Conference Session

Engaging Ethics, Internationally

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qin Zhu, Colorado School of Mines; Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

every engineering graduate will work foran international development or other NGO.Instead, we propose that educators should strive to prepare students for a wide variety ofpersonal and professional pathways, yet with the goal of enabling them to become truly globalengineers capable of navigating ethical issues in diverse job roles and national/cultural contexts.Thus, engineering educators from the four different approaches to engineering ethics in theglobal context need more communication, collaboration, and coordination among themselves, ashow to educate a globally professional and responsible engineer is a very real and daunting issuethat has received much less attention than other topics in the field of engineering education.References 1

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Christopher Gioia, Slippery Rock University; Samantha (Sami Bortz

13 Proceedings of the 2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2024, American Society for Engineering EducationBoth teams recommended updating the geothermal HVAC system as their performanceoptimized design, which would be the most effective way to handle all of the heating and coolingissues on the second floor. The cost optimized designs were simple and actionable, and all designchoices were tied to experimental data, mathematical modeling, and reasonable approximations.The engineering design process was followed, and both teams considered sustainability factors intheir design generation. Each student collaborated effectively with their other team members, andtheir technical

Conference Session

Assessment Issues I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Tyler Cummings-Bond; Robin Adams

education community is well aware of the challenges of such a pursuit1. Ofmajor concern are hiring, tenure, and promotion policies for the collection of graduate students,post-doctoral students and tenure-track faculty who are actively contributing to the scholarship ofengineering education.A critical element in the design of the Institutes is identifying the challenges and necessaryresources for supporting future leaders in engineering education. There is a broad research baseto draw from on faculty issues in higher education [1] and a growing number of studies on thecareer paths of Ph.D.’s [2]. As an example, there is a special issue of New Directions forInstitutional Research devoted to issues of evaluating faculty performance and the promotion

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darrell Wallace, Youngstown State University; Brian Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; Michael Costarell, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

ofthe design process must be encouraged and empowered to make technical decisions that involverisk. If innovation of the scale that has been demonstrated in this case study is available,managers and administrators must be made aware of the opportunities that exist and theimportance of investing in technological advancement.Void of Academic InterestThroughout the most productive periods of American manufacturing, manufacturing andproduction were an integral part of the engineering curriculum. For a variety of reasons, Page 15.102.8including funding models and an emphasis on high technology, engineering faculty,infrastructure, and research

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sayyad Zahid Qamar, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; Omar S. Al Abri, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; Moosa Salim Al Kharusi; Sayyad Basim Qamar, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

learning pedagogies ofproblem-based and project-based learning (PPBL). Using PPBL as a teaching and learning strategyfacilitates cooperative learning, critical thinking, systemic reasoning, creative approach, andsocietal awareness, which are the core values of sustainability. However, translating this into aworking curriculum is quite complex, and raises implementation issues such as physicalarrangements for an active learning environment, changes in the assessment and grading system,providing both teachers and students with at least rudimentary knowledge of PPBL methods,achieving institutional support, etc. Another issue is the program-level decision of having a fulldedicated course on sustainable engineering, or introducing modules on

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhang Fenzhi, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

above problem in real curriculum practice.2.2 Field work and the focus of this study+++ University’s curricula are based on problem-centered, real-life projects ofeducational and research relevance. With its strong emphasis on active learning andteam-organized learning, problem and project based learning (PBL) incorporates manyfactors providing powerful facilitation in terms of innovation competency [19, 20]. Thispaper conducted the fieldwork in one master engineering programme at +++ University,Environment Management (EM). This Master of Science Programme was selected for thefollowing reasons: innovation competency is one of the key skills that the EMprogramme is intended to cultivate among students; it is a typical engineering programmewith a

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Coleen Carrigan, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Saejin Kwak Tanguay, University of Washington; Joyce Yen, University of Washington; Julie Simmons Ivy, North Carolina State University; Cara Margherio, University of Washington; Eve A. Riskin, University of Washington; Christine S. Grant, North Carolina State University; M. Claire Horner-Devine, University of Washington and Counterspace Consulting

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Kwak Tanguay is a Ph.D. Candidate in Multicultural Education at the University of Washington. Her research examines how educational policy & practice, curriculum, and instruction mediate cross- racial and cross-ethnic peer relations among students, and how these peer relations shape students of color’s educational experiences, trajectories, and access to opportunities.Dr. Joyce Yen, University of Washington Joyce Yen, Ph.D., is the Director of the ADVANCE Center for Institutional Change at the University of Washington where she focuses on advancing women and underrepresented minority faculty in STEM fields and leading faculty professional development programs. Her diversity and faculty work has received over

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rylan C. Chong, Chaminade University; Helen Turner, Chaminade University; Mark Speck, Chaminade University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Information Security and a Graduate Certificate in Information Security Policy at Purdue University. His dissertation work investigated the relationships of social cognitive career theory factors and cybersecurity research self-efficacy of former and current college students.Dr. Helen Turner, Chaminade University Helen Turner is the Dean of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and VP for Innovation at Chaminade University.Dr. Mark Speck, Chaminade University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Module and Kemp instructional design approaches to integrate STEM issues and public policy into Data Science curricula at a

Conference Session

Enhancing Environmental Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the importance of creating learner-centered environments. Inthis presentation, the author attempts to outline specific methods to record, report and reviewassessment data that can help instructors document certain specific aspects of students’ learningand educational accomplishments. The author also provides an example for assessing certainchosen aspects of environmental education.Introduction Assessment will be productive if the instructional module is well designed to facilitatestudent learning through a process of discovery. Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) haveconducted massive review of research on the development of students in college, and havefocused on the consequences of decisions on students’ development. They have also

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bowa George Tucker, UMass Lowell; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Annie Soisson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

partnership programs. His expertise includes assessment in teaching and learning outcomes in k-12 and in higher education, diversity, leadership, community outreach, and curriculum development.Prof. David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, LowellDr. Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University Dr. Olga Pierrakos is an associate professor and founding faculty member of the James Madison Univer- sity Department of Engineering, which graduated its inaugural class in May 2012. At JMU, Dr. Pierrakos is the director of the Center for Innovation in Engineering Education (CIEE) and director of the Advanced Thermal Fluids Laboratory. Her interests in engineering education research center around recruitment and retention, engineer

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruth Rodríguez-Gallegos, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Rafael Ernesto Bourguet-Diaz, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

engineer of the 21stcentury. As researchers of math education, we are interested in working in this direction.REFERENCES[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OCDE]. (2009). PISA 2009 Results. What Students Know and Can Do: Students Perfomance in Reading, Mathematics and Science. Retrieved for http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa2009keyfindings.htm[2] Bourn, D. & Neal, I. (2008). The Global Engineer. Incorporating global skills within UK Higher Education of Engineers. Engineers against Poverty. Leading Education and Social Research. Institute of Education. University of London.[3] Jhori, A. (2009). Preparing Engineers for a Global World: identifying and Teaching Strategies for Sensemaking and Creating

Conference Session

NGSS & Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Trauth, University of Delaware; Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware; Debra J. Coffey, University of Delaware

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

beapplied to engineering education, the nature of engineering design is distinct from other STEMdomains. As such, teacher must be able to support and evaluate students’ learning fromengineering design problems, in part, by determining the quality of students’ solutions (Brophy,Klein, Portsmore, and Rogers, 2008). Prior research illustrates the wide range of contentknowledge and pedagogical skills for engineering design among K12 teachers. Hsu, Purzer, andCardella (2011) showed that many teachers do not feel prepared to teach engineering designdespite acknowledging its importance in K12 education. As a result, K12 teachers needprofessional learning experiences with grade-band appropriate content knowledge alongsideengineering design processes

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University; Kathy L. Kasley P.E., Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

University’s Master of Sciencein Electrical Engineering program highlighted a significant improvement in the quality of thestudent capstone when the students elected to substitute systems engineering courses for theproject management courses. Projects tended to be more organized, and include strongerevaluations of practicality and performance of the final project.The Professors Santiago and Kasley have instructed several graduate several courses inelectrical, computer and systems engineering, and observed the improvement in student workwhen challenged to use of system-level thinking. This provided one key reason whyengineering faculty wanted to adopt a system engineering approach. In addition, the localcampus has a heavy military presence, and systems

Conference Session

Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jonathan Kralick P.E., United States Military Academy; Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

an engineer’s degree program. Personas are detailed, archetypal users based onconsumer demographics and scripted with names, characteristics, backgrounds, habits, goals, andexperiences that aid in product development and production. Abbreviated personas contain onlyminimal information to assist engineering students in learning how to effectively applyemotional design in engineering and bypass the robust demographic/market research thataccompanies a persona. We explored their implementation process during a design capstoneinvolving a multi-disciplinary team. The capstone team was a diverse group of graduate students,including two in mechanical engineering, one in management, science and engineering, and onestudent in education. The team

Conference Session

ABET Criterion 4 and Liberal Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Dana Elzey; Dan Bauer; Paxton Marshall; Kathryn Neeley

, and is designed to help students “contemplatetheir work in the larger context” that includes “economic, political, social, and ethicalcomponents.” This initiative, called “Engineering in Context” (EIC), addresses the concern thatengineering graduates are frequently ill equipped for the interdisciplinary, collaborative, andcost-driven environment of the professional engineer.The EIC program also responds to the ABET Criterion 4 requirement, which states that“Students must be prepared for engineering practice through the curriculum culminating in amajor design experience based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work andincorporating engineering standards and realistic constraints that include most of the

Conference Session

Socially Responsible Engineering I: Context, Innovation, and Reflection

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Marie Stettler Kleine, Colorado School of Mines; Kari Zacharias, Concordia University; Desen Sevi Ozkan, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

disciplinarities ofher own research and teaching. Her graduate training is in STS, and her research has analyzedinter- and transdisciplinary collaborations between engineers, artists, and scientists [19]. She ismotivated by the potential for interdisciplinary engagement to change engineers’ outlooks ontheir education and profession. Her experiences as an instructor of STS-based core courses forengineering and computer science students have helped to shape her outlook on teaching and herapproach to this paper.Lastly, Dr. Desen Ozkan’s graduate background is in engineering education, specifically inunderstanding how faculty developed and maintained interdisciplinarity amid universitystructures. She focused on interdisciplinary design courses that used human

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Morrow Nissenson, California State Polytechnic University - Pomona; Todd Dale Coburn P.E., California State Polytechnic University - Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

materials, 95% thought they were a "good value."  Over half of the class did not use the discussion boards. Among those who used the discussion boards, o 67% "slightly agree" or "strongly agree" that the discussion boards helped them learn the material. o 63% "slightly agree" or "strongly agree" that the discussion boards created a sense of community. o 57% "slightly agree" or "strongly agree" that their questions on the discussion boards were answered in a reasonable amount of time. o 56% "slightly agree" or "strongly agree" that the student assistants were helpful in answering their

Conference Session

Social Justice: Pedagogy, Curricular Reform, and Activism

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rachel Koh, Smith College; Jenn Stroud Rossmann, Lafayette College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

] analyzed the “low-choice culture” of engineering curricula, particularly incontrast to other fields of study. In the context of new research demonstrating the value of selfdetermination or autonomy for students in motivating learning, enhancing self-efficacy, andsupporting persistence, the relative inflexibility of engineering curricula stood out starkly. Withinindividual courses, studies have shown the “power of choice” to positively influence studentoutcomes, for example, when students may choose from among a menu of design projects[45, 46], and recommendations have been made for the design of self-determination supportiveengineering-student learning experiences [47, 48]. However, Forbes, et al.,’s statistical analysis ofthe curricula at 46

Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Mechanical Engineering) and six research centers. It has more than 2,100 students and approximately 55 full-time faculty. In 2007- 2008 the College received more than $2.5 million in external grants and contracts for research and program administration and graduate student support. In addition to his duties at San Diego State University, Dr. Hayhurst serves on the Workforce/Education Committee of the San Diego Economic Development Corporation, and is a member of the Board of Directors of CONNECT and of the Engineering and General Contractor Foundation. He has been active in K-12 outreach and facilitated the designation of San Diego State

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management / IE and EM Program Mangement / Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

regarding the need to modify the engineering curriculum in order to betterprepare engineering graduates to face the new challenges that the current engineeringenvironment presented. In 1994, “industry and academe realized that their concerns were thesame, [therefore] they began to mobilize through ABET, the organization responsible for settingthe standards of engineering education” (ABET, 2004, p. 1). As a result, the AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology (ABET) acknowledged this call from industry andeducational leaders, and started working towards changing the standards of engineeringeducation in order to guarantee that engineering students not only have an education in thetechnical disciplines of engineering but also in human

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Suzan Alaswad; Sinan Salman

Aid and ReliefDistribution (HARD) Game” as an experiential learning tool that explores the potential for increasedoperational efficiency while balancing decision tradeoffs impacting humanitarian supply chain per-formance, including beneficiary demand satisfaction, operational costs, and transportation resourcesutilization. The HARD game is intended for graduate and undergraduate students in courses dealingwith topics on supply chain management. It allows students to analyze aspects that significantly impacthumanitarian supply chain operations, such as: supply chain coordination and planning, supply chainrisks, demand volatility, and competing objectives. Statistical analysis of students’ survey responsesprovide evidence that the HARD game is

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Nicolle Revello; Morgan Round; Kristen O'Connell; Benjamin Orlin; Andrew Roberts, Minnesota State University, Mankato

dedicated academic instructors understand the valueof exploring new methodologies in teaching, both to reach different students and to moreeffectively promote mastery of the subjects in others, there are rarely reasons to truly reevaluatewhy we do what we do. This is one of the primary challenges that drove me to volunteer to teachin the prisons system.I have agreed to teach Physics 101, a lab based, conceptual physics course in a local federalprison. This class is offered at our institution in a variety of formats for primarily non-sciencemajors fulfilling their general education requirements for graduation. Despite the range ofclassroom experience I’ve had for this course, 5-15 weeks, 15-350 students, numerous teachingand evaluation modalities

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College ; Jason Silverman, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

].Although percentages of freshman intending to major in engineering increased from 18.4% in2006 to 26.9% in 2014 for males and 3.5% to 7.9% for females, the increase in the percentage ofbachelor’s degrees in engineering awarded to women rose only 2.5% from 18.4% in 1997 to20.9% in 2019 [16], [17]. These percentages remained far below the graduation rates for males.Additionally, 15% of women never enter the engineering workforce resulting in a larger gendergap [3], [16]. The Literature This research integrates existing work on supporting diversity in the engineeringdiscipline. Specifically, we build on existing literature that examined the barriers and challengesfemale students have to entering

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Joshua M Frey, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

23.633.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Gender Differences in Motivation to Perform K12 OutreachAbstract To continue our leadership role in technological innovation, the United States is callingfor 10,000 more engineering students to graduate each year. While producing more engineers is acomplex systemic challenge, one of the major hurdles is the lack of students entering the pipelineto higher education in STEM fields. Outreach programs are one way to interest young people inengineering, but more engineers need to be motivated to perform outreach. Using the VIE(Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy) motivation framework, we determine similarities anddifferences between women and men

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny Davis, Washington State University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Jay McCormack, University of Idaho; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Robert Gerlick, Washington State University; Susannah Howe, Smith College

University Professor, Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology, and Director, Assessment and Evaluation Center, Washington State UniversityRobert Gerlick, Washington State University Graduate Research Assistant, Engineering Education, Washington State UniversitySusannah Howe, Smith College Director, Design Clinic, Smith College Page 14.237.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Assessing Design and Reflective Practice in Capstone Engineering Design CoursesAbstractEngineering practitioners in the twenty-first century face complex challenges with social,political

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Neeley, University of Virginia; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University

mentioned earlier, the design of our study assumes that the body of papers published in theproceedings of ASEE annual conferences is representative of practices and trends in engineeringcommunication pedagogy and research. Following the method used by Neeley and Alley (2020),we used the search function in the PEER repository to identify papers dealing with engineeringcommunication. Specifically, we conducted a title search for “communication or writing orspeaking or presentations.” Papers that served one or more of the four functions listed belowqualified as relevant to engineering communication as we have defined it here:(1) develop or assess the communication abilities of engineering students,(2) assess engineering students’ attitudes and

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian E. White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies; Alex Gorod, Visiting Fellow, University of Adelaide; Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

management from Stevens Institute of Technology. Prior to his graduate studies, he held a research analyst position at Salomon Smith Barney. He is a former Robert Crooks Stanley Doctoral Fellow in engineering management at Stevens Institute of Technology, with research interests in the area of management of complex systems. He isthe founder of SystemicNet, LLC, in New York and a Visiting Fellow at the University of Adelaide inAustralia.Prof. Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide Director of Project Management Page 25.191.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Application of Case Studies to Engineering

Conference Session

Statics Fanatics 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Damon Kirkpatrick; Michael Anderson, United States Air Force

Paper ID #37935Work-in-Progress: Redesigning an Introductory MechanicsCourse to Include Meaningful Design ExperiencesDamon KirkpatrickMichael Lawrence Anderson (Associate Professor) Mike Anderson is an Associate Professor and Director of Capstone Programs, Department of Mechanical Engineering, US Air Force Academy. He has pursued research in engineering education for several years in the areas of curriculum design and assessment, capstone design experiences, innovative design methodologies, and enhancing student creativity. In addition, he pursues technical research in autonomous systems, design of terrestrial and

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Haley Williams, University of California, Berkeley; Denia Djokic, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

that are embedded in how students train in the field and practice of nuclear engineering.We present here an analysis of embedded value systems in core textbooks typically used inundergraduate and graduate nuclear engineering studies in the US, specifically looking at what isconsidered essential to being a nuclear engineer. Key themes discussed are engineering asproblem solving, the relevance of multidisciplinarity, and the authoritative nature of knowledge.The analysis considers the context in which the textbooks were written and how the embeddedworldview found in the textbook shapes the current landscape of nuclear engineering education,research, and practice. We analyze what nuclear engineering students are implicitly taught abouttheir roles

Conference Session

Visualization

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Hartman, Purdue University; Patrick Connolly, Purdue University; Jeffrey Gilger, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

to . . . experts, the use of VR in education can be aimed to provide more attractive, motivating, and much more interesting learning experiences to future students. [Experts] would like to see the novelty, the immersion, the stimulation of the senses, and the feeling of exploration encouraging the student to move from passive learning to active learning. Most of all, they would like to see VR technology supporting the cooperative learning environment we all strive for. (p. 11)While some virtual reality testing of spatial abilities has been accomplished, such researchgenerally has centered on rotational tasks and instruments. Preliminary research has shown thatnot only might VR remove some inherent biases