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Displaying results 12991 - 13020 of 23692 in total
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Piyush Pradhananga; Mohamed ElZomor, Florida International University; Gabriella Santi; Lu Zhang, Florida International University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Architectural Engineering, Construction Engineering
reflect and are associated by theinfluence of the VR training on the students’ professional growth. The future stage of thisstudy will conduct social media activities that will further engage and nurture these students’presentation skills.CONCLUSIONTo become competent engineers and construction managers, STEM students must invest indeveloping their professional skills, such as communication and presentation skills. Based onthe benchmark survey, it is found that female, first generation and undergraduate students areless likely to possess proficient communication skills and thus require targeted trainingactivities to embrace underrepresented student’s growth. Additionally, through peer-evaluations, results indicate that the main weaknesses that CM
Conference Session
Online and Professional Graduate Programs
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Bharani Nagarathnam, Texas A&M University; Frederick Barry Lawrence, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
new locationwith new problem environments to reflect the changing challenges facing global distribution.Introduction Wholesale Distribution in the United States is more than a 7 trillion dollars industry, withmore than 300,000 businesses that employ six million people [1]. The wholesale trade accountedfor about 6% of the GDP in 2016 and is presently one of the top 4 sectors of the U.S. economy.The growth of a distribution organization does not rely solely on the distributor’s geographicreach, physical assets, product selection, or access to capital. It also depends on its humancapital. In fact, all organizations require human capital to accomplish their goals; therefore, theorganization’s ability to manage its human capital is key to
Conference Session
Developing Technological Literacy in Students
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Elizabeth Milonas, NYC College of Technology - City University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
the learning outcomes,discussing the class activities, and proposing an evaluation strategy as well as a strategy forpresenting the results. The last section of this paper discusses the future study.2.0 Related work Machine learning is defined as a system that mimics human learning by acquiringknowledge from the real world and performing based on this knowledge [18]. Unlike humans,machine learning algorithms cannot reason [18]. They cannot include the subtleness of humaninteraction or the complexity that exists in the world [23, p. 20]. Important information willinevitably be missing from these machine learning algorithms [23, p. 20]. These algorithms haveinherent bias as they reflect the judgments, good or bad, of their designers and
Conference Session
Teaching Statics: What and How?
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Vimal Kumar Viswanathan, San Jose State University; Josh Taylor Hurt; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University; Benjamin W. Caldwell, LeTourneau University; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
beginning and end of the study. All error bars show (+ or -)1 S.E.It should be noted that at both schools, participants had difficulties understanding some conceptson the SCI, specifically concepts that were not taught in the class. This understanding led to aminority of students choosing not to fully complete SCI. These attempts were not included in theoverall results, as they did not reflect the overall understanding of students. Some students foundthe SCI to be more difficult than anything that had been taught during the semester and showedless effort overall on this study. Because of the vocal lack of support in the concept Inventories, apossible fix for these major problems has been implemented in the study for other
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: REU 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Jyhwen Wang, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
external evaluator). Reflection essay. Professional networking.Follow-Up Database & mailing list setup. Scheduled periodic status updates for continued guidance on career (1-year) objectives (for 1-year). Posting of opportunities. Strategies to position for success. Extended Periodic contact (beyond 1-year). LinkedIn updates. Track professional career progress. [Fall] Evaluator report; discussion & intervention plans. Grad student & mentor training. *[College of Engineering (CoE) Undergraduate Summer Research Grants (USRG) activity]-[Optional] [Deadline] #[Evaluation activity] %[Brown bag lecture by Institute for Broadening Participation (IBP)]The majority of the 10-week on-site period involved the
Conference Session
ECCD - Technical Session 2 - Solar Energy
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Brittany Weber, Renewable Energy Society; Katelyn Renee Dunnagan , Renewable Energy Society ; Matthew Aldeman, Illinois State University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
larger than imagined.With only 7% of the nation’s grill owners having electric grills, most grills are powered bygreenhouse gas emitting fuels. Surprisingly, even though the electric grill produces no onsiteemissions, they are the most polluting type of grill because of the greenhouse gasses associatedwith producing and transmitting electricity in the United States. Every year on the fourth of July,America’s grills emit 225,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide [2].Discussion of similar projects As the Renewable Energy Society (RES) started to research different solar grills, theysoon discovered that there are limited design options. The main design type that the organizationcame across included a reflective material, such as mirrors, that
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: RED 2 / Civil Eng
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Mohamed ElZomor, Florida International University; Piyush Pradhananga, Florida International University; Gabriella Santi; Shahin Vassigh, Florida International University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
terminology and limited training content, which also hinder theprogress in such a preeminent domain. Similarly, designer, system integrators, softwaredeveloper, and building technologist shared their perspective, which included challenges such aslack of affordable training resources and opportunities such as confidence in job security, newopportunities for entrepreneurship, and job opportunities. Figure 2: AEC Industry Professionals Interview ResultsIn the same phase, 18 industry professional construction representative in South Florida weresurveyed. Those professionals represent a targeted sample associated with the ConstructionIndustry Advisory Board at the Minority Serving Institution, thus reflecting a representativesample to
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Emel Cevik, Texas A&M University; Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Whitfield, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Jay R. Porter, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
-focused interventionscan be very effective solutions to improve teachers’ knowledge and experience related toengineers and teaching engineering.Since the small sample size of this study limits the generalizability of the results, increasing thenumber of participants can be used to overcome this limitation. Finally, the conclusions of thisstudy reflect the results of the quantitative data analyses. In the future, collecting the qualitativedata as well as collecting the quantitative data might provide a richer and more in-depthunderstanding of the topic that is under investigation.AcknowledgementThis material is supported by the National Science Foundation under DRL Grant Numbers1615019 and 1614496. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
William D Lawson P.E., Ph.D., Texas Tech University; Heather R. Keister PE, Freese and Nichols
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
audience participation, as well ascommentary from a distinguished panel of “experts.” Prior to the event, panelists were providedthe full ethics case, alternative courses of action, and the website outcomes, so they had alreadythought about the case and could be ready with observations and insights.Figure 2. Professional Ethics LIVE! skit presentations (2012) The ethics skits, as derivative works of the published cases, warrant specific mention.The instructional approach was to dramatize ethics situations taken from actual professionalpractice, and initially these skits were done on an “improvised” basis, reflecting the initiative,creative talent, and interest of the JPI editor. However, as Professional Ethics LIVE! grew, theneed arose for
Conference Session
Grading and Feedback Models in Mechanics
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Charles S. White, Norwich University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
diversity with only one African-American and one student from Africa.The overall categorization of the Homework problems is shown in Table 2. Note that eventhough 33 students were registered for the course that on any given week only 25 to 30 bothturned in homework and were present to take the quiz. At the university, attendance is taken atclass and the students are allowed to miss lectures totaling 2 weeks’ worth of meetings over thecourse of the semester.The homework breakdown shows some immediate points. The number of homework problemscategorized by the fidelity paid to the published solutions is not constant but varies by problem.For example, the number of problems categorized as 3 (reflecting virtual copying of solutionmanual) varied from a
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Curriculum and Design - June 24th
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Robert A. Linsenmeier, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
Northwestern and Director of the Northwestern Center for Engineering Education Research. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Required Computer Science Education in BME Undergraduate ProgramsAbstract Data collected for the Biomedical Engineering Education Summit Meeting in 2019 showedthat computer programming was required of undergraduates in biomedical engineering andbioengineering at more than 98% of the 57 accredited BME programs that responded to asurvey. This is an increase over an earlier dataset from 2004, reflecting the increased need forengineers to be competent in programming. However, education in computer programming cantake many forms, and there has
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
A. Mehran Shahhosseini, Indiana State University; Farman A. Moayed, Indiana State University; Alister McLeod, Indiana State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
increases low.For instance, in 2009, an in-state, full-time student would have paid $7,226 in tuition and in theacademic year 2016-17, a full-time student has paid $8,547 in tuition. These modest tuition ratesreflect approximately a 3% increase each year since 2009. Although, a relatively smaller increasein percentage, it has outpaced Indiana’s annual per capita income and the financial impact oftuition increases is clearly reflected in the growing number of enrollments of students whoqualify for financial assistance. Specifically, 40.1% of ISU’s total undergraduate population hasreceived federal Pell grants in fall 2017 [4] (see Table 1). Table 1: Undergraduate Enrollment Comparison
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ning Zhang, Central State University; Cadance Lowell, Central State University; Xiaofang Wei, Central State University; Desheng Liu, Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
responsible for the majorityof the light emission from surface water while the bloom dominating the water column (Zamyadiet al., 2016). Therefore, detection of the algae and cyanobacteria by aerial imaging can be donebased on fluorescent reflection from surface water. Furthermore, several algorithms weredeveloped over the past decade to correlate the aerial light reflection spectrum to the algaebiomass and species for the purpose of bloom monitoring and prediction. Interdisciplinaryknowledge on geography, biology, surface hydrology, computer science and mathematics arerequired to work on this research project. Students recruited to work on this project will have theopportunity to apply the skills learned in their own major courses, meanwhile, expose
Conference Session
Student Perceptions of Self-efficacy, Success, and Identity
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Louis Nadelson, University of Central Arkansas; Idalis Villanueva, Utah State University; Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University; Estefany Soto, University of Central Arkansas ; Cindy Ann Lenhart, Oregon State University; Kate Youmans, Utah State University; Yoon Ha Choi, Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
]. Engineering from a 21st century perspective, focuses onfinding solutions aligned with the needs and expectations of clients, while adhering to ethical andsocietal expectations of making the world a better place for others to live in [14]. There isevidence that the structure of some engineering programs may not be conducive to developing amindset aligned with 21st century engineering [15]. Given the potential for makerspace projectsto be aligned with a 21st century philosophy of engineering, there is justification for assessing ifstudents are developing a 21st century engineering mindset.Belongingness and InclusionThrough the use of makerspaces, students may gain a sense of how much they perceive theybelong and are included in situations reflective of
Collection
2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference
Authors
Tony McClary; Germain Degardin; John Kulpa; Patricia Sullivan; Karen Trujillo
Exploratory Activity (LCPS Challenger Center for Space Science Education) 8:00 pm – 9:00 pm Reflective/Down Time 9:00 pm Lights out/ Bed TimeThe NM PREP Academy is a two-week residential, immersive engineering education programwhere students are fully immersed in an engineering curriculum from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm.Beyond the engineering curriculum, the participants also engaged in exploratory activitiesdesigned to improve teamwork, leadership, and to expose the students to various experiences Proceedings of the 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference
Collection
2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference
Authors
Ilse Nava-Medina; Angie Hill Price; Mathew Kuttolamadom
the various types/formats of research programs pursued byengineering technology students in the Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology Proceedings of the 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference Organized by The University of Texas at Dallas Copyright © 2017, American Society for Engineering Education 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference(MMET) program at Texas A&M University, and a reflection of their experiences and the feedbackobtained. Conducted either as individual or group projects, as well as those tackling hands-on vs.fundamental problems, the response from this select group of students was that they
Collection
2016 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Alex Avery; Joe Hudden; David Ruan; Eric Schulken; Cody Smith; Jessica VanGiesen; Michael Zielinski; Ray Ptucha
, themicrocontroller. The steering system is implemented using a microcontrollers, and the onboard sensors.Proportional Integration Derivative (PID) feedback loop usingan encoder mounted on the steering rack. Similar feedback Ultrasonic Sensorssystems control the braking and speed control using a brake In order to ensure the safety of riders, pedestrians and theencoder and speed tachometer respectively. The APM is able vehicle itself, detecting objects is an important feature of allto detect objects in front using a LiDAR for light reflecting autonomous vehicles. One of the methods selected for objectobjects and seven ultrasonic sensors for sound reflecting detection was ultrasonic rangefinders. The Maxbotix
Collection
2016 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
John Foo; Iwijn De Vlaminck; Kimberly Williams
were reviewed by thefirst author for general themes. The first author then went through all the responses again, andlooked specifically for evidence of each theme in each response and labeled them accordingly.The number of times a theme was brought up was tabulated.2.2.3 Classroom ObservationsThe instructor recorded his observations and reflections after each class period. The instructoralso invited a peer to observe the first class period.3. Results3.1 Results from online surveyOf the 44 students in the class, 33 students participated in the survey, giving a response rate of75%.3.1.1 Demographic InformationOf the survey participants, all were freshmen save one, who was a sophomore. The genderbreakdown was 73% female, and 27% male. In terms of
Collection
2019 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Charles Baukal; Mark Vaccari; Thomas DeAgostino; Carter Stokeld; Courtney Baukal
significant. Failure to recognize this either means students do notunderstand the concept of significant digits or are not disciplined enough to apply it. Someactually appear to believe the answer is more accurate if they include more significant digits.Significant digits is an important concept that needs to be ingrained before starting full-timeemployment. A supervisor accustomed to working with real data will view results with too manysignificant digits as a poor reflection on the employee and potentially on the employee’s alma-mater as well.Students are normally taught about measurement uncertainty, but either fail to understand theconcept or forget it when reporting experimental results. Some seem to believe theirmeasurements are much more
Collection
2019 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Roy Myose; Elizabeth Rollins; Klaus Hoffmann; Kimberly Engber; Sarah Myose
, the University Registrar reported that the grade of A was themost prevalent grade at WSU.5 Over the next several years, the Faculty Senate commissioned a studyon the use of a plus-minus grade system in lieu of the current whole-letter grade system and conducteda faculty survey on the issue. Advocates for the change focused on how the new grading system wouldprovide a more accurate reflection of student performance. The proposal to change to a plus-minusgrade system was ultimately approved by a single vote during the university’s General FacultyMeeting,6 and the university transitioned to this new grading system during the 2009-2010 academicyear. Since the implementation of the plus-minus grading system, many honors students haveexpressed
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kelli R. Kopocis-Herstein, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Terry L. Stentz, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Construction Engineering
. Students write about their experience during the last ten (10) minutes of class. Students wrote they felt “refreshed” after the meditation experience and were going to try to add reflective time to focus on stress management into their schedules. Many students were very concerned about their Life Stressors Index and wrote about coping mechanisms they plan to employ in order to improve their own lives. They also wrote about how they will look for signs of distress in their construction crews and work to improve work-life balance for themselves and their subordinates.Week 4 – Leadership, Personality, and Learning Styles The module begins by juxtaposing the definitions of leadership and management. For this first class in the
Conference Session
Mobile Robotics in Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Wang, University of Nevada-Reno; Jeffrey LaCombe, University of Nevada-Reno; Ann-Marie Vollstedt, University of Nevada-Reno
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
).To assess the whether or not student could learn pseudo-code using the online learning modulealone, a control group study was completed. While all of the students were given access to theonline learning module, only half of the students were also given in-class instruction that coveredthe same material. Since there were three different instructors involved in the course, the studentsthat received the additional in-class lectures were all taught by the same instructor. Bycomparing the performance on the third (pseudo-code) quiz we can infer whether or not theonline module alone is sufficient to teach students how to transfer their ROBOLAB knowledgeto another programming language.Grades for the reflective reports were used to assess the
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education III
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Don Millard, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Mohamed Chouikha, Howard University; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
learning to occur: 1) Active Experimentation (protoboards, simulations, case study,homework), 2) Reflective Observation (logs, journals, brainstorming), 3) AbstractConceptualization (lecture, papers, analogies), and 4) Concrete Experience (laboratories, fieldwork, observations). This project is investigating the impact on student learning outcomesproduced by incorporation of the Mobile Studio pedagogy in courses that will be delivered usingthe Kolb cycle to sequence the courses’ activities as follows: 1. Students are introduced to topics and are then asked to formulate hypotheses and plan/perform experiments to determine the validity of their intuition. 2. The students relate their outcomes to real-life applications and provide a sense as
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dmitriy Garmatyuk, Miami University
(IC) chip package to theprinted circuit board (PCB). A segment of such an interconnect topology can be assembled as asimulation model using Ansoft HFSS and simulated to get a feel for a variety of parameterswhich govern the transformations of an electric signal propagating via such structure. Inparticular, once the architecture shown in Figure 1 is drawn, students can attempt the followingsets of simulations: Generate and plot S-parameters at the frequencies of interest – learn to read S-parameter tables to determine the point of rapid increase of signal attenuation and discern frequency regions with high reflection loss; Run an animation of an electric field propagation along the interconnect structure
Conference Session
Student Engagement and Motivation
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Senay Purzer
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
. This procedure establishes thevalidity of the instrument. Consequently, the first step in creating this tinkering and technicalself-efficacy instrument was to survey experts in the field of engineering. The experts consistedof a volunteer sample of engineering faculty, students, and practicing engineers, who aremembers of ASEE. There were a total of 101 respondents (71 members of ASEE, 24 engineeringstudents in a design course at a large university located in the southwest, and 6 engineeringfaculty at the same institution). The gender composition of the ASEE experts is unknown butthere were two females in the ASU faculty group and four female engineering students. It isreasonable to expect that the gender composition of the ASEE group reflects
Conference Session
Gender & Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeff Davis, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeff Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
% 5%teams that functioned as part of thecurriculum, compared with 24% for non-minorities. This likely reflects transportationissues for urban minority students that limitthe students’ ability to participate inextracurricular clubs, as well as the tendencyin even highly integrated schools for the after- Public School 70%school clubs to self-segregate in ways that donot occur in class. We are analyzing casestudies of integrated schools that are successful in encouraging minority FLL participation to Figure 12a--FLL Curricular Integration for Minorities (2006
Conference Session
Liberal Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joanne Lax, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
rules of emailetiquette and style for various audiences; how email reflects the author, positively or negatively;and how to establish appropriate tone in the message. At the end of the class, I informallyquestioned each section of the class about whether their emails had been suitably written, giventhe designated audience. For instance, I asked the section which wrote emails to potentialemployers whether any of the students had used emoticons in their writing.ResultsAfter I collected the papers from the two classes, I separated them according to the intendedaudience. Taking two of the eight common rules for email writing documented16--“Use ‘onlinelingo’ abbreviations cautiously” (for example, “C U” and “OMG”) and “Reserve emoticons forpersonal
Conference Session
Perceptions of Women's Success in STEM
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria Brunette, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; paula rayman, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; meg bond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Lu Yuan, University of Massachusetts-Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
followed the same coding technique to the end of each of the source documents.The descriptions of the major nodes were later modified to reflect the participants’ ideasmore accurately and comprehensively when coding the rest of the source documents.Additionally, new sub nodes were added whenever the analyst felt that the contents of thedocument did not match the existing sub nodes.Step 3: Node Structure Modification: After finishing coding all of the documents, theanalyst browsed the node and subnode categories and paid more attention to thosesubnodes that had few passages (In other words, the subnodes that were very infrequentlycoded.) The analyst reread the contents more carefully and tried to recategorize them byshaping and merging the subnodes
Conference Session
Influences on Female Interest in Pursuit of STEM Fields
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacquelyn Mobley, Ecology & Environment, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
want companies to think we were turning out inferiorengineers.” He did not want me to reflect a negative light on the Department and risk losing their research Page 13.1125.4grants from companies like Dow Chemical or DuPont.Because I didn’t know any better, I believed him. I never told a soul what he said to me for about tenyears. My Mom still doesn’t know. I remember spending a good hour or two sitting on this hill every daycrying and praying to God to get me out of this prison of a program. It was a very humbling time of mylife.I must say that if it were not for my faith in God, I would have succumbed to a deep depression and
Conference Session
Influences on Female Interest in Pursuit of STEM Fields
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Concannon, University of Missouri, Columbia; Lloyd H. Barrow, University of Missouri
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
that individuals are self-reflective, and evaluate their decisions throughouttheir course of action; therefore, behavior is premeditated and is guided by intentions 3. Aperson’s decision upon a course of action is interrelated to his or her emotions, biological events,cognition, and environmental events. Self-efficacy influences behavior through fivemechanisms. A person’s level of self-efficacy determines his or her: a) goals; b) persistence inthe face of obstacles 1; c) strategies to attain goals; d) emotional responses; and e) selection ofenvironments 3.Self-efficacy theory proposes six sources for an individual’s self-efficacy beliefs. These sourcesare: 1) a person’s successes and failures (mastery experiences); 2) a person’s ability to