Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Florida Gulf Coast University; Janusz Zalewski, Florida Gulf Coast University; Gerardo Javier Pinzon P.E., Texas A&M International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 An Educational Tool to Support Introductory Robotics Courses With the rising popularity of robotics in our modern world there is an increase in the numberof engineering programs that do not have the resources to purchase expensive dedicated robotsbut find a need to offer a basic course in robotics. This common introductory robotics coursegenerally covers the fundamental theory of robotics including robot kinematics, dynamics,differential movements, trajectory planning and basic computer vision algorithms commonlyused in the field of robotics. The nature of this material almost necessitates the use of robotichardware to allow the students to practice implementing the theory they

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justine M. Chasmar, Clemson University; Brian J. Melloy, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

StudentsAbstractThe Study Cycle is a set of guidelines rich with self-regulated learning (SRL) techniques thatenables students to plan, prepare, and enact their studying by focusing on five comprehensivesteps: previewing before class, engaging in class, reviewing after class, holding study sessions,and seeking help as a supplement. This paper reports on initial findings of a qualitative study inwhich a workshop on the Study Cycle was taught to a class of second-year IndustrialEngineering students as an intervention, aiming to understand effects of the module onengineering students’ SRL strategy use in an engineering course. Students self-reported SRLstrategy use in a one-minute paper pre-workshop and two sets of post-workshop reflections. Thispaper examines

Conference Session

Teaching and Advising Tools Using Computers and Smart Devices

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas - El Paso; Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas - El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

teamwork, believes in education as a process for achieving life-long learning rather than as a purely aca- demic pursuit. He currently works on maintaining, upgrading and designing the classroom of the future. Mr. Perez is inspired because he enjoys working with people and technology in the same environment.Dr. Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas - El Paso Virgilio Gonzalez, Associate Chair and Clinical Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering at The University of Texas at El Paso, started his first appointment at UTEP in 2001. He received the UT System Board of Regents Outstanding Teaching Award in 2012. From 1996 to 2001 he was the Technology Planning manager for AT&T-Alestra in Mexico

Conference Session

The Senior Experience: Capstone and Beyond

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Niehaus, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

executed as a three-quarter IntegratedDesign Sequence (IDS) course, offered in conjunction with a practicing professional engineer(client), and other practitioners and faculty members acting as mentors. IDS is an innovative andambitious three-course series focusing on a single design theme with multiple components thatencourage interaction among traditional CEE specialty areas (e.g., construction, environmental,geotechnical, structural, transportation, water resources). Students work in design teams, like adesign firm, and submit feasibility, design and construction plans, and associated cost estimatesfor a real-world project. Students must interface with a “client” and a group (consisting of 6 to 8members) of “industry advisors” or practitioners

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcus L. Roberts, U.S. Air Force Academy; Randall Deppensmith, U.S. Air Force Academy; Ryan Jay Silva, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

sticky points of this observation is that that the example or demonstrationused in class to relate theory to the real-world must be applicable to the students. If they cannotidentify with the example or demonstration and relate it to their world, it’s merely anotheracademic exercise. It’s irrelevant. So, we casually opine that the “relevance needs to berelevant.” Beyond the need of the “relevance to be relevant,” well-intended instructors becomeso consumed with the syllabus or lesson plan, they forget to plan specifically for these examples. Page 25.987.5If proper planning prevents poor performance, than certainly improper planning promotes

Conference Session

Measuring Perceptions of Engineering

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

John Ochs

School implemented inthe spring 2003 and fall 2004 semesters. In this semester-long course, students create andrun real businesses using a project based learning model and following Pennsylvania’sacademic standards for career awareness and planning, career acquisition, careerretention and entrepreneurship. Our primary goal at Northwestern Lehigh High Schoolwas to create a program that helps students meet the individual, family, work andcommunity challenges in today’s complex, technology infused, global society. We offerthis work as a possible model for others to follow. This course is a partnership withLehigh University’s Integrated Product Development Program and Wilkes University’sEntrepreneurship Program. The Northwestern Lehigh model for

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Jendrucko; Jack Wasserman

student progress in activities that do not require a quantitativeresult. The student response has been very positive as demonstrated by a 50% improvement inclass attendance. The objectives of improved communication, problem solving, and teamingskills in addition to the acquisition of a background in BME applications have been successfullyachieved as with projects, papers, and presentations.This approach to learning has provided additional benefits for the supervision of graduatestudents and for research planning. Although initially challenging, the benefits to cost ratio is sohigh that the described method is planned for incorporation in all courses in an BME curriculum.I. IntroductionThis paper introduces the benefits of curriculum design using

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manuel Enrique Hernandez, University of Michigan; Xinran (Maria) Xiang, University of Michigan; Ye Eun Park, University of Michigan; Ivan Goenawan; Freda Yawson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-learning experience. Additionally, care must be taken toprovide sufficient resources for their success under highly constrained conditions, in addition to athrough review of literature and/or case studies involving similar efforts to avoid the shortfallscommitted by other groups in the past.IntroductionIntegrated Product Development (IPD) is a cross-disciplinary project development concept heldas a full semester course in various academic settings. This concept most commonly bringstogether students from various disciplines such as engineering, business administration and thearts. Students are divided into teams that would plan, design, construct and market productsbased on a common theme. Team diversity is emphasized in order to give each member

Conference Session

Design Communications & Cognition II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caleb DeValve, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Richard M. Goff, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

proposed course includenanorobotics, fuel cells, thermal energy storage, biotechnology, and piezoelectric energyharvesting. As various engineering fields and technologies progress, the details of the designcourse are structured to be adapted accordingly.The ideas and materials presented in this report are relevant to departmental administrators,potential instructors, and faculty involved with planning and directing engineering coursecurriculums. While the course proposed in this document is based on many references, threeresources form the primary core of the course's development: engineering education principlespresented by Dr. Goff in ENGE 5024: Design in Engineering Education and Practice at VirginiaTech [11], course development resources

Conference Session

Experiential Learning

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Kevin Sutterer; Robert Houghtalen; James Hanson

supportive communityThe student experience must be understood in order to plan the three key parts of the REUprogram. Balance between challenging work, formal learning, daily interaction with mentors,enriching trips, and a pleasant social setting is crucial. Similarly, the research mentor (faculty,usually) must consider their role in all three parts of a successful REU program. Passion for thework, faith in the process, collegiality with the students, and commitment to success arecontagious and thus essential. Mentors must understand that quality time is not a substitute forquantity of time when students are learning on a tight schedule, and that a close student/mentorrelationship on multiple levels should be sought. Finally, the support

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Perkins Coppola, Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

task of adapting or creating their own two-day engineering mini unit to deliverduring their school-based field experience. After receiving feedback from the professor, the PETtaught the lessons in a K-5 classroom. After teaching, the PET completed a structured reflectioncomprised of Likert-style and open-ended questions. This qualitative study delved into the structured reflections of 121 participants from sixsemesters of implementation to provide insights into the PET’s perceptions of how they taughtthe lessons. Responses to four open-ended questions were chosen for this analysis: (1) Whatsections of the lesson went according to plan?; (2) What sections of the lesson did you have toadjust or omit?; (3) What things would you adjust or

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amanda M. Gunning, Mercy College; Meghan E. Marrero, Mercy College; Kristen V. Larson, Mercy College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

professional developmentprogram positioned the importance of the inclusion of engineering content and encouragedteachers to explore community-based, collaborative activities that identified and spoke to societalneeds and social impacts through engineering integration. Data collected from two of the coursesin this project, Enhancing Mathematics with STEM and Engineering in the K-12 Classroom,included participant reflections, focus groups, microteaching lesson plans, and field notes.Through a case study approach and grounded theory analysis, themes of self-efficacy, activelearning supports, and social justice teaching emerged. The following discussion on teachers’engineering and STEM self-efficacy, teachers’ integration of engineering to address

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek Guthrie Williamson, University of Alabama; Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; W. Edward Back, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

University of Alabama Civil Engineering Department from2005 through 2015. During this period, the department and its programs were expanded andtransformed through: (a) adopting a new set of Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) andStudent Outcomes, (b) the addition of three more undergraduate degrees, (c) the development ofa single set of harmonized PEOs and learning outcomes for four programs, (d) the developmentof shared capstone design classes across multiple degree plans, and (e) the use of an integrated,multiple program ABET Self Study Report. As we present this case study, we will analyzecommon challenges, extract lessons, and make recommendationsWhile a complete vision for a new multi-discipline BOK is beyond the scope of this work, wewill

Conference Session

ET Graduate Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

James Gray

Introduction (2000) by the Lucent Technologies Center forExcellence in Distance Learning, several examples of technology utilization in corporate andeducational e-learning are described, including training via compressed video, satellitetelecourses and fiber optic networks. This information is included in Appendix A. Although technology is an important aspect of the e-learning implementation, it shouldnot be the only factor considered during an e-learning implementation. The methodology bywhich the implementation is planned, communicated, designed, utilized and reviewed areadditional important factors to be accounted for. In Virtual Instruction: Issues and Insights fromand International Perspective (1999), Feyten and Nutta state that

Conference Session

Program Level Assessment

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Edward F. Crawley; Doris Brodeur

form the basis of decisionsabout the program and its plans for continuous improvement.This paper describes a standards-based approach to program evaluation and provides arationale for the CDIO standards in reforming engineering education. The mainobjectives of the paper are to • identify key questions that guide program evaluation and set them in the framework of the CDIO standards • compare the CDIO standards with criteria set forth by ABET in EC2000 • give examples of standards-based program evaluation of engineering programs • emphasize the connection between program evaluation and program improvementBackgroundIn October 2000, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chalmers University ofTechnology, the Royal Institute

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 5: Exploring and Re-Examining Ideas in Engineering Entrepreneurship and Innovation Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vijay K. Kanabar, Boston University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

analyze a design, construction, and testing. We put considerable effortbusiness problem or opportunity and consider current and into up-front planning, and the various life cycle phases arefuture states to determine an optimal solution that will provide typically not revisited when complete. For example, if productvalue and address the business need; the results from this design is completed and product construction begins, it is notpreliminary analysis will provide decision-makers with desirable to review the design phase again. At the otherrelevant information to determine whether an investment in extreme is the adaptive development approach. It

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Our Classrooms

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin A. Waters, P.E., Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

) that provide studentswith the skills necessary to complete an integrated core project (ICP). This semester long ICP isa group project that thematically ties together CEE concepts, guiding students through thesequence of a residential site development project. Part 1 of the ICP requires a comprehensiveassessment of the existing site, including topography, slopes, land use, soils, and zoningcalculations, which provide real constraints and regulations for the students to adhere to whendeveloping a conceptual site plan layout. Once provided with a final site plan design for Part 2,students apply spatial analysis tools to evaluate drainage patterns and earthwork volumes, extractprofiles from existing and proposed surfaces, calculate quantities for

Collection

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference

Authors

Anand Nageswaran Bharath, Cummins Engine Company; Archana V Kulkarni; Dinesh Balaji Ramaraj; Jennifer M. Thomasson, Cummins Inc; Alexa Davis; Demario Robinson; Malavika Panicker; Elizabeth A. Spratt; Tina Henselmeier; Nora Guzman; Arul Antony; Sonya Ware-Meguiar; Danielle Fawbush, Cummins Inc.; Daniel J. O’Connor, Cummins; Kenneth Francis; Jennifer G. Warrenburg

Tagged Topics

Diversity

senior engineer in Combustion Research at Cummins Inc., where in addition to his primary role in developing future engine systems, he leads a planning team of Cummins engineers in organizing an after-school STEM Outreach Program at Girls Inc. to encourage girls to pursue STEM Careers.Archana K. KulkarniMr. Dinesh Balaji Ramaraj,Jennifer M. ThomassonAlexa Davis Alexa Davis graduated with her Bachelors of Science in Psychology from the University of Indianapolis in 2020. She has served at Girls Inc. of Johnson County for 4 years, and has begun her role as Program Director within this affiliate as of August 2021. Along with her experience at Girls Inc. of Johnson County, Alexa has worked with children and teenagers on

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ebenezer Rotimi Ewumi, Washington State University; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University; Candis S. Claiborn, Washington State University; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

HIEPinvolvement. For example, HIEP's participation rates on different engineering and computerscience majors, including civil, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and materials engineering, etc.,are analyzed to examine the practices that work for a particular E/CS major. The present studyreports findings from NSSE 2012 and 2017 surveys.Results show that, among the E/CS seniors, service-learning, learning community, and studyabroad program are the HIEP with the highest non-participation rate with 41% (service-learning),59% (learning community), and 68% (study abroad program), indicating that they do not plan toengage in these practices in their senior year. Conversely, internships, and culminating seniorexperiences had the most participation among E/CS

Conference Session

Design Courses 2, Aerospace Assets

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard Melnyk, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

of the benefits UAS offer, while simultaneously mitigatingthe physical, social, and cybersecurity risks outlined above. The purpose of this next section isto provide an example of one such program as a proposed model. The proposed model from theUnited States Military Academy is by no means unique. For example, Rainier [18] outlines aUAS program in place at North Carolina State University. The program differentiates betweenhobby use, routine research, and more experimental use and places procedures in place for allthree. The previously discussed article by Ogan also emphasizes the need for an educationprogram at institutions that plan to employ UAS focused on topics such as safety, flight skills,and judgment. [11]The program at the Academy

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Frank E. Falcone P.E., Villanova University; Gayle F Doyle, Villanova University

Paper ID #35290The Career Compass Professional Development ProgramProf. Frank E. Falcone P.E., Villanova University Professor Falcone is the Director of Professional Development & Experiential Education in the College of Engineering at Villanova University. His current primary focus is the leadership and management of the College’s Professional Development Program entitled CAREER COMPASS. His primary fields of technical interest and experience are in Hydraulics, Hydrology, Fluid Mechanics, Water Resources and International Water Resources Master Planning. In addition to teaching numerous technical courses, he has

Conference Session

Pre K-12 Track - Technical Session V

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Michael Frye, University of the Incarnate Word; Chaoyi Wang, University of the Incarnate Word; Sreerenjini C. Nair, University of the Incarnate Word; Yvonne Calvo Burns, Camp Program Coordinator

Tagged Topics

Pre K-12 Education

most affected by long termprofessional development as opposed to a one-time workshop [8]. Based on this information and conversations with local school leaders, the authors beganhosting the miniGEMS STEAM camp for the first time in Summer 2015. miniGEMS initiallystarted as a free five-day long STEAM summer camp for middle school girls from various localschool districts. The camp was planned and directed by the authors, Dr. Michael Frye and Dr.Sreerenjini Nair, and involves university undergraduate lab research assistants and middle schoolSTEAM teachers. The camp was conducted for the third consecutive summer at the AVS Lablast year and was expanded to a two-week camp. Additionally, four separate camps were heldlast summer. This paper

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II - Study Abroad

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Derek Guthrie Williamson, University of Alabama; Steven Jones, University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

Engineering at The University of Alabama in 1999. He has enjoyed 15 years of a dynamic profession of teaching, research, and service. he now serves as the Director of Undergraduate Programs for his Department.Dr. Steven Jones, University of Alabama Steven Jones earned a B.S. degree in civil engineering from Auburn University in 1992. In 1994, he earned an M.S. degree in civil engineering with concentrations in transportation engineering and economics. He holds a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia where he concentrated his education and research on the interaction of transportation and air pollution. His 20 plus years of transportation engi- neering and planning experience spans both academic and

Conference Session

International Educational Experiences (2)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zaida M Gracia, Texas Tech University; Albert Sacco Jr., Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

2016, Zaida became an ELATE@ Drexel (Executive Leadership in Academic Technology and Engineering) alumnus presenting an insti- tutional action project titled ”Raiders Abroad: A sustainable model for globally competent engineering students” that was adopted by the WCOE. The project, based on the work of cross functional teams estab- lished a strategic plan for 2016-2020 focusing on student participation and assessment on programs abroad and the development of a travel scholarship fund for students under financial hardship in the college. Mrs. Gracia brings twenty five years of experience as a mathematics’ professor at the Sacred Heart University in Puerto Rico. She led successful initiatives to increase minorities

Conference Session

ETD Capstone Projects

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junkun Ma, Sam Houston State University; Case Dakota Born

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

tofurther develop these courses so that non-technical topics such as developing a business plan andconducting a market study can be incorporated. As a first approach, course materials introducingstudents to the fundamentals of running a business has been developed and incorporated into theinstruction of these courses. Initial results observed shows that the ET students are greatlyinterested in non-technical side of developing a product. The ultimate goal is to have studentsfrom other disciplines such as business, finance, and marketing to work with ET students so thatthey can experience the complete product development process.As a case study, this paper discuss a senior design project carried out by a mechanicalengineering technology student. The

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Potter, Iowa State University; Richard Stone, Iowa State University; Devna Fay Popejoy-Sheriff, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Stone has worked extensively in the domain of welding, specifically in the area of weld- ing technology and training. He has a deep appreciation for the importance of the welding field and plan to continue pursuing research projects that benefit the welding community.Devna Fay Popejoy-Sheriff, Iowa State University Devna Popejoy-Sheriff is the Student Success and Services program Coordinator and Co-Chair of the Undergraduate Research Program in the Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department at Iowa State University. She earned her M. Ed. in Higher Education from Iowa State University and has worked for the IMSE Department for more than 15 years. She has been recognized with multiple advising and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Kepner, Midwest Photonics Education Center; Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

curricula, surveying 950 employers to determine their educationand training needs in the photonics area, delivering outreach events to 8000+ K-12 studentsinvolving hands-on exploration of lasers and optics, providing professional development tofaculty, participating in training and subsequently developing a recruiting and retention plan forfemales and minorities into the photonics technology field, and giving presentations about bestpractices in photonics technician education at several conferences. Next steps include setting upa laser assisted manufacturing laboratory at Indian Hills Community College and developing theassociated curriculum to serve as a model for colleges in the Midwest interested in teaching thisadvanced manufacturing technology

Conference Session

Communication as Performance

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Alley, The Pennsylvania State University; Lori B. Miraldi, The Pennsylvania State University; Joanna K. Garner, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 26.1145.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Work in Progress: Memory Maps as a Means to Help Engineering Students Fashion Words on the Spot in Their Technical PresentationsSummary and Introduction In public speaking, the words that the speaker says traditionally arise from one of foursources: (1) reciting from memory; (2) reading from a script or notecards; (3) fashioning on thespot with no planning (impromptu); or (4) fashioning on the spot but after practice with aplanned structure (extemporaneous).1 Historically, the public speaking courses that engineeringstudents take in high school or in colleges of liberal arts advocate that

Conference Session

Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gurlovleen Rathore, Texas A&M University; Matthew Pariyothorn, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

to recruit diverse students to graduate programs in engineering at theprogram’s home site. In order to develop strategies to recruit students to graduate programs atTAMU through its summer undergraduate research program, we first examined the efficacy ofthe USRG program in influencing students’ post-baccalaureate plans. Next, we examined factorsthat influence USRG participants’ selection of graduate school at the conclusion of the USRGprogram. Last, we compared the influence of the same factors for those who applied and thosewho did not apply to TAMU for graduate school, to determine strategies that universities canemploy to effectively recruit summer undergraduate research program participants to a graduateprogram in engineering at the

Conference Session

Student Approaches to Problem Solving: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine D. McGough, Clemson University; Adam Kirn, Univeristy of Nevada, Reno; Courtney June Faber, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the next step based on what will help one reach the goal. Dead-ends are less likelywhen using means-ends analysis, but still may occur. Forward chaining is most often used byexpert problem solvers who have a deeper understanding of what is required to solve theproblem7. When forward chaining, the problem solver plans what steps to take before starting theproblem so that no unnecessary work is done7.Other strategies not addressed in Nickerson’s framework were considered for our analysis7. Astrategy referred to as unit analysis, dimensional analysis, or proportional analysis commonlyoccurs in engineering and science. Lobato describes proportional analysis as a valuable strategyimplemented by expert problem solvers14. Proportional analysis or