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Displaying results 691 - 720 of 1083 in total
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Innovative Course Offerings
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David R Mikesell, Ohio Northern University; Tailian Chen, Gonzaga University; Jianfeng Ma, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Saint Louis University; Ahad Ali, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
Figure 1. This type of product has become popular inrestaurants, but its limited lifespan and recyclability present some opportunities for improvingsustainability. The numbers in the table were not intended to reflect reality, only to providestudents with an example of what the analysis might look like. Figure 1: Disposable, non-refillable pepper grinder used for sample sustainability analysis9Business measures such as cost, profit, and marketability were included in the table. Theentrepreneur must also understand that a product must be “sustainable” in an economic sense aswell; an extremely “green” product which no one would buy due to cost or inconvenience is nota sustainable one.Students were also required to conduct a market
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Judith A Komar, Colorado Technical University; Tonya Troka, Colorado Technical University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
completed by Schunn and Patchan3 and Knewton.4 This paper willinclude one specific university’s approach to revising college algebra using multipleinterventions including AL technology delivered using Intellipath™ within its online courses.This research includes work that began in the fall of 2012 (October term), and the resultspresented reflect 13 terms (each term equals one five-and-a-half-week session, two sessions in aquarter, eight total terms per year, equaling four quarters) of data (2,000 students). The results ofthis CTU’s approach to college algebra indicate many improvements including a reduction instudent failure and withdraw rates. Student success in college algebra has been a concern for educators for many years. In2002
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Soumik Banerjee, Washington State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
feedback about theirperformance on the project prior to the second set of questionnaires. Based on previousexperience of the instructor in teaching the same class, students typically favorably rate any formof assignment where the class average score is high. This trend is reflected in the response to thesecond question in the questionnaires. Amongst the three forms of assessments prior to the firstquestionnaire, the least number of students indicated quizzes as useful in self-evaluation, whilemost students indicated home works as the most useful mechanism for self-evaluation. It isimportant to note the direct correlation between the response and the average grades in theseassignments. While the average home work grade prior to the first
Conference Session
Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Construction Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; SEOK HEON YUN, GyeongSang National University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
in the United States haveintroduced BIM into undergraduate and graduate education.4 As BIM practices emerge andbecome codified, it is clear that CEM programs in higher education need to play a vital role inBIM education. To reflect the growing demand for BIM in the construction industry, CEMprograms have been trying to teach BIM skills and VDC knowledge to students, integrating withtraditional or mainstream courses more broadly.There have been some studies to evaluate the level of BIM education in higher education. Thesestudies have revealed that BIM education is still in the early adoption stage even though severalCEM programs have actively promoted BIM-enabled learning.5, 6, 7 It may be necessary tounderstand the reasons why BIM is being
Conference Session
Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel A Brennan P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
reflect on their learning experiences in the course compared toother courses taken throughout their time at university. The survey consisted of 50 randomizedmultiple choice questions, provided in both positive and negative voice, with five possible answersto select from: strongly disagree (SD), disagree (D), neutral (N), agree (A), and strongly agree (SA) Page 26.75.6(Table 1).Table 1. Online survey questions and responses (n = 21 out of 23 students) at the conclusion of the course.The questions were automatically randomized for each student by the survey software.Question
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rami Jubrail Haddad, Georgia Southern University; Youakim Kalaani, Georgia Southern University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
component waspresented. The online discussion component of this model was able to create a virtual interactivepeer-assisted learning environment outside-the-classroom. The supporting lecture notes werepublished especially to aid the delivery of the online video content of this course. This made themodel hybrid in nature lecture notes/video-based flipped classroom. This seemed to appeal to alarge population of engineering students’ learning styles. In addition, this model provided a levelof student ownership in the learning process which motivated them to perform better. The briefin class review represented a capstone reflection of what the students’ were able to learn andeven help clarify any outstanding misconceptions through an effective student
Conference Session
Evaluation: Technology and Tools for K-12 Engineering Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Geoff Wright, Brigham Young University; Randy Craig Hurd, Brigham Young University; Kip Schafer Hacking, Brigham Young University ; Tadd T Truscott, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
= 437) interest in math, science,engineering, and technology increasing, along with their proficiency in problem solvingmethods. We believe this is a reflection of embedding STEM principles in an exciting,hands-on activity. This paper outlines the three-year effort, discussing the ROV activity,associated curriculum taught, and also presents the measurement tools used to aggregatethe student and teacher data points and associated results.Background For the last decade there has been a general call to promote interest andcompetency in STEM education. This called has echoed from various sources rangingfrom the President of the United States [1] and the Department of Defense [2] toindependent companies [3] concerned with fulfilling future
Conference Session
Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rodrigo Cutri P.E., Centro Universitário do Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia ; Demetrio Elie Baracat, Centro Universitário do Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia; Luiz Roberto Marim, Centro Universitário do Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia ; Francisco Mauro Witkowski, Centro Universitário do Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
active learning approach2,3,4;• promoting a better interpretation of physics and its application in practical situations5promoting activities where students can understand how physics works instead of just doingcalculations;• developing skills and competencies for a professional life as an Engineer6, such as gainingan understanding of different cultures, foreign language skills, oral and written expression,time management, and teamwork, amongst others.The pedagogical features of the developed project were as follows:• development of scientific thinking and reflection using physical problems. Page 26.147.3• application of real problems with increasing
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Farnaz Ghazi-Nezami, Kettering University; Mehmet Bayram Yildirim, Wichita State University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
. Page 26.149.3The Lean Enterprise Institute founded by Womack 1 (1997) is aiming at developing educationalmethods and workshops to promote training about lean tools. Nontraditional instructionalmethods such as learning-by-doing methods, active and collaborative learning techniques aregetting more popular in the past few years. This trend is mostly reflected by introducing variousphysical simulation or computer games (gamification) and is growing rapidly due to theirpositive impact on learning process [1, 2]. The literature study illustrates a large pool ofeducational simulation games targeting different lean concepts and principles such as pullproduction, one piece flow, Jidoka, 5S, Poka Yoke and waste elimination. TimeWise simulation,Veebots
Conference Session
Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Eric J. Schaus, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
sufficiently undersized to slideinto the slots on both enclosures. Upon measuring the parts, they found that panel thickness wasthe same as the slot width, leaving no room for clearance. After further reflection and discussionwith the faculty mentors, the students realized that the specified clearances were less than the.012” minimum layer thickness of the Dimension machine. In slicing the STL into individualcross sections, the slight difference was not captured as in effect it “rounded up” and printedanother .012” layer when only a fraction of that thickness was specified by the CAD file. Thiswas remedied by using a deburring knife and razor to slightly trim the guide slots until the panelwas able to slide in with reasonable effort.A second challenge
Conference Session
Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Troy J. Vogel, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David L. Tomasko, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
Page 26.173.2junior years, within the chemical engineering profession survey, materials and energy balances,thermodynamics, fluid and heat transfer, and reactor design. The project during freshmen year isspecifically an analysis of a Chemical Safety Board completed investigation including futurerecommendations to companies working with similar hazards. Each team is given a differentincident which occurred within the last fifteen years. The students present their findings in aposter session where seniors attend and provide written feedback on both technical aspects andcommunication skills. Self-reflection is required following the poster presentation in an attemptto foster an intrinsic motivation to critically think about the integration of
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Constans, Rowan University; Shivakumar I Ranganathan, Rowan University; Wei Xue, Rowan University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
. The planetary gearset is the centerpiece of thebench-scale hybrid powertrain, which our students are completing over the course of fivesemesters. With the successful completion of the planetary gearset, our students are now readyto begin tackling the challenge of developing an overall control strategy for the hybrid system.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to acknowledge the support of the NSF-TUES program in the Division ofUndergraduate Education, DUE-1044532, which made this research possible. Any opinions,findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography[1] Toyota Motor Corporation, "Toyota Hybrid
Conference Session
Teaching the Business Side of Construction
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez ; Tim L. Mrozowski, Michigan State University; Lawrence F. Kruth, Douglas Steel Fabricating Corporation; Thomas J. Schlafly, American Institute of Steel Construction; Omar I. Molina Bas, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Construction
training to allow for the material to be reviewed and the feedback to be incorporated into the final curriculum.  Creating a secondary training module benefits future trainers because it provides guidelines and improves recall of the material to be taught in the training.AcknowledgementsThe training material is being produced under grant number SH-26316-SH4 from theOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does notnecessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention oftrades names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.Government
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Ryan Wicker, University of Texas, El Paso; Zhonghua Hu, University of Texas at El Paso
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
and reflecting student feedback. New Generation Rapid Prototyping Final Version of Rapid Prototyping Simulator developed based on Simulator Software uPrint® SE Plus 3D Printer Rapid Prototyping Simulator integration in: Additive Manufacturing, Rapid
Conference Session
Assessment of Engineering Leadership Skills
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Bayless, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division
objectives from #5 d. Reflection and feedback (coaching) in your small group of other leaders e. Any other leadership aspect you plan to employ 7. Explain the metrics that you must attain/assess in order to meet your objectives from #5 Page 26.534.4 8. Describe how you will hold your teammates (other leader) accountable for progress 12687The heart of the model is that the students address these objectives for the capstone leadershipexperience within a small group (a cadre of 3-5 students) while building the team
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Madhumitha Ramachandran, University of Oklahoma; Diana Bairaktarova, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK; Anna Woodcock, California State University San Marcos; Othman Mohammed Bawareth, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
will try to help as well as I will manage without affecting my work. Advertisement. Iwill make the program to reach people aware of necessity water by arranging flash mob, videos,and interesting advertisement. I will give it to company and it should be useful everyone.” When comparing the language use between the two above statements, it is clear that thefirst response reflects greater ethical awareness than the second one. This indicates that textanalysis technique may be useful in detecting ethical awareness. Table 3 Correlation Between Ethical Awareness Scores and LIWC Categories r score p-value SELF-REFERENCE -0.21 0.11
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Saryn R Goldberg, Hofstra University; Jennifer Andrea Rich, Hofstra University; Amy M. Masnick, Hofstra University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
circumstances, writing is used not so much to demonstrate knowledge as toachieve an understanding of the students’ own learning process. Writing-to-learn assignments inthese contexts usually attempt to make the student aware of his or her learning issues, asking thestudent to reflect on what he or she may not understand. The modalities for doing so are various:students have been required to write step-by-step explanations of their problem-solving; 5, 6, 7they have been asked to explain how to do a problem to a relative neophyte in the class; 8 andthey have been encouraged to embed literary modes in their problem-solving narratives (e.g.explaining how to solve stoichiometric equations through baking analogies).9 While theseapproaches have resulted in
Conference Session
Pipeline and Performance in BME Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Warnock, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
, more difficult levels. The gaming, iterative approachwas applied to a junior level biomaterials course, where progression was based on cognitiveability.Bloom’s taxonomy1 is familiar to many educators as a way of classifying different domains ofcognitive ability. The original taxonomy developed definitions for six cognitive domains;knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The taxonomy wasrevised in 2001 to reflect relevance to the 21st century and the nouns originally used to describethe cognitive domains were replaced with verbs 2. The categories are ordered from simple tocomplex and assume a cumulative hierarchy so that mastery of the lower domains is implied inorder to master the higher domains 3. Thus
Conference Session
Innovative Use of Technology I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Max Kross, Engineering Education Innovation Center
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
effectiveness of the notebook both in its paper andelectronic form. We recognize that there is the potential for respondents to give only positiveresponses to this type of survey as it may be seen as a reflection of themselves and their work.Specifically, there is the potential for students to report that a tool is useful even when it has Page 26.591.8detrimental effects. We believe the potential for this limitations exists both for the paper andelectronic notebooks reducing its effect in our findings related to comparison; however, it is alimitation that must be considered when examining the results for just the paper or just theelectronic
Conference Session
Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Construction Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andre Lucena MA, NAIT; Don Mah P.Eng., Northern Alberta Institute of Technology; Faisal Arain, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT)
Tagged Divisions
Construction
not fully understand the complicated relationshipsbetween participants in a construction project, or which are suitable communication techniquesand efficient collaboration skills in a full-scale engineering project [4]. Knowledge ofengineering information flows, reflecting how physical, technical, managerial, social, andeconomic information is exchanged between teams, and how collaboration conflicts can beavoided when there are formal regulations to manage them, are seen as important components inBIM education. Sacks and Barak [9] mention that the civil engineering department of the TechnionInstitute, Israel, conceptualizes BIM as a skill rather than a tool. In their programs, it is taughtnot as a tool or in connection to any
Conference Session
Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
69th MidYear Meeting Proceedings, Normal, IL.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.1044269. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation. Page 26.627.10
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Radu F. Babiceanu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
students ought to provide system-optimized solutions, rather than component-best solutions, within the systems engineering “performance-risk- cost-schedule” framework. • Student immersion into new experiences, such as project team work on complete systems and software development management projects, rather than traditional engineering discipline component development projects. The Kolb experiential learning framework[10] will be used as model. The experiential learning framework comprises students’ experience, their skills to observe and reflect on the experiences, their abilities to learn from the experience, and their proficiency to try out the learned facts. • Student opportunity to
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan L. Murray, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Amber M. Henslee, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Douglas K. Ludlow, Missouri University of Science & Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
dishonesty. Sociological Inquiry, 69, 91-105. 3. Eckel, E.J. (2010). A reflection on plagiarism, patchwriting, and the engineering master’s thesis. [Viewpoints]. Issues in Science & Technology Librarianship, 62. doi:10.5062/F4NC5Z42 4. Elander, J., Pittam, G., Lusher, J., Fox, P., & Payne, N. (2010). Evaluation of an intervention to help students avoid unintentional plagiarism by improving their authorial identity. Assessment & Evalution in Higher Education, 35, 157-171. doi: 10.1080/02602930802687745 5. Henslee, A.M., Goldsmith, J., Stone, N., & Kreuger, M. (in press for 2015). An online tutorial vs. pre-recorded lecture for reducing incidents of plagiarism. American Journal of Engineering
Conference Session
Communication Across the Divisions I: Communication in Engineering Disciplines
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David A. Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Mary U. Christiansen; Adrian T. Hanson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Jill D. Jenson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Sara Ojard; Rebecca L. Teasley, University of Minnesota Duluth; Emily Woster, University of Minnesota Duluth
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
. The reason for this is to provide students with aconsistent vocabulary and a consistent set of general expectations as they experience variouscourses and instructors in the program. The rubric’s aim is to avoid the students’ commoncomplaint that graded aspects vary from class to class as well as to avoid their incorrectperception that writing as an engineer is a moving target, one that changes at the whim of theperson asking for the piece of writing. In addition, the rubric follows the format of rubrics usedin many of UMD’s required writing classes and reflects lessons learned from the writing studiesfaculty.The difficulty of creating a writing guide that is specific enough to help students and generalenough to address differing audience and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Narayan Bhattarai, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; Dhananjay Kumar, North Carolina A&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Matthew B. A. McCullough, North Carolina A&T State University; Caroline S. Booth, North Carolina A & T State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
content assessment was revised to 13items to better reflect the refined course content. Some of the questions asked in Spring 2013were removed in second year assessment. Sample items from this assessment are shown below.2) The correct nanometer size scale in increasing order (smallest to largest) in terms of wellknown species is:3) Which nanomanufacturing category to pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and mechanical attrition Page 26.673.11(MA) fall under? 10The results from these assessments for Spring 2014 are shown below. NUE Content Assessment Pre & Post-Test Scores by Question
Conference Session
Focus on the Classroom: Novel Approaches to Course Delivery
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher John Akelian, Cuesta College
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
solar monitoring and motor control applications  Program a PLC to collect data for a SCADA system using both Analog and Discrete sensors  Identify various software packages needed to communicate in a SCADA system  Configure and test communications in a SCADA system Page 26.943.5  Create a Human Machine Interface (HMI) that reflects the operation of equipment  Troubleshoot problems that occur while integrating a SCADA systemStudent activities and modules developedIntroducing the SCADA curriculum for the first semester was an extreme challenge since the labmodules were untested and it wasn’t clear how much of
Conference Session
Curriculum and New Course Development in ET
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
manufacturing processes. Methods engineering, job shop and automation practices; machining and fabrication processes.  Elements of Occupational Supervision: Preparation, training, and problems of the supervisor.  Project Design I: Principles of project management and engineering economics. Development of proposals for senior design project.  Project Design II: This is a capstone course for engineering technology majors. Students will work with a professor to design a project that reflects several aspects of the student’s curriculum. Group work. Students will prepare a written project report and give an oral presentation.The courses from the selected Industrial Engineering Technology program are
Conference Session
INDUSTRY DAY SESSION: CMC PANEL SESSION TWO
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susannah Howe, Smith College
Tagged Topics
Corporate Member Council
 words in which word size reflects frequency.  Page 26.957.7    Figure 1 ­ Schematic of the relative importance and types of skills for entry­level employees   Recommendations  Sabbaticals are an opportunity for renewal and growth.  While faculty have many opportunities available to them during sabbatical, including research projects and different teaching experiences, the author is a strong advocate for industry­based sabbaticals, especially for those faculty who have limited industry experience or who regularly teach courses with industry connections, such as capstone design.  As the author discovered on her industry­immersion
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph A Daraio, Rowan University; Ralph Alan Dusseau P.E., Rowan University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
an estimated $2.7 billionin damages as a direct result of the storm.[4] Storm water sewer lines were blocked contributingto flooding, almost 100 wastewater treatment systems either failed or had significantinterruptions in service, and the loss of electrical power caused many others to go offline.[4]Over 70% of New Jersey’s water supply systems were impacted by the storm, mostly due to lossof power, and approximately 360,000 residents were under a boil water advisory, of whicharound 10,000 homes in Ocean County were still under a boil water advisory after one month.[4]New Jersey’s coastal counties are home to approximately 60% of the state’s total population[5],and this is reflected in the student population at Rowan University. Many of our
Conference Session
Faculty Development II
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Grace Panther, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
instructionalmaterials into the hands of instructors. These research-based materials can directly benefitstudents and in turn, assist in creating globally competitive engineers.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.1361417. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References1. National Academy of Engineering. Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century. National Academies Press; 2005.2. National Science Foundation. Innovations in engineering education, curriculum, and infrastructure (IEECI