Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; John Thieken, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Monica Elser, Arizona State University; Wendy Taylor, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Jay Golden, Ph.D., is a faculty member in ASU’s School of Sustainability and codirector of the; James Middleton, Arizona State University; Sharon Robinson Kurpius

inquiry,” they need to be provided withappropriate learning experiences and guidance (p, 29). Kilpatrick15 defined project to refer to anyunit of purposeful experience or activity, “where the dominating purpose, as an inner urge, (1)fixes the aim of the action, (2) guides its process, and (3) furnishes its drive, its innermotivation.” Vygotsky19,20 described learning as a social process that takes place in the contextof culture, community, and prior experiences that is further enhanced when learners workcollaboratively on challenging tasks.Projects embedded in engineering design give learners the opportunity to explore: a) design, b)testing, and c) the production of tools, technology, structures, and materials. Learning throughEngineering Design

Conference Session

Project-based Education in Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Gomes, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

circular swept area of 1 m diameter or less. The rotors were designedusing the traditional blade-element-momentum method. The performance of the blade waspredicted and then the blades and hub were constructed and tested at the given windspeedfor several loads. These tests provided data which allowed for a comparison between thepredicted turbine design performance to its actual performance. Previous manufacturingtechniques which formed each blade by removing material from a single rough block ofmaterial proved unsatisfactory since they were either too costly, required large amounts ofmachining time, or were too inaccurate due to hand construction. These problems led tothe development a new technique using recyclable molds to quickly and accurately

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Tront, Virginia Tech; David Bailey, Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Thomas Walker, Virginia Tech; Steven Lee, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

data transmittedby the courseware application, the network communications protocol implementation, and theamount of interaction the students and instructor attempt to have during typical classroomsessions.A number of different classroom courseware tools are available on the market these days. Manyof them endeavor to support rich real-time classroom interaction by sending data back and forth Page 15.387.2between student and faculty machines. Designing a network infrastructure to satisfy the needs of 1|Pagethese software packages is best performed by planning

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Page 15.1315.2upon one another. Students work as individuals and have two weeks to implement a givenproject that is demonstrated in class and one week to write the corresponding project report.Our students use Xilinx ISE software1 to simulate and implement their projects along with aninexpensive Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development board, such as the Spartan-3Starter Board2 outlined in Figure 1. Of the features, we use the buttons, switches, LEDs, seven-segment displays, and the RS232-style serial communications port. There is a 50MHz clockoscillator and two 512 kByte memory devices, which are not shown here. Two different JTAGconnectors are provided to configure the board. The platform FLASH is used to make a designpermanent. The

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Augusto Macalalag, Stevens Institute of Technology; Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Mercedes McKay, Stevens Institute of Technology; Elisabeth McGrath, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

process(EDP), visited research labs and interacted with science and engineering faculty and staff fromStevens Institute of Technology to bolster their science content knowledge in life andenvironmental sciences. The culmination of the summer institute was the creation of a STEMLearning Module (SLM) which teachers implemented in their classrooms during the 2007-08school year. Summer institute instructors guided teachers in development of the SLMs using the5E Model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate)1. The SLMs reflect the sciencecontent, engineering skills and approaches, cyber infrastructure curricular tools, and pedagogicalstrategies that the participants learned during the summer institutes. All SLMs created byparticipants

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Hunter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Dwayne Henclewood, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mshadoni Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurie Garrow, Georgia Institute of Technology; Angshuman Guin, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

and minority students. These “BEAT Page 15.249.2the Traffic” camps introduced students to the field of transportation engineering, while honingand developing skills to prepare them for success in science and engineering. The curriculumwas designed to be highly interactive and flexible so that it could be adapted to students atvarious grade levels, while retaining its fundamental goals and objectives. No equivalent type ofsummer program was located in the literature, nor was anything similar referenced in a recentreview of P-12 engineering education programs by Brophy et.al.[1]There were several teaching modules organized into three lessons

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Gattis, University of Arkansas; Shannon Davis, University of Arkansas; Bryan Hill, University of Arkansas; Edgar Clausen, University of Arkansas; Christa Hestekin, University of Arkansas; Bradley Dearing, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

need to introduce engineering and scienceto students at an early age in order to increase the number of students entering engineeringdisciplines. However, most students in the middle level grades (6th, 7th and 8th) are unaware ofopportunities in engineering and do not recognize engineering as a rewarding career option.Furthermore, research tells us that women and minority students are drastically underrepresentedin the engineering fields.1 To more effectively prepare students for engineering and sciencedegrees, K-12 students should be engaged in activities which develop the critical thinking skillsnecessary for solving problems in the real world. It is universally accepted that all studentbenefit from hands-on learning activities in the

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelito Enriquez, Canada College

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

problem-solving intensive courses compared to traditional instructor-centered teaching environments.1. IntroductionStudies have long shown that the traditional instructor-centered lecture format is an ineffectivelearning environment, and that active participation, as well as interactive and collaborativeteaching and learning methods, are more effective in various areas of science and engineeringeducation including Chemistry1, Physics2, Engineering3, and Computer Science4. Various usesof technology have been found to be effective in enhancing the classroom experience to achievemore interactive and collaborative environments. These techniques include handheld wirelesstransmitters in Personal Response Systems (PRS)5, various forms of computer

Conference Session

Innovations in First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zane Mitchell, University of Southern Indiana; Marco Lara Gracia, University of Southern Indiana; Ronald Diersing, University of Southern Indiana; Glen Kissel, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia; Wraegen Williams PhD, University of Virginia; Ping Guan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. The paper will conclude with an overview of findings from these threeprograms, including the quantitative distribution analysis of the applicants’ race and gender,curriculum critiques, ongoing assessment survey reviews, characteristics of the most successfulactivities, and lessons learned. All of these programs departmental implementation andevaluation experiences will be presented in a format that can be adapted at other highereducational institutions.IntroductionSeveral reports have indicated that the Unites States is challenged with retaining and graduatingenough well-qualified science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workers tomeet the needs of the economy. 1-5 This shortage of technically skilled workers, threatens

Conference Session

IE and Manufacturing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guanghsu Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

should give serious consideration to the ease of product assembly or subassembly.In order to teach our MET students to communicate with design engineers effectively andefficiently, Boothroyd Dewhurst’s DFA methodology was introduced to accelerate ideas andexchange and generate alternative solutions. By using the DFA method, the students learned howto: (1) collect basic assembly information, (2) estimate part handling and insertion time, (3)calculate assembly efficiency, (4) identify assembly difficulties, and (5) generate alternativesolutions. This paper proposes a structured problem-solving approach called DMAIC to developa DFA learning model. The goals of this model are to: 1. Provide the students a clearly defined procedure for evaluating

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamad Ahmadian, Eastern New Mexico University; Tom Brown, Eastern New Mexico University

environment. Chaya and Silverman 1 discuss an alternate approach thatincludes integrating business concepts into ECE courses. They describe an alternative scenariothat they designated the "venture capital" (VC) approach. It retains the important feature inwhich corporate representation is retained but requires students to initiate their own projects (asopposed to providing a request for proposals). They also suggest that the industrial andcorporate roles that engineering graduates play has greatly broadened as a consequence of theemergence of the “global” character of economic activity. Accordingly, objectives forengineering design has shifted from those characterized mainly by practical consideration (e.g.,component, system, or process design) to

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen O'Brien, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

science-technology-engineering-math (“STEM”) K-5 major was defined and implemented, where the teachercandidates receive a deep level of content knowledge in all four STEM components, as wellas education tools for “integrated-STEM”. 1 The program is referred to as theMath/Science/Technology, or MST, program, even though all four elements of STEM arerepresented in the program. [That is, a more accurate name would have been the “STEM” K-5 program.]An obvious potential benefit of the MST program is numerical in nature; an effectivetechnologically literate K-5 teacher should impact the willingness to “think and learntechnologically” for thousands of young students, and hundreds of colleagues. Another largepotential benefit is pedagogical in nature and

Conference Session

SE Curriculum and Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Gary, Arizona State University; Harry Koehnemann, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Jazzenvironment including the Rational Team Concert (RTC) integrated development environment(IDE) to address project management for capstone projects using the Agile/Scrum methodology.Jazz/RTC allows all stakeholders (students, sponsors, and faculty) to transparently review aprocess to assess project health at any point in time. Further, transparent continuous projectmonitoring gives mentors the ability to provide just-in-time-but-not-too-late formative feedback,as well as allow continuous assessment of learning outcomes. The ability to “see where you are”in the process, and understand how the process’ practices drive progress and completion, is aninvaluable learning aid for students struggling to grasp the benefits of these methods.1

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Eric Carr, Drexel University; Robin Kizirian, Drexel University; Yueh-Ting Yang, Drexel University; Brittany Killen, Drexel University; Yongjin Kwon, Ajou University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

firmware to make it walk. As shown in Figure 1, the main chassis holds the circuit board, the battery case,and the four “shoulder” servomotors. Each of these servomotors is connected to a legbracket. The four “knee” servomotors are inserted in the upper part of the legs, one to aleg. These servomotors connect to the leg brackets, providing the robot with two-degrees-of-freedom articulation of each leg. By varying the duty cycle of the timing pulses(therefore the angle of the servos), each leg can be moved independently to produce a Page 15.184.4variety of gaits. Two views of the chassis, along with those legs and shoulder brackets,are shown in

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randal Abler, Georgia Tech; James Krogmeier, Purdue University; Aaron Ault, Purdue University; Julia Melkers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tamara Clegg, Georgia Institute of Technology; Edward Coyle, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

improve bothVIP and the collaborative system.1. IntroductionThe Vertically-Integrated Projects (VIP) Program is an engineering education program thatoperates in a research and development context.1 Undergraduate students that join VIP teamsearn academic credit for their participation in design efforts that assist faculty and graduatestudents with research and development issues in their areas of technical expertise. The teamsare: multidisciplinary – drawing students from across engineering and around campus; vertically-integrated – maintaining a mix of sophomores through PhD students each semester; and long-term – each undergraduate student may participate in a project for up to three years and eachgraduate student may participate for the

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yakov Cherner, ATeL, LLC; Amin Karim, DeVry University; Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

virtual lab on optical sensors is shown in Figure 1. Presented materials have beendeveloped with partial support from the NSF. I. IntroductionComputer simulation plays an important role in engineering programs by providing a learningplatform that provides an efficient and effective way of teaching complex and dynamicengineering systems. A simulation-based teaching environment enables students to acquireexperience and evaluate their previous results.1 Phenomenal growth in a wide spectrum of new and emerging technologies has led to increaseddemand for engineering and engineering technology graduates who understand the fundamentalprinciples behind contemporary state-of-the art technologies, but also exhibit analytical, problemsolving, and expert

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Tito-Izquierdo, University of Houston, Downtown; Alberto Gomez-Rivas, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

constructioncodes.The selected existing pedestrian bridge has the characteristics needed for a capstone projectlevel, such as easy access to the site, availability of as-built drawings, adequate complexity levelfor Senior students, and feasibility to complete the study during the academic semester.This project was repeated during two consecutive years permitting the students compare resultswith the previous year, and improve the quality of the study. It is not intended to repeat in thenear future, but it will be used as a model for other similar projects. Page 15.1108.2Pedestrian Bridge DescriptionAs shown in Figure 1, the pedestrian bridge selected is used to

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Hung, Texas A&M University; Jorge Leon, Texas A&M University; Luis San Andres, Texas A&M Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, optimizationtechniques, and advanced micromanufacturing.Texas A&M University aims to develop micro turbomachinery and has completed the three-yearNSF-sponsored Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program. This paper presentsthe program, its structure, activities, and results. Page 15.1033.2Program ObjectivesThe educational and technical objectives of our program are:Educational objectives:1) To provide participants with hands-on research experiences. Participants will be exposed to different technical aspects yet interrelated fields to cultivate a productive research culture.2) To provide participants with hard skills for technical innovation

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Levine, University of North Carolina; James Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ivan Howitt, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

material was also expected to be shared withWestern Carolina University, the University of South Florida, and Johnson C. Smith University(JCSU).The course was originally designed to cover a larger scope than courses previously offered inEmbedded Wireless Networks, notably with the inclusion of the study of RF propagationcharacteristics and design practices for integrating RF communication. The main courseobjectives were:1) Issues and design practices for integrating sensor, control logic, and RF communications for low cost and low power sensor applications.2) Introduction to low power and low cost RF communication standards. Specifically, the IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) and IEEE 802.15.4 (LR-WPAN).3) Introduction to low power network protocols

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rupa Iyer, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

led to the convergence of advanced technologies inengineering, biological sciences and information technology. Based in the University ofHouston’s College of Technology, the Center for life Sciences Technology (CLiST) is positionedto be a key component in statewide effort to support the biotechnology and Life Sciencesindustry in Texas. The Center’s blend of academic, research, outreach and workforce is uniqueand serves as a model for industry-academic collaboration focused on preparing 21st centuryworkforce. The goals of the center are: 1. Provide interdisciplinary research based educational programs 2. Conduct outreach programs to nurture Science, Technology Engineering and Math (STEM) education 3. Foster a collaborative

Conference Session

Enhancing Environmental Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Likert Scale. Please refer to Appendix D.One can observe from the bar chart that the two “traits”Characteristic # 1 (Environment: Fundamental Knowledge and Concepts) andCharacteristic # 4 (Depth of Understanding of the Importance of Environment)both show a respectable mode values of 4, indicating that the students have had an adequateunderstanding of the concepts and importance.However, the following other four other characteristics show mode values of 2 indicating thatthere is plenty of room for improvement:Characteristic # 2 (Ability to Address the Consequences Pertaining to Environment) Page 15.211.6Characteristic # 3 (Integration with Relevant

Conference Session

Mechanics Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

to assess students’ knowledge in certain specific areas.Introduction Boussinesq approximation is named after the French physicist and mathematician JosephValentin Boussinesq for his invaluable contributions in the area of hydraulics and fluidmechanics. Boussinesq was the professor of mechanics at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris,before retiring in 1918. There are several mathematical models to describe Boussinesq approximation andBoussinesq equations. Boussinesq approximation is normally encountered in three generalareas. 1. Buoyancy: Assuming small differences in density of the fluid, one can utilize Boussinesq approximation for determining buoyancy-driven flow calculations. 2. Waves: Assuming gravitational actions

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

application of a process each and every time the creation of instruction is required.Learning Paradigm & Problem Based Learning The author is would like to recommend that Instructional Systems should be Designedand built on the principles of learning paradigm and problem based learning. Clifford O.Young, Sr., & Laura Howzell Young of California State University, San Bernardino argue that anew paradigm for assessment, a learning paradigm, must be constructed to measure the successof new kinds of educational practices (Young and Young, 1999). 1. The participants should be capable of selecting an assessment plan best suited for their discipline and execute the chosen plan using a methodical approach. 2. The

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ram Mohan, North Carolina A & T State University; Ajit Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Graduate Education inCSE. "Although it includes elements from computer science, applied mathematics, engineeringand science, CSE focuses on the integration of knowledge and methodologies from all thesedisciplines, and as such is a subject which is distinct from any of them." Figure 1 presents theinterdisciplinary nature of the CSE program, and reflects the view that besides connecting thesciences, engineering, mathematics, and computer science, Figure 1: Interdisciplinary Nature of the CSE Program Page 15.301.5CSE also has its own core of elements that draws together and bridges all these disciplines. Sucha CSE core is made up of

Conference Session

A Systems Thinking Approach to Solving Problems

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cochran, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

Functional Requirements thata system must effectively meet to satisfy internal and external customer needs.The first challenge is listening to and understanding customer needs. Functional Requirement(s)formally state the need(s) of the customer as the condition(s) of system success. In the spirit ofthe Toyota Production System DNA 1 , the students learn to define Physical Solutions to achievethe Functional Requirements of success for the system in which they work. Each PhysicalSolution is stressed and treated as a hypothesis to achieving each system FunctionalRequirement. 2The students learn that to reduce cost the system design itself must first be put in place. Theunderlying hypothesis is that sustainable and profitable enterprises must meet

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Freeman, Pennsylvania State University; Anita Persaud, Pennsylvania State University; Drey Kharem, Pennsylvania State University; William Rothwell, Pennsylvania State University; Edgar Yoder, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. (waiters, landscapers, doctors, and others) would be African American orHispanic. However, this is not the case for the engineering profession where AfricanAmerican and Hispanic Americans compose only 11.7% of engineering occupations(approximately 1 in 10). Many factors contribute to the underrepresentation of thesepopulations in technological fields.One primary variable determining access to the engineering profession is the attainmentof the bachelor of science degree in engineering. Over the past 30 years, successfulremedies have typically included race-based college admission selection processes andmath-intensive college retention programming7,9,13,15,21,27,28 . The result has increasedenrollments, but also raised legal questions regarding

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Floyd-Smith, Tuskegee University; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Ryan Campbell, University of Washington; Rebecca Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Diane Jones, University of Washington; Donald Peter, Seattle Pacific University; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific Univ; Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette Veilleux, Simmons College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, cognitiveoutcomes and performance. Belonging and other CTC are known to significantly contribute toengagement in K-12 education.1-3 A greater sense of CTC, ranging from the immediate(belonging) to the broad (affiliation) level can also enhance retention, thereby delivering greaternumbers of engineers and STEM scientists to the technical workforce. This theory is supportednot only by the K-12 body of literature where belonging and membership in the schoolcommunity are proven to influence drop out rates4 but also by higher education research thatcites the lack of community (isolation) as a primary reason for women to leave engineeringfields5 and connection to faculty community as a strong contributor to Hispanic studentpersistence in academic endeavors

Conference Session

Women In Engineering Poster Session / WEPAN Knowledge Center / Women in Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Diane Matt, WEPAN Inc.; Jenna Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; Jane Langeman, Langeman Consulting; Lori DuBois, DuBois Information

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, whether directly orindirectly related. The true power of social networking is the reach and depth of communicationin an unforced, timely manner.WEPAN Knowledge Center and Professional CommunityThe WKC was launched in June, 2009, providing an organized and annotated digital venue forselected information resources for women in STEM community. In addition, a professionalcommunity was established providing an arena for professional interactions among like-mindedpeers. Development of the WKC was funded by NSF grant #0648210.(www.wepanknowledgecenter.org/)Figure 1. WEPAN Knowledge Center Homepage Screenshot.From the WKC homepage, a web visitor can locate and view over 800 (as of November 2009)information resources in the WKC information repository

Conference Session

Scholar Program Proposal/Develop Courses and Materials/Collaborations and Accredatation Systems for Global Engineering Education / Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lueny Morell, Hewlett-Packard; Jennifer DeBoer, SPEED

Tagged Divisions

International

, and dynamic thinkers, but their classrooms are notnecessarily and systemically supplying them with these tools. Perhaps the lack of attention to theeducators themselves is the key oversight in this system. Evidence of this perceived lag can beseen in Figure 1. About 50% of industry and academia respondents in an Engineering 2020survey dissent from the assertion that the current undergraduate engineering education issufficiently flexible to adequately meet the needs of 21st century engineers. Page 15.1231.4 Figure 1.Responses to Question: “Current undergraduate engineering education is