Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Solnosky, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Leicht, Pennsylvania State University; Ziyi Wang, Pennsylvania State University

team model. The resultingpilot model captures a transitional process, with some team and some individualized elements that attemptsto balance the benefits of both, while minimizing the challenges of each.Keywords: Capstone, Stakeholder analysis, Team effectiveness, individualized learning,Introduction In Watkins’ [1] review of ABET, the structure and content of design projects is not addressed ormandated. Instead, ABET [2] requires students complete a “major design experience” that is intended toprepare students for professional practice. The most common course in engineering programs that providesthis major design experience is the capstone course [3]. Capstone courses typically simulate a challengingdesign experience similar to the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Perspectives on Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida; Laurie Pinkert, University of Central Florida; Steven Kuebler

conductedinterviews with academic leaders from disciplines in and around engineering about theframeworks of ethics in their home departments, programs, and fields. This paper reports on aseries of eleven interviews, describing the perspectives of disciplinary leaders from biology,chemistry, computer science, mathematics, mechanical and aerospace engineering, optics,philosophy, physics, psychology, STEM education, and writing and rhetoric.Developing external frameworks of ethics (such as adaptable strategies for ethical decision-making, professional development activities, and responsible conduct of research programs) arecertainly important [1], but building a culture of ethical STEM also must involve developingrobust understanding of the ways in which these

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 3: Online Learning and the Impact of COVID-19

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory Brozina, Youngstown State University - Rayen School of Engineering

studentsgraduate with a degree [1-3]. Additionally, there are as many efforts and programs to supportstudents to succeed such as academic assistance or retention programs [4], yet until recentlythere were little ways in which to measure the effectiveness of the support students receive. Ifstudents can be supported, and are provided with proper support, students have a higherlikelihood of graduation [5].However, during the COVID-19 pandemic the way in which students were supported drasticallychanged as the educational arena was thrust into an environment in which it was not ready.Educational technologies were not ready for deployment nor were most faculty equip to teachonline. As most universities were scrambling to keep the classroom learning space

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Thermodynamics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Barlow, zyBooks, A Wiley Brand; Oscar Rios, zyBooks, A Wiley Brand; James Eakins, zyBooks, A Wiley Brand; Adrian Rodriguez, University of Texas at Austin

source for material in engineeringclasses. But, the use of online, or electronic, textbooks is slowly gaining more acceptance in place of printtextbooks. Print textbooks are limited by static figures and examples to convey complex concepts,whereas technological capabilities enable electronic textbooks to add interactivity, like animations andlearning questions. Comparisons between print and electronic textbooks have been studied in theliterature to evaluate preferences and student attitudes [1]-[3]. For example, [1] found that studentperceptions and attitudes toward technology were higher, or more positive, than print textbooks. It wasobserved that students completed more learning activities and were engaged in the classroom. Similarly,[3

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaundra Daily, Duke University; Christin Shelton; Andy He; Wanda Eugene; Tatiana Orozco; Jakita Thomas

on students of colorand women in computing, there has been little regard for the unique intersection of gender andrace experienced by minoritized women [1]–[3]. What is needed is a more complexunderstanding of the experiences of marginalized groups in computing who live at variousintersections of racism, sexism, classism, xenophobia, heterosexism, ableism, etc., an area ofresearch called Intersectional Computing [4]. Prior research has uncovered the many challengesthat exist for women of color – including Black, Latina, Indigenous, Asian, and NativeHawaiian/Pacific Islander – when it comes to participation in the field of computing[5], [6]. Forexample, access to opportunities that might influence later college major decisions, toxic

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Maxson, The Ohio State University; Michelle Stasik, The Ohio State University

experiment.”1 IntroductionUnit Operations Laboratory (Unit Ops Lab) courses are ubiquitous in undergraduate chemicalengineering degree programs in the United States. In a 2017 survey of 70 chemical engineeringprograms, every program reported having at least one laboratory course or course with alaboratory component 1 , suggesting that the lab experience in Unit Ops is a fundamental part ofchemical engineering education. One of the most important aspects of the lab course is forstudents to gain hands-on experience operating equipment that is commonly used in the chemicalprocessing industry. For example, the equipment in the Unit Ops Lab at Ohio State is typical ofUnit Ops Labs in general and includes: Absorption, Adsorption, Bioreactor

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Best of First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victor Garcia; Peter Golding, University of Texas at El Paso; Diane Golding, University of Texas at El Paso; Irma Torres-Catanach; Nora Cuvelier, University of Texas at El Paso; Crystal Cholewa; Karla Ayala Mendoza

on the preliminary implementation of educational activitiesand learning modules to improve the curriculum design of an introductory engineering course. Thenew curriculum, which was strategically designed to empower underrepresented minoritized(URM) students in STEM, incorporates complementary educational activities and academicinterventions including 1) the use of EduGuide online coaching platform to equip students topursue their personal growth goals, and 2) the implementation of professional developmentworkshops to reinforce and influence the academic career decision-making and preparedness offirst-year undergraduate students. The proposed curriculum design was applied to two classsections of an introductory engineering course with a total

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricky Castles, East Carolina University; Chris Venters, East Carolina University; Charles Goodman, Pitt Community College

implementation. This works inprogress paper outlines the activities done to this point in the project and the plans for futureyears.Program OverviewEast Carolina University (ECU) serves a region of North Carolina that contains many low-income families. The poverty rate in Pitt County (home to ECU) is 17.1%. Additionally, 6 morecounties within an hour’s drive of ECU have poverty rates in excess of 20%[1]. The goal of thisS-STEM program was to recruit, retain, and graduate engineering students from these areas inhopes of improving the economic outcomes of students in this region and helping to fill thetechnical jobs available at businesses throughout the region that often have difficulty attractingand retaining talent. Faculty in the Department of

Conference Session

Computers in Education 4 - Online and Distributed Learning I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Gordon, zyBooks, A Wiley Brand; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside; Roman Lysecky, The University of Arizona

utility ofthe textbook activities from a course's start, and ensure that the activity workload is reasonabletoo, to start students with high earnestness. We close with recommendations for encouragingearnest completion early in the semester, which is crucial for maintaining earnest completionthroughout the course.IntroductionEarnest engagement with coursework is a critical factor for student success [1],[2]. Engagementis defined as “quantity and quality of the physical and psychological energy that students investin college experience” [3]. In practice, this might be observed as class attendance, effort onassignments, or asking questions that show connection of the course material to other topics.Higher engagement coincides with better learning

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bilal Ghosn, Rice University

process. Struggles in statistical training for engineers is not anew phenomenon, and pedagogical approaches were debated as early as 1984 on the best way totrain engineering students effectively [1]. With the varying needs of different engineeringdisciplines, approaches varied widely in an effort to focus on the needs of their students. A shiftto more student participation-focused instruction was developed through an EducationInnovation Project through the Polytechnic University of Valencia in 1995 [2]. In this line ofthought, many engineering statistics courses have shifted to incorporating examples that aremore relevant and challenging students with applying statistics to relevant real-world problemsin their fields with more focus on problem

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

US fromshifting focus from traditional shop class to other areas of technology and thereby sought toinfluence educational policies. Since technology changes rapidly, what counts as technologicalliteracy and what doesn’t is fluid; definitions are subject to change over time. There are multipledefinitions of technological literacy that are adopted by various groups who impinge upon thebroad space that is being defined here (for a review see [1]), but in terms of education andstudent learning the most common is being able to use, manage, evaluate, and understandtechnology in one’s day-to-day activities or one’s life. The definition is both intersectional—alldomains where technology impinges upon human activity—as well as teleological in that

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 8 - Design Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Huderson, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Erin Peiffer; Sahar Shamsi; Francisco Plaza; Elizabeth Collins

Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time asset tracking and autonomous decision-making [1]. According to a McKinsey report, it is estimated that for manufacturers and suppliers in 2025 the value creation potential of Industry 4.0 is $3.7 trillion USD [2] even though most companies not utilizing it at scale as of now [3]. Despite this, the rate of change for the adoption of new technologies and services aligned with Industry 4.0 is increasing rapidly, supported by external influencers such as new business models, reprioritization of productand process sustainability, the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption of supply chains, as well as government policies, standards, and regulations. The increasing rate of change in technology development in recent

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - The New Normal: Enduring Technology Improvements in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert Rabb, The Citadel; Ronald Welch, The Citadel

, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, F.ASEE, F.SAME Professor of Civil Engineering Ron Welch received his B.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics from the United States Military Academy in 1982. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana in 1990 and 1999, respectively. He was Dean of the School of Engineering at The Citadel from 1 July 2011- 30 June 2021. He is currently Professor of Civil Engineering at The Citadel after completing a sabbatical. Prior to his current position, he was the Department Head of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Tyler from Jan 2007 to June 2011 as well as served in the Army Corps of Engineers for over 24 years including eleven

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: DEI, Flipped Classrooms

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Grimm, Michigan State University; Ron Averill, Michigan State University; Sara Roccabianca, Michigan State University; Geoffrey Recktenwald, Michigan State University

common final examproblems that were evaluated with a mastery-focused rubric.BackgroundThe SMART pedagogical method was developed at Michigan State University in 2016 [1]. Theacronym SMART stands for Supported Mastery Assessment using Repeated Testing. The goalof the SMART method is to address concerning trends in student understanding and performancein STEM courses, especially those that focus on problem-solving. The method was developed inresponse to growing indications that students were passing classes by achieving a level oflearning that is lower than what is expected for an engineering graduate. This lower level oflearning is often not discerned by current assessment methods. Preliminary investigationsdetermined that this trend was not due

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Hawkins, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

address the COVID-19 pandemic,remote, distance, and virtual learning environment utilization has expanded significantly in thepast 3 years. With this shift comes concomitant consideration of retaining some or all of thesefeatures in instruction even as the need for these countermeasures recedes. While the COVID-19pandemic created a far more challenging educational environment, but also created anopportunity for scrutiny of virtual instruction practices. The terms “remote”, “distance”, and“virtual” carry a variety of interpretations [1]; here we use the term “virtual” and “remote”interchangeably to refer to student interactions with an online learning management system(LMS) and other web-based tools and we use the term “synchronous” to refer to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheldon Jeter, Georgia Institute of Technology

analysis requires at a minimum (1) capital cost or investment estimation, (2) operatingcost analysis, and (3) engineering econ analysis. In energy system the operating expense isgenerally dominated by the cost of fuel or analogous inputs, but other operating and maintenance(O&M) costs should be included. Estimating the energy-based component of the operating cost isprobably most familiar and comfortable for undergraduate students. Straightforward systemanalysis or simulation is adequate to support estimating the energy consumption. Usually, theintermediate result in popular mechanical engineering instructional topics is the energy efficiencyor other input/output ratio of the system, from which the annual consumption of fuel, electricity,or

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4 - Global South Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte; Sallie Turnbull, Clemson University; Tim Guggisberg, Clemson University; Juan Dobarganes

the program. Here we report on the challenges during the preparation of, during and after the program; as well as feedback from students and the result of the assessment. The overall objective is to identify best practices towards making this program sustainable. 1. IntroductionInternational teamwork is increasingly becoming the norm rather than the exception. In the USalone, multinational companies (MNCs) hire around 26% of the workforce, 72% of those inmanufacturing, who will immediately become part of internationally diverse teams withmembers of different backgrounds and geographical locations[1]. An ASEE-hosted workshop of34 representatives from industry, four staffers and officials from the US intelligence community,and

Conference Session

Assessment in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Araoluwa Adaramola, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

explicitlyteach these skills, rather than relying on inconsistent learning experiences and processes.Background and ObjectivesMany engineering students often struggle with the entry-level courses in their discipline. Severalreasons have been cited for this struggle, including increasing topic complexity, complexproblem-solving methods compared to rote algorithms they utilized in previous classes, andlearning new discipline-related jargon [1]–[4]. In addition to these issues, engineering often doesnot explicitly teach the necessary skills and expectations for success [5]. This hidden curriculuminfluences the students’ learning environments and outcomes. Especially for systemicallyminoritized students (i.e., women, Black, Indigenous, Latina/o/x students

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Battistini, Angelo State University; Mohammad Shafinul Haque, Angelo State University; Steve Guzman; Matt Sims, Angelo State University

[1], [2].In Mechanics, students have to deal with theories and problems of motion and to apply combinedconcepts from math and physics. Topics include 2D and 3D vectors, moments, trusses, geometricaspects of bodies under motion (kinematics) and the effect of forces on motion (kinetics) forparticles and rigid bodies. Concepts such as static equilibrium, relative motion, the moment ofinertia, and rotation are difficult (if not impossible) to explain with a 2D image or verbalexplanation [3]. Often students describe their struggle as “I don’t know where to start” or “I readthe problem, but I did not get it” [4].Over the past five years, the David L. Hirschfeld Department of Engineering at Angelo StateUniversity has internally examined the DFW

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 11: Program Descriptions and Learning Analytics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Cruz Castro, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Tiantian Li, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Leyla Ciner; Kerrie Douglas, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Christopher Brinton, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

programsAs the 21st century approached, Bordogna and Ernst claimed that the engineering educationparadigm shift needed to consider integration [1]. From a philosophical point of view, theauthors argued that the field of engineering education was prepared to shift from a disconnectedcurriculum to an integrated curriculum. A more integrated curriculum would help studentsappreciate the importance of complexity and reflect the disciplinary integration of theengineering profession [1]. From their perspective, integration meant holistic education, anunderstanding that all knowledge acquired was with an engineering purpose. From thisparadigm, first-year engineering (FYE) programs have been established as an essential part ofengineering education and have

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Johnson-Glauch; Mohsen Kivy, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Emily Haykoupian, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

year,cornerstone projects in the first year, and individual course projects in the style of project-basedlearning [1]–[3].Studies in design thinking have thus far focused on how much incorporating design thinkingincreases student outcomes [4]–[8], whether students’ design thinking increases after graduation[9], and which majors show the most increase in design thinking [10]. These studies answerquantitative questions like “how much does students’ design thinking increase” where designthinking is measured using an instrument based on characteristics of designers [11]. However,qualitative questions such as “what ways do students engage with the design process” arerelatively unexplored. In this area, researchers such as Adams et al [8] and

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Souto-Melgar, University of Arkansas; Jackqueline Steinman-Ptacek, University of Arkansas; Andie Veeder, University of Arkansas

students willhave the opportunity to perform various hands-on experiments, learning the theory and practiceof an important membrane separation process.IntroductionSeparation is an important area in chemical engineering since its operations account for 50% to90% of a plant’s cost [1]. Also, separation is a subject that has become more relevant insustainable engineering [2]. Although traditional separation techniques are widely studied inchemical engineering, those techniques (such as distillation) have high operating costs. Newseparation technologies are being developed in part to reduce those large operating costs, such asmembrane separation. Membrane separation is a technique used to separate mixtures of liquidsor gasses. A membrane is a

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Kiriazes, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ellen Zerbe, Pennsylvania State University

student’s financial burden.Introduction Earning a professional engineering (PE) license is an important step many engineers taketo open career doors, protect the public, and provide credibility for their engineering skillsets. Inthe field of civil and environmental engineering (CEE) receiving professional licensure isespecially important as it often deals directly with the built environment and the public [1]. Oneof the first steps towards professional engineering licensure is passing the National Council ofExaminers for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam.After passing the FE exam, applicants must graduate from an ABET-accredited engineeringprogram, gain work experience, and pass the Principles and

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Daniel Galvan, California State University, Los Angeles; Jose Mijares, California State University, Los Angeles; Corin Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Gustavo Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

– including instructional approaches and policies – is not student ready? The goal of our NSF-supported project, called “Eco-STEM,” is to establish a healthy STEM educational ecosystemthat allows all individuals within the ecosystem to thrive [1]. The context for our work on STEMeducational ecosystems is a Very High Hispanic Enrolling Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) atCalifornia State University, Los Angeles, where the majority of our students are also low-incomeand first-generation college students [2]. Guided by an ecosystem paradigm [3], the project aimsto: 1) create a supportive and culturally responsive learning/working environment for bothstudents and faculty; 2) make teaching and learning rewarding and fulfilling experiences; and 3

Conference Session

WIED: Activities and Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anuja Kamat, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gloria Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Jiahui Song, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Tugba Arsava; James Lambrechts, Wentworth Institute of Technology

to participate in more STEM related activities in the future.Introduction/BackgroundNowadays, more and more scientists, engineers and innovators are needed to succeed in theglobal competitive economy environment. As a result, this requires quality science, technology,engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. International indicators report that US studentsexhibit a low level of performance in mathematics and science [1]. In addition, there has beenwitnessed a decrease in the number of graduates from STEM fields [1]. After noticing thischallenge, the whole STEM society has made great efforts to increase STEM-related activities,which have the potential to promote collaborative learning and inquiry as well as to contribute tothe

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 7 Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jarod White, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Producibility and Future Artifacts: Students Considering Manufacturing Lightsabers, Magic Wands, and Other Fantastical ProductsIntroductionEngineers often make great entrepreneurs. This is because they are to rapidly prototype anddesign products for any number of markets. Although most engineers have the aptitude todirectly influence the economy, they often need training with business ideas [1]. The idea of thetriple constraint is integral in the business and manufacturing worlds. This is the idea whereproduction can happen with the features of fast, good, or cheap (time, scope, cost); one isoptimized, the second constrained, the third left to be. A different but similar concept are thedesign ideas of feasibility

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Rahman, Wichita State University

. INTRODUCTIONProject management is the use of specific knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to deliversomething of value to people. Examples of projects are the development of software for animproved business process, the construction of a building, the relief effort after a natural disaster,the expansion of sales into a new geographic market, etc. [1]. Projects are temporary efforts tocreate a value based unique product. Every project has a start and an end. A project has a team, aset budget, a timeline, and certain goals that the team needs to meet. The focus of projectmanagement is to effectively plan and organize a project and available resources. Projectmanagement also includes building a project team and effectively guiding it through all the

Conference Session

Joint Session: Entrepreneurially-Minded Learning in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Adrianna Larson, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Brian Alumbaugh, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

to determine thevariability of pedagogical approaches and the depth or breadth of information delivered acrosscourse content. The depth and breadth of information are expected to be identical regardless ofthe professor; however, the content seems to vary as widely as the pedagogical approach. Thesediscrepancies are what lead to the motivating question for this research project. Is it content thatcauses students to fail engineering mezzanine courses, or is the pedagogy?LiteratureBloom's Taxonomy was developed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom to categorize educational goals.It was revised in 2001 to make the classification system more dynamic [1]. For this researchproject the original Bloom's Taxonomy was chosen because it has a longer history of use

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School; Monica Cardella, Florida International University

Computing Education with a joint appointment in SUCCEED and the STEM Transformation Institute. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Understanding How Children on the Autism Spectrum Engage in Solution Optimization during a Design ActivityIntroductionPre-college engineering education is argued to play an important role in fostering informedcitizens who can navigate critical problems [1], by identifying problems in new ways, solving theproblems by troubleshooting while considering all aspects of the problems, making wisedecisions, and optimizing the situation during critical moments. These skills are

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saadeddine Shehab, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sneha Subramanian; Jake Fava, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Christopher Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

problem-solving approach that uses design thinkingtools to identify the unmet needs of a population in order to collaboratively and iterativelydevelop meaningful and innovative solutions [1]. Research studies continue to show thatengaging higher education students in HCD experiences can positively influence theirdevelopment of 21st century mindsets such as human-centeredness, metacognition, collaboration,communication, creativity, and experimentation [2]. These mindsets match what currentemployees seek in employers [3]. Consequently, many universities are supporting the integrationof human-centered design and design thinking in their courses as one way to prepare theirstudents to succeed in future workplaces [4]. For higher education