Conference Session

Bridging Cultures, Advancing Justice: Fostering Inclusion and Sustainability in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kyoung Ro, University of North Texas; Shirley Anderson, University of North Texas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

education [1].HSI scholars have emphasized the sense of communal or family orientation among Latinxstudents in engineering and computing, attributing it to their validated experiences and academicsuccess [2], [3]. However, research and policy reports suggest that STEM programs often fail toincorporate aspects of Latinx culture, such as representations of Latinx faculty, societal issuesrelevant to Latinx communities, Spanish language, Latinx music, or art [2], [4], [5], [6]. Inparticular, Núñez et al. [2] indicated that canfianza (interpersonal and community connections),respeto (moral integrity), and familismo (family connections in Hispanic culture) in computingare crucial for Latinx computing students' success in Computing Alliance of Hispanic

Conference Session

Self-Regulation and Learning

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Zain ul Abideen, Utah State University Logan Utah, USA ; Talha Naqash, Utah State University; Assad Iqbal, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

not require a lot of effort to identify parts of theproblem as in interpreting engineering problems. Different kinds of symbolic information requiredifferent kinds of processing and place different demands on the students [30]. Similarly,different success criteria for solving mathematics and engineering problem may require adifferent level of evaluating strategies. Solving an engineering problem often requires anunderstanding of the context, understanding the issues and ways to evaluate the process. Studentsneed to identify more involved criteria and constraints in solving engineering problems.The findings of the study may carry implications for teaching and learning improvement in anacademic setting. For example, integrating group

Conference Session

Keeping It Real: Real World Examples and Systems Thinking

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Max Magee, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Jessica Swenson, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

betweennegotiating tasks, comparing assumptions, and aiding each other in understanding courseconcepts. Implications of this work include forming a better understanding of how students makedecisions, judgments and build knowledge when working together on an ill-defined modelingproblem. Similarly, the results may assist professors in iterating on assignment design to furtherengage students in knowledge creating and engineering judgment practices.IntroductionIndustry engineers are often tasked with solving ill-defined problems in a group with fellowengineers [1], [2]. Although engineering curriculums are constructed to prepare students forindustry, there is a documented disconnect between the ways that many students currently solveengineering problems in

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 3: Diversity and Multicultural Influences in the First Year

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chirag Variawa, Northeastern University; Susan F Freeman, Northeastern University; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the first-year engineering curriculum. It will be a repository ofopinions on diverse learning environments, as authored by first-year engineering students.Specifically, an online questionnaire asks students – anonymously – about their pre-conceivedassumptions as they entered first-year engineering at Northeastern University. These questionsattempt to uncover what first-year students had thought about with respect to what they thoughttheir professor would be like, what they would look like, how diverse their classroom would be,etc. This data is collected in addition to non-specific demographic information, which is used tobroadly connect common misconceptions to background at a future date.BackgroundDiversity levels in STEM have been and are

Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher Pannier, University of Michigan-Dearborn; Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Melissa Morris, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Xiaopeng Zhao, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

students] choose the school or the major,”wrote one respondent. In sum, respondents identified a challenge of maintaining STEMexcitement, preparation, and awareness for female and URM students through the end of highschool, with some existing and proposed pre-college curriculum, teacher, and outreachinterventions.Theme: In-college InterventionsRegarding in-college interventions, one frequent theme was role modeling and mentoring. Thoserespondents who mentioned this theme voiced support for an increased representation of womenand URM in the body of instructors and among the faculty and program leadership. It was evensuggested that the representation of female and URM students among prospective student tourgroup guides is important. Respondents also

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Unique Projects and Pedagogies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University; James Coffin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

similar to pre-pandemic semesters and have far fewer U (unsatisfactory) grades than inSpring 2020 when the whole campus went online midway.IntroductionTeam-teaching has a long history when many educators had attempted integration acrossdifferent disciplines [9], curriculum [4] [14], and even country borders [12]. Besides traditionallecturing, projects [1]-[3],[5][6], and service-learning [8] could also be used in team-teaching.Despite the challenges in implementation, team teaching provided a wide array of benefits, evenfor faculty mentoring [13] and team-building [11]. Communication [10] and faculty help hadbeen deemed important ever since the remote-working technology was emerging [7].Traditional team-teaching may involve multiple instructors

Conference Session

Electromagnetics & Power Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yu Gong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; N. Sanjay Rebello, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael R. Melloch, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #15594Analytic Framework for Students’ Cognitive Mistakes in Studying Electro-magnetic FieldsMs. Yu Gong, Purdue University, West Lafayette Yu Gong is a graduate student in the School of Engineering Education and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. Her researches focus on cognitive difficulties in engineering study, model-based inquiry learning, nanotechnology education, and global engineering education.Prof. N. Sanjay Rebello, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Sanjay Rebello is Professor of Physics and Astronomy and Professor of Curriculum and Instruction at Purdue University

Conference Session

Sustainability in Construction Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Korman, California Polytechnic State University; Lonny Simonian, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

construction students to perform “hands-on” fit-up exercisesand test their performance.Introduction and BackgroundIn recent years, there has been increasing consideration given to integrated curricula by constructionengineering and management faculty and industry advisors. According to Hauck and Jackson3 eachproposal has tried to address core problems associated with an overly segmented curriculum and thelack of project based learning in different ways. A model proposed by Hauck and Jackson3 attemptsto teach construction management as a series of labs integrating the various constructionmanagement courses into an active, applied learning experience. Their integrated curriculumproposal for the construction management department is centered on the

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Peng Li, East Carolina University; Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Steve Keith Baker

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Paper ID #36546Lab Modules for Developing Practical Skills in a Python Scripting CourseDr. Peng Li, East Carolina University Peng Li received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Connecticut. His professional cer- tifications include CISSP, RHCE and VCP. Dr. Li is currently an Associate Professor at East Carolina University. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in programming, computer networks, infor- mation security, web services and virtualization technologies. His research interests include virtualization, cloud computing, cyber security and integration of information technology in

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Anthony Brizendine

direct shear, triaxial shear, hydraulicconductivity utilizing flexible-wall permeameters, and, perhaps, even consolidation. Andcertainly, most CET students are not exposed to data acquisition systems and computer-controlled data acquisition. It is also the author’s belief that exposure to data acquisition toolscan be very rewarding undergraduate experiences. While students must become familiar withbasic testing equipment, the use of modern, state-of-the-art equipment and data acquisition isextremely effective in stimulating interest in undergraduate laboratories. Equipment was integrated into the curriculum in the form of laboratory experiences inrequired courses in the Civil Engineering Technology program at Fairmont State College

Collection

2011 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Alan Hadad; Akram Abu-aisheh

University of Hartford Copyright © 2011, American Society for Engineering Education  their respective disciplines. Thus, for example, the faculty member in engineering with expertise in digital signal processing would work side by side with the faculty member in technology with the same specialty, and the students would have easy access to both faculty, regardless of whether they were students of engineering or technology.  To accomplish this, a merger was arranged that had three dimensions. The first was an administrative merger that took place on 1 July 2003. This meant that there is one dean, one promotion and tenure committee, one academic standings committee, one curriculum committee for the entire

Conference Session

Best Practices for Two-Year Students Majoring in Engineering & STEM Fields

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Groppi P.E., Cabrillo College; Susan Tappero, Cabrillo College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

developing an energy efficient system for remote lighting control which continuesto save the college energy and money.Another group of Energy Interns designed and built a bicycle powered generator fordemonstration purposes. Realizing that the kinesthetic experience of pedaling to light LEDbulbs and tungsten bulbs is a memorable exercise in energy efficiency, the students builtthe Energy Bike and donated it with documentation and curriculum to a local high schoolto inspire future college students to study physics and engineering and to be more energyefficient.Solar InternsThe Solar Interns learned through hands-on projects how to site and install solarphotovoltaic panels. After their month-long program they formed study groups to preparefor the North

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman D. Dennis Jr. P.E., University of Arkansas; Decker B. Hains, Western Michigan University; Horst Brandes P.E., University of Hawaii

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

theeducational and experiential processes whichTable 3. Simplified Definitions of Activities in the Affective Domain Continuum Level DefinitionReceiving Being aware of or attending to something in the environment.Responding Exhibit some new behaviors as a result of experience.Valuing Display some definite involvement or commitment.Organization Integrate a new value into one's general set of values, giving it some ranking among one's general priorities.Characterization Act consistently with the new value.by Valuequalify an engineer for entry into the professional practice of civil engineering. Based on thisand other evidence in the literature the BOK3 Task

Conference Session

Enhancing Instructional Effectiveness in Civil Engineering: Case Studies

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla M. Saviz, University of the Pacific; Abel A. Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Elizabeth A. Basha, University of the Pacific; Andria Patricia Ellis, University of the Pacific, School of Engineering and Computer Science ; Kristina Hammarstrom; Feliciano Leon; Jerry Bruce Hildebrand; Spencer Ton

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2011-748: ENGINEERING INTERNSHIPS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR-SHIP: DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS AND STUDENT PERSPECTIVESCamilla M. Saviz, University of the Pacific Camilla M. Saviz is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of the Pacific. She received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Clarkson University, an M.B.A. from the New York Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California, Davis in the area of hydrodynamic and water quality modeling. She joined the University of the Pacific in 1999 and is a registered Professional Engineer in California. Her current research interests include sustainable engineering and

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students for Success

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Patricia Stubblefield; Elisabeth Alford

high level of competence is essential for professionalcareers in academia or research. Even though ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 hasencouraged engineering colleges to expand communications instruction in theundergraduate curriculum, it has long been possible to complete an undergraduate Page 7.851.1engineering program with no formal writing instruction beyond freshman composition Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ã 2002, American Society for Engineering Education(1, p. 130). Thus, many engineering graduate students could profit from a review

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Mansour Karkoub; Chun-Lin Yang; Wael Karkoub; Moutafa Raslan

Vertically Integrated Projects(VIP) (Strachan et al., 2019; Cullers et al., 2017), now known as, the VIP Consortium Inc. The VIPprogram is an alliance of universities from around the world including Georgia Tech., Texas A&MUniversity, Stony Brook, Purdue, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Inha University, South Korea,etc., where graduate and undergraduate students take part in long-term projects. The projects areled by faculty from the same or other schools in the consortium in a start-up company setting wherestudents apply and develop technical as well as professional skills. The VIP program, for example, isa credit-bearing course counting towards the students’ degrees, which makes the VIP, essentially,a modified version of the second

Conference Session

Laboratories and Projects in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John D. Gassert, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Jeffrey A. Lamack, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Olga Imas, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Larry Fennigkoh, Milwaukee School of Engineering; NE Schlick, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Charles S. Tritt, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Ron Gerrits, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Page 22.404.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011Ron J. Gerrits, Ph.D.Ron Gerrits is currently an Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and Academic Program Di-rector of the Master’s of Science in Perfusion program at the Milwaukee School of Engineering. He holdsa B.S. in Biomedical Engineering from the Milwaukee School of Engineering (1994) and a Ph.D. in Phys-iology from the Medical College of Wisconsin (1999). He most commonly teaches health science coursesfor nursing, perfusion and biomedical engineering students. Professional interests focus on science ed-ucation and he currently serves as the chairperson of the Curriculum and Instruction Committee of theHuman Anatomy and Physiology

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Effects on Student Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tela Favaloro, University of California, Santa Cruz; Tamara Ball, University of California, Santa Cruz; Zachary W Graham, University of California, Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

an articulated “communitycollege to university success program” (CUSP) located at Hartnell’s newly constructed“Advanced Technology” campus, which among other advantages, functions as a livinglaboratory for research on micro-grid control and integration. The program’s holistic approachto workforce development integrates design of sustainability curriculum, student internships,professional training, hands-on technology usage and its implementation; incorporatingexperiential learning with real world consequence into the classroom. CUSP primarily servesstudents from the community college and neighboring high schools in the Salinas Valley, andstrives to give these students, who may otherwise have minimal access to technological resourcesand

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James O'Brien, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Education, and Service Learning. Since 1992 he has been working with students on international Service Learning projects. Page 15.1060.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Service Learning in the College of Engineering Villanova UniversityIntroductionIt is important for students to participate in community service and to develop an awareness ofthe impact they can have on society. When people work on service projects they usually learn agreat deal; however, this paper specifically discusses Service Learning defined as “a teachingand learning strategy that integrates meaningful

Conference Session

Sociotechnical Thinking: Who, Why, and How?

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Joy Andrews, Tufts University; Fatima Rahman, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

U.S. are finally heading the many calls to include sociotechnicalthinking–grappling with issues of power, history, and culture–throughout the undergraduateengineering curriculum. While non-purely-technical topics have historically been relegated toseparate courses, universities are now working to integrate sociotechnical content in coursespreviously considered to be purely technical. Researchers have varying motivations for thisfocus, including to better prepare students for engineering practice, which is inherentlysociotechnical [1]; to increase the sense of belonging of historically excluded students, who aremore likely to be interested in the social aspects [2]; and to create better societal outcomes [3-5].Attempts to disrupt the social

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 4: Student-centered Learning and Teaching Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuchen Huang, Portland State University; Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University

support for all forms of active learning examined. Student centric curriculum design andimplementation was discussed in business management & IT education in [9] and can be appliedto other subject including engineering education. In [10], a student-centered approach coupledwith the full integration of lecture and laboratory formats and hands-on activity based-instructionshowed clear cognitive and attitudinal gains in students. Chapman in [17] provided educatorswith recommendations for developing and presenting an effective and worthwhile lecture. A 5-step Paper-Based model was discussed in [18] to foster students’ participation in large lectures.Cognitive theories describe three phases of the learning process from attention to comprehensionto

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Debs, Purdue University; Claudio Martani, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

Paper ID #37873Developing a New Course in Design, Construction, and SocietyDr. Luciana Debs, Purdue University Luciana Debs, is an Assistant Professor of Construction Management in the School Construction Man- agement Technology at Purdue University. She received her PhD from Purdue University Main Campus, her MS from the Technical Research Institute of Sao Paulo. Her current research includes the technol- ogy and teaching within design and construction and the impact of Construction and Education 4.0 in undergraduate curriculum.Dr. Claudio Martani, Purdue University Claudio Martani is Assistant Professor at the

Conference Session

Curricular Advancements in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Rodriguez, Iowa State University; Erin E. Doran, Iowa State University; Paul S. Hengesteg, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

theirengineering identity formation. Students believed that engineers were individuals who had highlevels of technical competence and engaged in creative, real-world problem-solving. Studentsdiscussed how they struggled to see design thinking as a means to identifying as an engineerbecause, in their experiences, design thinking had not been clearly connected to otherengineering elements and creating creative real-world solutions. One student believed that thenewly integrated design thinking elements were “distracting” to the current curriculum: The reason why I so strongly feel that the design thinking component is distracting, from the lab or the course, is because everything that helped me grow as an engineer was already in place and

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2: SE Applications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Claxton Bommer, KBRwyle; Alice E. Grimes, Air Force Institute of Technology; Adedeji B. Badiru, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

structure to the challenges of a faculty development program and/ora curriculum development effort. Figure 1. DEJI® Model Application to Curriculum Development in Alignment with Faculty Development ProgramThe case example presented utilizes the DEJI systems engineering model [4], which advocates astructured approach that can be followed to Design, Evaluate, Justify, and Integrate elements ofany new work design, such as developing and executing a mentoring program. In this particularcase example, a New Faculty Development and Mentoring (NFDM) model is illustrated toenhance faculty development in higher education for an unconventional educationalenvironment, such as the Air Force graduate school. The structure of the

Conference Session

Philosophy of Engineering Education: Epistemology and Ethics

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gayle Ermer, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

that contribute to engineering failures will allow us topractice and teach engineering in a way that emphasizes the “system” effects. It is not enough toemphasize that engineers need to have integrity and avoid immoral practices individually,although this is a necessary condition for avoiding engineering disasters. We also need to beaware that the way we practice design and the nature of the technological and cultural systems weinteract with are contributors to some of the problems with technology. The categories describedin this paper can provide an outline for accurately

Conference Session

Issues in Physics and Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

David Probst

Logical Systems 3 hours Political Systems 3 hours Written Expression 3 hours Physical Systems 3 hours Social Systems 3 hoursIII. The 300-400 Level Interdisciplinary Curriculum: THEME: INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE: LIVING IN AN INTERDEPENDENT UNIVERSE Each student takes two 300-level courses that integrate two or more categories of the core curriculum. 300 Level Interdisciplinary Courses …………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 hours Each student also takes a 400-level senior seminar that integrates two or more perspectives of the core curriculum and that requires students to demonstrate the ability to do appropriate

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Shana Smith

Page 10.1436.9VR models seemed to have a purpose, and was not just an add-on to the lessons. Students seemed Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationmore engaged in collaborative groups formed to solve problems during the lessons. Primary suggestions made by the instructors from the Curriculum and Instruction Departmentincluded providing opportunities for students to have more hands-on experiences with the VRtools, increasing student group activity, increasing opportunities for student to manipulate the VRmodels, and increasing student engagement during class sessions. Evaluation results

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Chang, USMA; Grant Jacoby, USMA; Lisa Shay, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2007-2208: PREPARING AND ADVISING A FAST-TRACK EDUCATION INROBOTICSDavid Chang, USMA Major David J. Chang is an Assistant Professor at the US Military Academy, West Point, NY. His recent research has been on Coordinated & Sensing Robotics, Distributed & Autonomous Control Systems, and Network Vulnerability & Flexibility. Chang received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Drexel University and an M.S.E. and Ph.D. in Electrical and Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. Contact him at david.chang@usma.eduGrant Jacoby, USMA Lieutenant Colonel Grant A. Jacoby is a Senior Research Scientist and Assistant Professor at the US Military Academy, West Point, NY

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-yin Chan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Kwok-wai Mui, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

. A completely new view isheld of what it is meant by learning and how it takes place.Is e-learning different from traditional teaching and learning? In e-learning, it is the learner, not the facilitator, who controls the learning pace andorder of learning experiences, and to a certain extent, the selection of which experiences area part of the course. Each learner may experience different learning outcomes through thesame curriculum. E-learning can take place when and where learners want it to, making iteasier to integrate learning with a definite procedure. However, e-learning is never morethan a mouse click from engaging or quitting. They can start or drop out at any moment.Web designers can never take the motivation of the learners

Conference Session

Best Practices for Campus Representatives

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Campus Representatives

/interest in Engineering Education.• It gives me an opportunity to learn about best practices in other institutions It offers a forum for me to fraternize with people who share my passion for education and learning• Networking with like-minded faculty colleagues• To be informed about the current trends in engineering curriculum development. To learn about the new effective teaching techniques in engineering. To remain updated about the awards, fellowships, summer internships etc. available to students and faculty. General Benefits• To receive copies of PRISM to allow me to keep (somewhat) abreast of developments in Eng.• ASEE is the professional organization that represents the educational aspects of our collective