Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel M. White, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

promoting the use of higher-level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. His research interests particularly focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. Dr. Koretsky is one of the founding members of the Center for Lifelong STEM Education Research at OSU. Page 24.1387.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Work-in-Progress: Development of an Android-based Student Mobile

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Tubesing, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #9355LEDs & Lamps – A Friendly Affordable Gateway to Electrical Exploration(Curriculum Exchange)Mr. Andrew Tubesing, University of St. Thomas Andrew Tubesing is Laboratory Manager for the Electrical Engineering program at University of St Thomas in St. Paul, MN. He also serves on the faculty of the UST Center for Pre-Collegiate Engineering Education. Andrew has taught university courses in circuits, electronics, and engineering design for more than a decade. Prior to his academic career, Andrew spent 12 years as an engineer in the broadcast and telecommunications fields. Andrew holds a BA from St. Olaf College

Conference Session

Gainful Employment: Preparing Technicians to Satisfy the Needs of Industry

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David I. Spang, Burlington County College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

. Page 24.345.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Curriculum Design and Assessment to Address the Industry Skills GapAbstractThe bureau of labor statistics notes that the current number of open positions in the United Statesis approximately 3.7 million, yet the official unemployment rate (U-3) remains at 7.3%representing 11.3 million people, while an alternative and more inclusive measure ofunemployment (U-6) is 13.7% and represents 21.2 million people1. The existence of unfilled andavailable positions, as compared to the total number of unemployed persons, is significantlyinfluenced by the availability of qualified candidates in areas for which there is an apparent skillsgap, i.e. jobs for which

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Mary M. Staehle, Rowan University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #10013Organ-izing the engineering curriculum with biomedically related learningmodulesDr. Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University Dr. Stephanie Farrell is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Rowan University (USA). She obtained her PhD in Chemical Engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1996. Prior to joining the faculty at Rowan in 1998, she was an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering and Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Louisiana Tech University until 1998. Dr. Farrell has made contributions to engineering education through her work in experiential learning, focusing

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shakira Renee Hobbs, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Odesma Onika Dalrymple, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teams of middle and high school-aged students tolearn and apply the engineering design process to build Rube Goldberg-style chain reactionmachines. These summer camp programs teach real-world engineering skills, provide experiencewith systems thinking and multi-team collaboration, integrate arts and STEM, and create apathway for student to better understand careers in engineering and other science, technology,and math fields.For the Summer 2013 implementation of the summer camp programs, new content modules onenergy and anaerobic digestion were integrated into the curriculum and introduced at three highschool sites, i.e.; two in Arizona and one in Trinidad and Tobago. A total of 65 students rangingfrom ages 13 to 18 participated in the

Conference Session

Computer Programming and Simulation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregorio E. Drayer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ayanna M. Howard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

opportunity to take more active control on their learning by work-ing on real-world projects in a supervised environment. That is the goal of a multi-disciplinarydesign program at the Georgia Institute of Technology, called Vertically Integrated Projects (VIP)Program,2 which offers undergraduate students a research and development opportunity to partic-ipate in team-oriented projects from their sophomore to senior years. Although the majority ofthese interdisciplinary teams are based on designing, programming, and deploying embedded sys-tems in various application scenarios, there is currently no common curriculum module focusedon embedded systems programming.Currently, students are forced to rely on themselves to acquire the skills on embedded

Conference Session

Computer Hardware

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Yu, University of Hartford; Krista M Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

instrumentation. Page 24.1303.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Use of a CPLD in an Introductory Logic Circuits Course with Software and Hardware UpgradeAbstractThis paper documents our continued efforts to integrate the use of complex programmable logicdevices (CPLD) into our introductory logic circuits course at the University of Hartford.Although programmable logic devices (PLDs) have been long introduced in our advancedcourses, the widespread acceptance demands that PLDs be introduced earlier in the electrical andcomputer engineering curriculum. In the

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Hahler, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S. Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

24.1347.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014Using Teacher Feedback to Improve the Design of a Fourth Year High School MathematicsCurriculum (Research to Practice) Strand: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum DesignAbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of a high school mathematics curriculum, NICERC’sAdvanced Math for Engineering and Science (AMES), through high school teacher feedbackalong with conclusions from this evaluation. First, the reason behind creating such a curriculumis discussed, followed by a description of the curriculum as well as the implementation process,and lastly the evaluation and conclusion sections.The motivation for creating

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State University ; Cassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

which software,technology, or skills should be addressed in the classroom. To provide students with acompetitive edge for their future, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)educators need to observe a trend and recognize the most important technology skills. Becausetoday’s students are learning with their tablets and smart phones, mobile services andapplications should be extremely engaging for this generation of students.To diffuse computing technology into other disciplines as well as to motivate EMT students tobe interested in the computing concepts and mobile application, one course module has beendeveloped. This course module was integrated into an existing technology course “ComputerApplications in Emergency Management

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

writes that a holistic curriculum shouldconnect the coursework to one another and emphasize all areas of development and growth –spiritual, emotional, physical, and environmental. He advocates that the teachings of BlessingWay and Protection Way should be a mainstay in the pedagogy in order to practice characterdevelopment (e.g. integrity with social transactions) and learn new skills and knowledge (e.g.viewing coursework through a lens of ecological awareness). By providing Western links to aNavajo framework for learning, Benally attempted to represent a connection between Navajo andWestern knowledge while explicating a framework from Navajo sacred knowledge. The intent ofthis was to prepare Navajo children to be able to function in the modern

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Carolyn Jean Sher-DeCusatis; Casimer DeCusatis

,networks for cloud computing is also disrupting conventional manual commands.telecommunication companies and managed service providers(MSPs), who are rapidly trying to redesign their networks in This is quite different from the approach used by traditionalorder to remain competitive [2]. Applications such as social network switches and routers, which employ a distributedmedia, mobile access, video streaming, and big data analytics architecture (each switch only understands how to route dataare driving this transformation at an accelerating pace. It has packets to the next hop in the network). Since there is nobecome challenging for traditional college curriculums

Conference Session

K-12 and Precollege Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 2 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Gregory Morton, Drexel University ; Youngmoo Kim, Drexel University; Matthew Nester VanKouwenberg; Chris Lehmann, Science Leadership Academy; Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #10316Developing Curriculum For Introducing CyberSecurity To K-12 StudentsMr. Brandon Gregory Morton, Drexel University (Eng.) Brandon Morton is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at Drexel University. He received his B.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in 2009 and his M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Drexel University in 2011. He was an NSF GK-12 fellow from 2011 to 2014. Currently he is researching methods for detecting influence between musical artists.Prof. Youngmoo Kim, Drexel UniversityMatthew Nester VanKouwenbergMr. Chris Lehmann, Science Leadership

Conference Session

Summer and Cohort Programs for Minorities: Student Success

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darryl Dickerson, Purdue University; Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Virginia Booth Womack, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carol S. Stwalley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

totransition instead of remediation resulted in an increase in URM student performance andretention [13, 14].In January of 2004, after benchmarking the Challenge Program at Georgia Tech and similarprograms at large predominant white institutions around the country, a minority program in alarge selective Midwestern university launched a five-week summer bridge program to simulatethe rigor of the first semester of the freshman engineering curriculum. It was designed with afocus on URM student transition, preparing incoming URM freshmen engineering students forthe cultural shift from high school to global competition at a selective institution.This study quantitatively examines the effect of this summer bridge program on the URMengineering student

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hakan Gurocak, Washington State University, Vancouver; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

engineers whocan do system design and integration using motion controllers and Programmable LogicControllers (PLC) as the primary building blocks for automation/mechatronics applications.They are not expected to design controllers, control algorithms or interface electronic circuits atthe board level or program microprocessors.In this curriculum development effort, our goal was to complement the existing controls andmechatronics curricula. We aimed to “teach the fundamentals”, but in the context of industrialmotion control technology to address the gap.In this paper, we present an overview of a new modular curriculum designed in collaboration withindustry to “teach the fundamentals”, but in the context of industrial motion control technologyand

Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 24.969.10 9CONCLUSIONS The development of a sequence of web-based courses on particle transport,deposition and removal was described. Different modules of the course are outlined andthe integration of simulations and experiments into the curriculum are described. Thestudent learning and the suitability of the course website in helping the student learningwere assessed. The results showed that the availability of the course material andcomputational modules on the website were very helpful to student learning, and studentsat multiple campuses could take the course simultaneously. The student evaluations ofthe experimental course suggested that the hands-on component was very well

Conference Session

Curriculum & Student Enrollment II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Troy Harding, Kansas State University Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

can be an effective method forengaging millennial students.1,2 This paper highlights experiences of using a collaborative editorto facilitate learning in a first-year programming course. The paper will describe how thecollaborative editor was customized for the class and how it was utilized by the teacher and thestudents. The web-based editor allowed students to see and edit the same program file and thenexecute the program individually without leaving the web browser. The editor became aneffective classroom tool in the flipped learning model utilized in this course. Qualitative datawere collected through the use of observations and surveys. The author discusses what waslearned about the impact on students’ attitudes, learning and quality of

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Ann Hill, Numeritics

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

has grown to include a consortium of eight companies whohave joined forces to provide similar training, and has evolved from an original trainer/traineeformat to its current mentoring-based curriculum. Apprenticeship 2000 has successfullygraduated 116 students, and has 49 current apprentices in training.National Science Foundation Advanced Technical Education (ATE) ProgramAn excellent model for using community colleges to train skilled workers is that of the NationalScience Foundation’s (NSF) Advanced Technical Education (ATE) program. This programoffers Federal grants to community colleges that are focused on educating technician for high-technology fields. The program encourages partnerships between educational institutions andemployers to

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suleiman A. Ashur, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Mohammad Alhassan, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and Effective Assessment Tool to Evaluate Engineering CoursesAbstractThe civil engineering program at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne wasestablished in the fall of 2006. The program went through ABET accreditation in 2011 and wasgranted accreditation in August 2012. A key component of getting accreditation is thedevelopment and the implementation of an effective and continuous assessment based process toidentifying strengths and weaknesses and to ensure continuous program improvements.The goal of this paper is to present an integrated assessment tool to assess course outcomes basedon direct and indirect assessment measures. The tool was developed to establish consistency inthe course assessment

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Page 24.780.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Integrating the Energy Efficiency and Assessment Components into ManufacturingAbstractThis paper reports the current developments and implementations on energy efficiency andassessment studies in an engineering technology program. The developments are basically in twocategories: 1) Web-based teaching modules of Renewable Energy Education have beendeveloped through a funded research project. Instructional Materials, Laboratory Practices andAssessment Exercises have been posted to iLearn (which a Desire2Learn system) and Canvas(which is an Instructure system). Developed materials have been tested by

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

larger complexity of future’s systems and the widespread inclusion of software in almost every type of engineered system built today and/or envisioned for the future.These facts prompted the engineering faculty at Embry-Riddle to seek a solution for theintegration of the related software engineering and systems engineering courses part of thegraduate engineering curriculum. The expected outcomes of this integration are: Page 24.127.4 • An increased exposure to the software engineering development methods and tools for the electrical and computer engineering, and potentially other engineering disciplines students who

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Shervin Zoghi; Eric Liguori; Manoochehr Zoghi; Fariborz Tehrani; The Nguyen

different from what it used to be even four to fiveshort years ago. There are fewer, but riskier and more complex projects. The prevailingdifficulties of last several years have made it extremely challenging to succeed in the globaleconomy. It is anticipated, however, that the global construction output will recover to grow 70percent by 2025 – to $15 trillion.10 In view of aforementioned challenges and globalization, andin light of emerging construction technologies, the Construction Management (CM) Program inthe Lyles College of Engineering at Fresno State has recently revamped its curriculum to betterprepare future leaders of the construction industry. Accordingly, the CM program hasincorporated leadership and entrepreneurship development as an

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nitin Sukhija, Mississippi State University (Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems and Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering); Tomasz A. Haupt, Mississippi State University; Mark Fredrick Horstemeyer, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, entitled“Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) for Metals” (ME8990). This course isalso deployed for online learning in a virtual classroom. The course was taught for the first timeduring the Fall 2012 semester and is being taught for the second time during the Fall 2013semester. The course design is based on blended learning approach3 to facilitate integration ofadvanced technological resources (ICME Cyberinfrastructure) with traditional pedagogicalpractices (textbook, Mark F. Horstemeyer, “ICME for Metals” 4).The interdisciplinary course curriculum is fragmented into independent learning modules witheach module focusing on teaching different material length scales with its respectivecollaborative student group assignments and

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Jalkio, University of St. Thomas; Brianna R. McIntyre, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

computational problems used, the difficultiesencountered by both the students and the instructor and ideas for both improving the exercisesand addressing the issues identified.IntroductionIn 2012 our department engaged in an effort to integrate computational and experimentalproblems into our upper division curriculum in a number of classes that traditionally lack labsand are more analytical in nature1. These classes include quantum mechanics, theoreticalmechanics and electromagnetics. While the intent was to change courses for physics majors,most of the students in the electromagnetics course are electrical engineering majors at ourinstitution. Therefore, we tried to find computational and experimental problems for that coursewhich would interest the

Conference Session

Developing the Design Skillset

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Seda McKIlligan, Iowa State University; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Madeline Polmear

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

evidence to support that their program is meeting ABET outcomes A through K[25, 28-29].Engineering programs strategically locate capstone design courses within the last year ofundergraduate engineering studies, where students can apply the fundamental technicalknowledge gained in previous courses in an authentic real-world context. Several institutionshave identified Capstone Design as an ideal place for teaching professional skills, which aretypically not emphasized earlier in the curriculum [30]. Howe’s Capstone Design survey of 232engineering institutions showed that the five most common topics taught were: writtencommunication, oral communication, engineering ethics, project planning and scheduling, anddecision making. Only 48% of the survey

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Kramer, University of Michigan, College of Engineering; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, Univ. of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. The second individual concept(Concept 1b) used Change surface properties to integrate soft material into the device as a cover.Neither of these individually generated concepts was used in the development of the alphaprototype (Concept 2) or the beta prototype (Concept 3). The beta+ prototype (Concept 4)synthesized the wooden scooter shape of the beta prototype with Concepts 1a and 1b. The first ofthese synthesized concepts (Concept 1a) – an abstraction of Animate – was synthesized into thebeta+ prototype by transforming the original idea of creating a device in the shape of somethingapproachable and recognizable, and instead created a device with images of somethingapproachable and recognizable – in this case, Mickey Mouse. The second of

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bushra Tawfiq Chowdhury, Virginia Tech; Stephanie Marie Kusano, Virginia Tech; Aditya Johri, George Mason University; Akshay Sharma, Virginia Tech, Industrial Design

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #9073Student Experiences In An Interdisciplinary Studio-Based Design Course:The Role Of Peer ScaffoldingMs. Bushra Tawfiq Chowdhury, Virginia Tech Bushra Tawfiq Chowdhury is highly motivated, focused and result oriented individual, pursuing a career which provides a challenging and a dynamic environment. Holding a Master’s in Information security and having a strong leadership attitude.Takes advantage of communication, organizational, multitasking and technical skills with a diverse work experience involving academics and in the IT industry. Currently a PhD student in the in the Department of Engineering Education

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goli Nossoni, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

courses in sustainabilityin civil engineering freshman and sophomore courses.4-8 Lower level sustainability courses canbe related to the knowledge gained in the required math, science, humanities, and social sciencecourses. Incorporating sustainability in the civil engineering curriculum is difficult due to an already fullprogram. Bielefeldt (2011) discusses an alternative approach for incorporating sustainability early on inthe curriculum and reports that the awareness of sustainability in subsequent assignments was presenteven when students were not specifically prompted to include sustainability. 9 Upper level designcourses can then be mapped to the sustainability concepts learned in the lower level courses.However, incorporating

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology and the Internet in Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chirag Variawa, University of Toronto; Susan McCahan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

industrial engineering. Grounded in the theory of UniversalInstructional Design, these wordlists can be integrated into a syllabus and then be used as ateaching aid to promote an accessible engineering education. The goal is to reduce barriers tolearning by developing an explicitly-identified and robust list of vocabulary for all students in agiven course. Creating an automated program that improves vocabulary information over timekeeps it relevant and usable by instructors as well as students.Presently, there is no automated method to develop course-specific vocabulary lists. To fill thisgap, the authors have created a computer program, using a repository of over 2200 engineeringexams since the year 2000 from the University of Toronto, which

Conference Session

FPD 11: Culminating Considerations

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Silvia Husted, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Judith Virginia Gutierrez; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

6 7 8 9 10 Figure 13. Creative thinking average team (each bar represents a different team) scores and standard deviations (error bars) assessed by means of the Investment Theory of Creativity Rubric created out of Sternberg and Lubart.8 Performance levels on the y-axis vary from exemplar: 4 to benchmark: 1.The vast majority of the teams were able to attain projects’ expected outcomes at an intermediatelevel. Therefore, it is suggested to further integrate creativity in subsequent pillar courses inorder to foster meaningful development of students’ creative thinking. Furthermore, reflectionsintegrated in the two projects’ design binders, suggest that these projects allowed

Conference Session

Spatial Ability & Visualization Training I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter F. Kelly Jr., North Carolina State University; Theodore J. Branoff, North Carolina State University; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

curriculum model. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 55(3), 5-14.17. Eliot, J. (2000). The nature and measurement of spatial intelligence. Unpublished Manuscript by Dr. John Eliot, Retrieved from http://drc.ohiolink.edu/handle/2374.OX/30659.18. Eliot, J. & Smith I. M. (Ed.) (1983). An international directory of spatial tests Windsor, Berkshire : NFER- Nelson ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : distributed in the USA by Humanities Press, 1983. Retrieved from http://search.trln.org.www.lib.ncsu.edu:2048/search?id=DUKE00061521019. Connolly, P., Hartman, N., Bertoline, G., Takahashi, G., Lynam, J., Tittle, D., Rose, D. (2009). Augmented reality in spatial ability development: A concept study. 64th EDGD Midyear Meeting Proceedings, 52-59.20