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Displaying results 12361 - 12390 of 42510 in total
Conference Session
Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tim G. Kotnour, University of Central Florida; Charles H. Reilly, University of Central Florida; John A. Selter, University of Central Florida
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division
engineeringleadership effort can use this paper to identify potential approaches for their institute.The Need for Leadership Education in EngineeringEngineering colleges are being driven to infuse leadership education into the engineering andcomputer science fields. The need for engineering leaders is being driven by the manychallenges the nation faces (e.g., see the National Academy of Engineering’s Grand Challenges2010; http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/). Technology and engineered systems can providesolutions to these challenges. To bring forth these solutions, the nation needs engineeringleaders. Many studies have explored the role of engineers and the need to change theeducational system to produce these engineers. For example, see • The Science and
Conference Session
Advancing Manufacturing Through Outreach
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Hakan Gurocak; Xiaolin Chen; Dave Kim
difference between light waves and electron beam waves. One11th grade student understood plastic deformation and instability of materials in tensiontest. Most students indicated the reverse engineering activity and the activities using theinstruments as the best things about the workshop.3.2. The Computer-aided Design (CAD) WorkshopThe CAD workshop was to help the girls understand how engineers create designs withthe aid of computers. The goal was to expose them to the technology early enough tohelp them develop interest and confidence in engineering. Upon completion, they wouldhave a basic understanding on how to make engineering drawings and how to createsimple designs using computers.Twenty girls attended the workshop and participated in three
Conference Session
Problem-Solving & Project-Based Learning
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Karen High; Ben Lawrence; Cynthia Mann
the data for Figure 1, it appears that for ’02 and ’03 the retention in CHE in thosetwo semesters are at or above the level for the traditional approach. Students in the Fall ’02 classappear to have better retention in the CHE major. Dr. High taught all three sections. Retentionof students in the majors of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology were at thesame level as well. OSU retention was roughly the same for all three semesters as well.Figure 2 shows some interesting information. CHE retention for the creativity class was higherthan one of the traditional CHE classes of Fall ’02, and not the other. CEAT retention washigher for the traditional CHE classes and OSU retention was higher for the creativity class. Ofcourse it
Conference Session
Innovative Ideas for Energy Labs
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Jessica Moffitt; Jennifer van Rij; Jeffrey Wolchok
. The coursework and projects were intended toemphasize (1) the fundamental engineering physics and chemistry that are important at thesesmall scales; (2) fabrication technologies; (3) design for manufacturing; and (4) testing andanalysis of complete systems. Our group was interested in microscale energy conversion, andover the course of the semester refined our project to look specifically at vibrational energyconversion. In this paper we will review the microsystems and communication coursework thatwas required of all IGERT students, discuss the associated design project, and provide studentbased recommendations that may be used to refine future programs.Coursework:Graduate students accepted into the IGERT program were required to complete
Conference Session
Potpourri Design
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Steven Beyerlein; Denny Davis; Kenneth Gentili
, with a focus onthe teacher and what is taught, in contrast to the student and what is learned. Historically,this approach operates in an open-loop system where teachers pour forth the same contentregardless of student needs. The emergence of student-centered classrooms and outcomesassessment in the last decade has profoundly changed the paradigm for teaching andlearning across higher education1.Engineering Criteria 2000 (EC 2000) adopted by the Accreditation Board for Engineeringand Technology (ABET), which instituted requirements for outcomes definition andassessment, created serious confusion among engineering educators2,3. This resulted fromthe limited faculty training in educational concepts such as learning objectives, outcomes,and
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Narasingarao Sreenath
Education on Globalization and Sustainability for Engineers by Sree N. Sreenath, Mihajlo D. Mesarovic and Ali M. Vali Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106-7071 nxs6@cwru.edu 216-368-62191. Introduction ABET requirements specify the need for engineering students to understandglobalization and its impacts on science, technology, employment and socio-politicalcontexts. An approach has been developed at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)in which students get insight into globalization and sustainability by working on problemsolving for a range of
Conference Session
Undergraduate Research & New Directions
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Ferat Sahin; Wayne Walter
Session Number 1332 Multidisciplinary Microrobotics Teaching Activities in Engineering Education Ferat Sahin, Ph.D., and Wayne Walter, Ph.D., P.E. Kate Gleason College of Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology 79 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 14623 feseee@rit.edu, wwweme@rit.edu1 IntroductionWithin the College of Engineering at RIT, a small nucleus of faculty from four differentdepartments have been quietly developing expertise in the area of MEMS and
Conference Session
First-Year Activities and Peer Review Strategies in Civil Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Kuder, Seattle University; Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
peer reviews. Student feedback also showed that the rigorouswork load in the engineering curriculum posed time constraints that would affect the likelihoodof them using peer reviews if they were not required to do so.IntroductionTechnical communication is a critical skill for undergraduate Civil Engineering students toachieve1, 2. It is estimated that a typical engineer spends one third to half a work-day writingproposals, reports, memos and other documents3, 4. Recognizing the importance of technicalcommunication, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) 2009-10criterion 3 requires that all engineering graduates demonstrate an ability to communicateeffectively at the time of graduation (criterion g of a-k outcomes
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Peter Golding; Walter Fisher; Stella Quinones
in the class.The class engages entering students in critical inquiry of one or more related academic topics. Theseminar is designed to increase studentsÀ knowledge of the role of technology in the academic Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Page 6.909.6 Copyright 2001, American Society for Engineering Educationcommunity. Information acquisition, critical thinking, and communication are integrated in anactive learning environment. Students conduct library and electronic research to support one ormore academic projects which vary with instructor
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Effective Teaching 3
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manish Roy, University of Connecticut; Christa L. Taylor, University of Connecticut; Maria Chrysochoou, University of Connecticut
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)
Paper ID #43474Neurodivergent Student Characteristics and Engineering Course OutcomesDr. Manish Roy, University of Connecticut Manish Roy is an Assistant Professor in Residence in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Connecticut. He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering (Hons.) at Jadavpur University in India. He obtained his MS and Doctoral degree in Civil Engineering at the West Virginia University and the University of Connecticut, respectively. He worked for nine years in the industry as an engineer/manager in India and Bangladesh before starting his
Collection
2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Ray A. Luechtefeld; Steve E. Watkins
Suboptimization of Motivation Approaches in Engineering Education Ray A. Luechtefeld, Steve E. Watkins Missouri University of Science & Technology ray.luechtefeld@ieee.org, steve.e.watkins@ieee.orgAbstractEngineers of the 21st century will be called upon to work and learn in ways theirpredecessors never experienced. They will face novel, ambiguous, complex problemsthat will require adaptability, innovation, and leadership. To meet the challenges theirstudents will face in the future, engineering universities need new approaches andstructures to motivate their future graduates. The use of extrinsic (rather than intrinsic)motivation to prod
Conference Session
Aerospace Technical Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Roger Forsgren, NASA Headquarters; Lauren Miller, NASA Headquarters
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
course offerings. Before starting Millaworks, Ms. Miller was the director of marketing at Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI) for more than 11 years. AGI produces software for national security and space professionals to analyze and visualize land, sea, air, and space assets.© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Prior to AGI, Ms. Miller was a mechanical design engineer working on Space Shuttle and International Space Station microgravity combustion experiments at NASA-Glenn Research Center (formerly NASA-Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, OH. She began her career at Equitable Gas Company in Pittsburgh, PA, supporting new gas technology initiatives including
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State University; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Fred W DePiero, California Polytechnic State University; Zoe Wood Wood; Alana Christine Snelling
Tagged Topics
Curriculum and Lab Development
Paper ID #11042Comparative Assessment of Scaled Global Engineering InitiativesDr. Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State UniversityDr. Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University Jane Lehr is Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies and Women’s & Gender Studies at California Poly- technic State University. She is also Faculty Director of the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority and Underrepresented Student Participation (LSAMP) in STEM Program at Cal Poly and Co-Director of the Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies Program. She previously served as elected co-chair of the Science & Technology Taskforce
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University; Jonathan Hilpert, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Katrien Kraft, Arizona State University; Laura Baughman, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne
public university in thesouthwest. Eight of the instructors were male, and three of the instructors were female. All ofthe instructors were experienced engineering educators at the university. Many of theparticipants have been at the university for many years. All of the participants agreed toparticipate in the study and were observed teaching typical lessons.AnalysisDuring the observations, special attention was given to 1) teaching strategies (introductoryactivities, technology, etc.), 2) collaborative opportunities for learning (group work, whole classdiscussion), 3) knowledge building (connections to other course content, upcoming events, andfuture careers), and 4) teacher directed activity (giving instructions, guidance, and info
Conference Session
Developments in Chem Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Steve Sternberg
for these activities originate from many different sources including the coursetextbook3 which includes a section entitled ‘Classroom Demonstrations and LaboratoryExperiments’ that lists a huge number of ideas from the National Educators' Workshop--Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials, Science, and Technology, proceedingsfrom 1988 to 1999. Additional idea sources originated from students, colleagues, and theauthor’s daily experience with the world. References for similar activities and ideas areincluded in the following experimental procedures. All of the ideas discussed in thispaper have been fine-tuned and applied to local constraints by the author and his students.ProceduresThe following section lists the hands on activities used
Collection
2024 ASEE-GSW
Authors
Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University
., Neeley, S., Hatch, J. B., & Piorczynski, T. (2017). Learning scientific reasoning skills may be key to retention in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of College Student Retention : Research, Theory & Practice, 19(2), 126–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/15210251156116169. Xu. (2015). Attention to retention: Exploring and addressing the needs of college students in STEM majors. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i2.114710. Kritzinger, A., Lemmens, J., & Potgieter, M. (2021) Effectiveness of the blended design of a first-year biology course, International Journal of Science Education, 43:12, 2025-2043.11. Chiki, J. (2016). “The Effectiveness of Proactive
Conference Session
Design Communications & Cognition I
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicole E. Genco; Katja Holtta-Otto, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2011-1315: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CREATIVITY OF EN-GINEERING STUDENTSNicole E GencoKatja Holtta-Otto, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Dr. Holtta-Otto is assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Massachusetts Dart- mouth.Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin Page 22.705.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Factors that influence the creativity of engineering studentsAbstractMany engineering curricula focus on educating engineers who are not only technicallycompetent but also capable of designing innovative engineering
Conference Session
Learning By Doing in Chemical Engineering Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Larry Glasgow, Kansas State University; David Soldan, Kansas State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
AC 2010-245: RECONNECTING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS WITHTHE PHYSICAL WORLDLarry Glasgow, Kansas State UniversityDavid Soldan, Kansas State University Page 15.1018.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Reconnecting Chemical Engineering Students with the Physical WorldAbstract There is ample evidence of a growing disconnect between chemical engineeringstudents and the physical world. This chasm is being created by social and technologicalchanges; in particular, the proliferation of microprocessor-based “virtual experiences” forchildren and adolescents has had an inhibiting effect upon their opportunities to
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Foundations of Design Theory
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea L. Schuman, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; David B Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Mohammed Seyam, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)
understanding the user’s needs [4].Regardless of the method of implementation, sufficient time and planning needs to be dedicatedto the design stage or chaotic, inefficient code can be created. Technical debt, defined asfundamental issues in the code base, can accrue and it must be corrected to create a robustsystem [2]. Software engineering capstones are project-based experiences that prepare studentswith design skills that are agnostic to the technology that is used. The purpose of this qualitativeThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowshipunder Grant No. 2235205. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material arethose of the authors and do not
Conference Session
Advancing Research on Engineering Leaders’ Confidence, Careers, and Styles
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Serhiy Kovalchuk, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, University of Toronto; Milan Maljkovic; Emily L. Moore, University of Toronto
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development
team member at the Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (ILead). Mike has an MA in Higher Education and a BASc in Engineering Science from the University of Toronto.Ms. Milan MaljkovicDr. Emily L. Moore, University of Toronto Dr. Emily Moore is the Director of the Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (Troost ILead) at the University of Toronto. Emily spent 20 years as a professional chemical engineer, first as an R&D engineer in a Fortune 500 company, and then leading innovation and technology development efforts in a major engineering firm. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 “Counting Past Two:” Engineers’ Leadership
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bonnie Ferri, Georgia Tech; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joel Jackson, Georgia Tech; Jennifer Michaels, Georgia Institute of Technology; Douglas Williams, Georgia Tech
AC 2008-1212: A PROGRAM FOR DISTRIBUTED LABORATORIES IN THE ECECURRICULUMBonnie Ferri, Georgia Tech Bonnie Heck Ferri received the BS from Electrical Engineering from Notre Dame in 1981, the MS in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton in 1984, and the PhD in Electrical Engineering from Georgia Tech in 1988. She is currently a Professor and Associate Chair for Graduate Affairs in ECE at Georgia Tech. Her research has been in the areas of embedded control systems, applications of control, power electronics, and education. She is the recipient of the 2007 IEEE Education Society Harriet Rigas Award.Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology Jill Auerbach is a Senior
Conference Session
Industry-Academia Collaborations
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Jim Subach, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
AC 2007-2148: INDUSTRY–ACADEMIA COLLABORATIONLakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University Lakshmi Munukutla received her Ph.D. degree in Solid State Physics from Ohio University, Athens, Ohio and M.Sc and B.Sc degrees from Andhra University, India. She has been active in research and published several journal articles. She is the Chair of the Electronic Systems Department at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus.Jim Subach, Arizona State University Jim Subach received his BS in Engineering Physics from the University of Maine, and his MS and Ph.D. in Optical Sciences from the University of Arizona. He has 30 years of experience in technology, was a Visiting Scientist at NASA-JSC
Collection
2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting
Authors
Andrew Grossfield Ph. D, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology
Paper ID #35671Limits, Singularities and other concerns in the Elementary Functions ofCalculusAndrew Grossfield Ph. D, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology ANDREW GROSSFIELD Throughout his career Dr. Grossfield has combined an interest in engineering design and mathematics. He earned his BEE at CCNY, an MS at the Courant Institute and a doctorate from the University of Arizona. He was licensed in NYS as a Professional Engineer and belongs to the MAA, the ASEE and the IEEE. Seeing the differences between the mathematics memorized in schools and the math understood and needed by engineers has led him to a career
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division 2 - Engagement in Practice Lightning Round: Equitable Engagement and Transformative Education
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ezequiel Aleman, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Ethan Paul Ruchotzke; Michael Brown, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
Paper ID #36830Engagement in Practice: Collaborating with University Extension on GameJam Workshops to expose middle school aged learners to basic programmingconceptsEzequiel Aleman, Iowa State University of Science and TechnologyEthan Paul RuchotzkeDr. Michael Brown, Iowa State University of Science and Technology Michael Brown is an assistant professor of Student Affairs and Higher Education at Iowa State Univer- sity. His research focuses on the development of curriculum, pedagogy, and instructional technology in introductory STEM courses in undergraduate and community college programs. ©American Society
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claire Kaat, Georgia Institute of Technology; Pepito Thelly, Texas A&M University; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Astrid Layton, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Paper ID #43299Board 358: Quantitative Network Analysis for Benchmarking and ImprovingMakerspacesClaire Kaat, Georgia Institute of TechnologyPepito Thelly, Texas A&M UniversityDr. Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Julie S. Linsey is a Professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technological. Her research focus is on design methods, theory, and engineering education with a particular focus on innovation and conceptual design.Dr. Astrid Layton, Texas A&M University Dr. Astrid Layton is an assistant professor at Texas A&M University in the J
Conference Session
Technical Session 3c
Collection
2017 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Pitiporn Asvapathanagul, California State University, Long Beach
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Pacific Southwest Section
principles are (i)real-world engineering design and operations combined with quality management, (ii)communication and teamwork skills, (iii) critical and creative thinking abilities, (iv) ethicspractices and (v) connecting between technology and society6. Additionally, for civil engineeringcurriculum, interdisciplinary among all engineering disciplines is needed. For instance, a designmethodology combines the answers to all the demand of the structure, an integrated designproject7. Moreover, other professions such as social, environmental and economic issues shouldbe included8. Accordingly, many of emerging concerns associated with future engineeringeducations are integrated in CE 101 class prior to early preparing our students toward
Conference Session
Student Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amanda Vazquez, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Hasan Deniz, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Student
of Nevada, Las Vegas Kaya is a PhD candidate in science education at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is working as a research assistant and teaching science methods courses. Prior to beginning the PhD program, he received his MS degree in computer science and engineering and holds a BS degree in chemical engineering. He taught K-12 STEM+CS for seven years. Additionally, he coached robotics teams and was awarded sev- eral grants that promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and Computer Sci- ence(CS) education. He is also interested in improving STEM+CS education for minorities. He has been volunteering in many education outreach programs including Science Fair and Robotics programs such
Conference Session
Climate Issues for Women Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yong Zeng, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; John R. Duncan, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
AC 2007-2377: WOMEN: SUPPORT FACTORS AND PERSISTENCE INENGINEERINGYong Zeng, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign Yong Zeng is currently a Ph.D. Student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Human Resource Education department and has completed as Masters in Education (2005) and Bachelor in Engineering (1995). Yong is a doctoral fellow with the National Centre for Engineering Technology Education (NCETE). He has worked as engineer in the field of mechanical engineering and computing engineering since graduation in 1995. Served as co-PI, his proposal of ‘Women, Career Choice, and Persistence in Engineering’ was funded in June 2005 through NCETE. Yong is an active member of
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Identity
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Brianna Benedict McIntyre, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Jacqueline Ann Rohde, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Dina Verdin, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Aaron Robert Hamilton Thielmeyer, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Herman Ronald Clements III, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Zhihui (Sherry) Chen
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
really feel like an expert and I saw classes like electricity and magnetismin my college curriculum and was like, I want to study engineering because that’s where scienceand design and math and technology all meet up. I feel like it’s such a varied field you can dowhatever you want with it.My mom pushed me to take piano classes for several years and to be creative. However,unfortunately, the downside of being in such a science and technology-heavy high school held meback from other things that I’m good at like English and Art. There were no art classes, there wereno music classes, the English curriculum was not very good at all. That’s why I’ve been trying tomake up for that in college by taking fun Gen Eds like theatre, anthropology, cooking
Conference Session
FPD5 - Teaming and Peer Performance
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arlisa Labrie Richardson, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Services in the NASA Center for Success in Math & Science at Estrella Mountain Community College, she utilizes her academic preparation and extensive engineering background to prepare students for successful careers in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields through student internships and summer research experiences. Page 13.1289.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Tinkering Self-Efficacy and Team Interaction on Freshman Engineering Design TeamsIntroductionIn the book Talking about Leaving, Seymour and Hewitt interviewed hundreds of