innovations designed to address well-defined, specific needs. By contrast,engineering educators have traditionally focused upon knowledge creation and technologicalexploration, with less regard for market needs, associated cost, regulatory hurdles, etc. Ifengineering and computer science programs align with the innovators’ order, then studentswould first identify a social and/or industry need and then through coursework, obtain theknowledge and design

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathanial David Wiggins, San Jacinto College; Sadegh Davari, University of Houston, Clear Lake; Sharon Perkins Hall, University of Houston, Clear Lake; Krishani Abeysekera, University of Houston Clear Lake; Norman H. Liebling, San Jacinto College; James LeRoy Meeks, San Jacinto College

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

to STEM Careers program is a five-year collaborative grant betweenUniversity of Houston – Clear Lake (UHCL) and San Jacinto College (SJC) that aims to increasestudent success in STEM fields between the schools with focus on mathematics, physics,computer science, and computer engineering. The elements of the grant are SummerOrientations, Tech Fridays, STEM Challenge, Peer Mentoring and Scholarships. The universityand community college work together to design and facilitate events, many of which are student-driven. The overall objective of the grant is to increase student success through a transferablemodel that uses both formal and informal elements of education. Specific objectives along withtheir statuses are listed in Table 1. The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ella Lee Ingram, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Cara Margherio, University of Washington; Kerice Doten-Snitker, University of Washington; Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

trained observers, eachof whom brings a unique disciplinary perspective to their observations. In sharing ourexperiences with a researcher/practitioner partnership, we hope to encourage researchers to seekout partnerships with practitioners to bridge the gap between theory and practice in engineeringand computer science education.IntroductionConnecting research and practice is a challenge experienced by both researchers andpractitioners in many disciplinary areas. In education, research results should intersect withpolicy and practice in ways similar to other disciplines, e.g., medicine [1, 2]. Unfortunately,academic education research often ends up being inaccessible or not particularly useful to thepractitioners who could benefit [2, 3]. Higher

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University; Bin Wang, Wright State University; Chi-Hao Cheng, Miami University; Deng Cao, Central State University; Zhiping Zhang, Wright State University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

baseddetection, and cyclostationary analysis based detection. It is shown that by exploitingsophisticated signal processing techniques such as cyclostationary analysis, mixed RF signalcomponents can be detected and identified.Through collaboration among the three participating institutions (Wright State University, MiamiUniversity (a mostly undergraduate serving institution), and Central State University (anHBCU)), based platform will be integrated in undergraduate curricula of all three institutions. 1. IntroductionNeed and Motivation: In this paper, we report a series of software defined radio based mixedsignal detection laboratories to give students hands-on experiences with radio frequency signaldetection and estimation. Signal detection and RF

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida; Lorelie Imperial, University of Florida; Corey Payne, University of Florida; Chang-Yu Wu, University of Florida; Maria Korolev, University of Florida; Philip J. Brucat, University of Florida

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Korolev, University of FloridaProf. Philip J. Brucat, University of Florida ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 General Chemistry Laboratory as Situated Engineering DesignIntroductionChANgE Chem Labs is an NSF-funded Improving Undergraduate STEM Education (IUSE)project that involves curriculum reform for improving the experience of freshman engineeringstudents taking general chemistry. Our current work builds upon prior success with recitationreform [1], [2] to include engineering Design Challenges (DCs) as laboratory activities that arebased upon the NAE Grand Challenges for EngineeringTM.The laboratory has long been viewed as an important component of a chemistry course [3],offering a unique

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caitlin Donahue Wylie, University of Virginia; Michael E. Gorman, University of Virginia

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research, especially for students from groups that are underrepresented in scienceand engineering majors and careers [1]-[6]. For example, students with research experience tendto have stronger problem-solving skills and are more likely to go to graduate school and pursue acareer in science or engineering. But scholars know little about what actually happens duringstudents’ research experiences that creates these desirable outcomes. Understanding howstudents learn and develop a sense of belonging in engineering by joining a research communitywill shed light on important issues of engineering education and professionalization and informstrategies for how research communities can better support students from underrepresentedgroups. We hypothesize

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yin Pan, Rochester Institute of Technology; Michael Yacci, Rochester Institute of Technology; Sumita Mishra, Rochester Institute of Technology

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study of privacy-preserving techniques for the smart grid. She is also interested in making cybersecurity pervasive across non-computing disciplines and high school curricula. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Gamifying Cybersecurity Course Content for Entry Level Students 1. IntroductionCybersecurity and forensics are among the most critical areas of national importance, in a growing need ofknowledgeable professionals. In response, many cybersecurity and forensics programs have beendeveloped in the past ten years [16]. However, these programs are primarily offered to only junior andsenior level college students. This is due to the long list of prerequisite knowledge areas that

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston, College of Technology (CoE & CoT); Heidar Malki, University of Houston, College of Technology (CoE & CoT); Mequanint A. Moges, University of Houston, College of Technology (CoE & CoT)

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. The paperdetails the impact of the project has on students, faculty, programs, and the department. Theseinclude strategies and co-curriculum activities that engage scholars and their fellow students,enhance their learning experience on campus, and increase their retention and timely graduationrate. In addition, reflecting on what we did, what we achieved, and the lessons we learned, weshare our categorization of the decisions and choices we have to make while preparing andwriting a successful project proposal. We also detail our experience adapting established bestpractices in STEM higher education community to an urban public large university with adiversified population of students, faculty, and staff while implementing the program.1

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Hain, University of Connecticut; Arash E. Zaghi, University of Connecticut; Christa L. Taylor

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siteprovided students with ADHD an opportunity to engage in research outside the confines of thetraditional engineering curriculum and interact with other students facing similar challenges. Thispaper presents quantitative and qualitative findings from a semi-structured interview and post-program survey of the students’ experiences. Overall, the major findings suggest that participatingin the program enhanced students’ 1) interest in engineering research, 2) interest in pursuinggraduate studies in engineering, and 3) feelings of belonging in engineering. For instance, allparticipants (N=10) responded either “agree” or “strongly agree” to statements reflecting thatattending the REU site increased their interest in research and in pursuing graduate

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Jing Yan, Nanjing Forestry University; Justin R. Allison, Jackson State University; Zhenbu Zhang, Jackson State University; Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University

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Growth T P Effect Size Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Group A 28.67 15.91 39.10 22.03 10.43 3.45 .001** 0.66 Group B 28.00 16.16 40.24 23.54 12.24 3.88 .000** 0.76 Group C 24.54 12.56 33.03 22.51 8.49 2.45 .017* 0.68 Group D 28.00 16.90 41.19 25.84 13.19 3.94 .000** 0.78Table 1 Paired T-test of Pre and Post-tests of Concept Inventory between GroupsNote: Group A, n=73; Group B, n=78; Group C, n=57; Group D, n=62. Effect Size

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Ye Yuan, Nantong University; Jing Yan, Nanjing Forestry University; Justin R. Allison; Jianjun Yin, Jackson State University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

applyingthose strategies for their subsequent STEM studies. However, the extent to which studentsapplied these strategies is not at the level as expected, which is indicated by the lowerpercentage of strategies applied by the participants, implying that there may still be apotential for improving students’ learning in their STEM courses through instructors’ effortsfor prompting students’ application of these strategies with adoption of novel instructionalstrategies. The limitations of current findings and suggestions for future research arediscussed as well.1. Introduction Creative problem solving skills are referred to as the abilities to identify and solveproblems creatively. They are critical skills required for engineering design, which

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Xuejun Fan, Lamar University; Julia Yoo, Lamar University; Dorothy Sisk; Nicholas Andres Brake, Lamar University; Xianchang Li, Lamar University; Xinyu Liu, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University

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certificates. The program assessment was led by the assessment specialist,an associate professor of teacher education at LU. Teacher participants found the researchexperience with their mentors beneficial not only to them, but also to their students according toour findings from interviews. Also, sharing newly acquired knowledge by forming learningcommunities among teacher participants was mentioned as a benefit of this RET program. Theresearch mentors will visit their mentees’ classrooms to see the lesson plans being implemented.In the spring of 2018, the teachers will present their refined curricula at a local teacherconference and submit their standards-aligned plans to teachengineering.org for other K-12educators to access. 1. Introduction

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tristan Ventura, Rutgers University; Abdallah Khreishah, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John D. Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Durga Misra, New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

this app. Finally, concluding remarks and an outline of future work arepresented.BackgroundCurrent forays into developing an educational application with a focus on geometric optics are,at best, limited in their teaching capabilities. While, at first glance, they are capable of conveyinga lot of information, this information is not apparent unless explained by an instructor. It is clearthat these tools are designed for use by an individual already knowledgeable in geometric optics,and that they are designed as visual tools for demonstrating certain concepts rather than aseducational tools for teaching these same concepts. Take, for example, the PhET geometricoptics simulator [1]. It is capable of illustrating the basic principles behind ray

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno; Marissa A. Tsugawa-Nieves, University of Nevada, Reno; Heather Lee Perkins, North Carolina State University; Matthew Bahnson, North Carolina State University; Rebecca Mills, University of Nevada, Reno; Amber B. Parker, North Carolina State University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

communities of practice [1]–[6] but have not been applied toengineering graduate communities. Through a mixed methods approach, this study willinvestigate graduate student motivational goal setting and identity formation to answer thefollowing research questions:RQ1: What are the identity and motivation profiles of engineering doctoral students, whichare based on previous academic and research experiences in STEM?RQ2: How does the STEM community influence identity formation and motivational goalsetting processes of engineering doctoral students?RQ3: How do goal setting processes related to identity formation and motivation influenceengineering graduate student retention, productivity, and pursuit of doctoral levelengineering careers?Results of this

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricky T. Castles, East Carolina University; Evelyn C. Brown, North Carolina State University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

institutions [1].Social and Networking OpportunitiesOne of the important parts of retaining students is developing a sense of belonging. A smallportion of grant funds was used to provide social activities for scholarship students such asbowling nights and trivia nights. Additionally, a few other departments on campus were alsofunded with S-STEM grants and social activities were planned to allow engineering S-STEMstudents to interact with S-STEM students in chemistry and biology such as trivia competitions.After the first two cohorts graduated, the PI took some of the students out to dinner usingpersonal funds to continue to build a sense of community and to communicate that the facultycared for the students.Each semester, S-STEM scholarship recipients

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

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. 3Figure 1: CREATE Map and Counties Served. 4Table 1:College Statistics for Fall 2008: Information Technology/Manufacturing Focus College # of % Focus Population Sq # Students Minorities Counties Mileage Students in Feeder Programs LosCanyons 23,416 55% 10,363,850 4,079 326 Angeles

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno; Jennifer R Amos, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

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Education, 2018 The Effect of Engineering Summer Camps on Middle School Students Interest and IdentityIntroductionA persistent problem in engineering is an insufficient number of students interested in pursuingengineering as a college major and career. Under enrollment in engineering is highest forunderrepresented groups [1]. Student interest in engineering at the K-12 level has been shown topredict whether students of all backgrounds pursue engineering as a college major and career [2,3]. Middle school is a critical time where student interest, identity, and career choices begin tosolidify [4, 5]. Social cognitive scientists [6, p. 79] have developed a framework based on socialcognitive theory [7] for understanding

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pong P. Chu, Cleveland State University; Chansu Yu, Cleveland State University; Karla R. Hamlen, Cleveland State University

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1(a). It is composedof four major parts:  Processor module  FPro bridge and FPro bus  MMIO (memory mapped I/O) subsystem  Video subsystemvendor processor module processor RAM core memory controller vendor’s IP bus Bridge memory-mapped IO subsystem memory-mapped controller hardware