Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Salinas, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Eliud Quintero, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Pablo Guillermo Ramirez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Eduardo González Mendívil, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Paper ID #12300Fostering Spatial Visualization through Augmented Reality in Calculus learn-ingDr. Patricia Salinas, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM) Full time Professor at Mathematics Department in Campus Monterrey, Tecnol´ogico de Monterrey. Edu- cational researcher with interest in the integration of technology for the learning of Mathematics. With a Bachelors Degree in Mathematics and 2 Masters Degrees, in Education with Mathematics Specializa- tion. PhD in Mathematics Education since 2011. Member of the National System of Researchers SNI 1, CONACYT, M´exico. Co-author of several textbooks for the teaching and learning

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy A Niesl, University of Minnesota STEM Education Center; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

following NGSS: Disciplinary core ideas: LS4.C, Crosscutting concepts: Cause and effect, and Engineering Practices: ETS.1.A-C. This unit begins by introducing the problem people have with slipping on ice due to poor foot traction during Minnesota winters. Students are challenged to look into ways nature has already solved the problem. The engineering challenge charges students to design a shoe that is inspired by “Mother Nature’s Shoes” that will work to prevent slipping on ice. The unit includes a pre and post content test to measure student content learning and a rubric to measure student engineering design solutions. Unit Summary Lesson Objectives Lesson 1: The To

Conference Session

Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Eric J. Schaus, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

shifting to alternative manufacturing approaches. The key success for theAM parts included the desired reduction in cycle time, effective matching of existing complexgeometry, efficient mass reduction, and increased productivity by allowing students to move onto other tasks while parts were being printed. Once final embodiments were settled on for thevarious AM parts, they performed their intended functions without incident throughout thetesting and competition at Kennedy Space Center.IntroductionStudents at the UNC Charlotte designed and built a robot to compete in the 5th annual NASArobotic mining competition [1]. The six wheeled robot, which weighed in at 167 lbs, includedten motors/actuators, numerous sensors, mechanisms, and an off board

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

from programming in languages such as Java or C. A PLCis a solid-state control system with a user-programmable memory, used to read input conditionsand set output conditions to control a machine or process [1]. To write a PLC program,engineers need to know not only PLC programming syntax, but also the functions and generalcharacteristics of the many hardware devices (such as different types of sensors and motors) thatcan serve as input or output (I/O) devices.To become proficient at PLC programming, engineering students need to become familiar withfunctions and general characteristics of hardware devices, to understand how PLC controllersprocess programs, to be able to interface I/O devices with a PLC, and to be able to understandthe control

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

 2     Lesson  5     Lesson  1   Lesson  3   Lesson  4     Standard  vs.  non-­‐ Designing  a  toy  box   Non-­‐standard  units   Physical  properties   Testing  materials   standard  units   organizer  Literacy   Book

Conference Session

ECCD Applications in Energy and Thermodynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan L Falkenstein-Smith, Syracuse University; Jeongmin Ahn, Syracuse University; Kang Wang, Syracuse University; Ryan James Milcarek, Syracuse University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, innovation suffers and emergingengineering students are left with a skill gap which employers are limited by their resources tofill4, 7-8. Therefore, in order to fill gap and create the next generation of innovative engineering,universities must adjust current engineering curriculum and find a balance between engineeringdisciplines and practical experience. Over the past decade many universities have adjusting curriculums to develop studentsinto T- Shape professionals, professionals who are highly trained in a single discipline, but havethe capability of communicating, understanding, and working with people from a variety of otherareas3-4, 9. Figure 1 represents a diagram that clearly defines the qualities of a T-shaped

Conference Session

Curricula Innovations in Engineering Economics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Alberto Marquez P.E., Lamar University; Julia Yoo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

the E-book and use the calculatorand interest tables to help themselves. This app has been developed for both Apple iOS andGoogle Android platforms, and they have been released in the Google Play and Apple App Store.The cross-platform app development allows easy deployment to multiple mobile platforms. Thisapp is intended to give students more opportunity to learn and practice concepts of EngineeringEconomics whenever and where they want using their mobile devices.* Acknowledgment: This project is partially supported by a grant from the National ScienceFoundation DUE-1140457 to Lamar University. Page 26.541.2 1. Introduction Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas at El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Ryan Wicker, University of Texas, El Paso; Zhonghua Hu, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

latest uPrint® SE Plus works based on the same technology, but, is more powerful based onits new inherent functions and features 4: 1) The software CatalystEX used by uPrint® to translate computer aided designs for 3D printing is based on an advanced designed that integrates the functions of Insight software and FDM status. The user interface is WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) which is deemed more user-friendly. 2) uPrint® SE Plus 3D printer supports network communication, allowing a 3D printer to be shared in a network. A user can control the 3D printer remotely. This compared to Page 26.517.3 traditional

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey A Mathis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Lesson 1 (Day 1 & 2) Lesson 2 (Day 3-5) Lesson 3 (Day 6 & 7) Introduction: Biotechnology: Surface Area: Engineering & Cells DNA Extractions Data Analysis & Measurement - Introduction to the - Learn how to extract DNA - Use physical and graphical models to design challenge from cells explain the relationship of exterior and STEM Integration Activities - Review cell

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #13075Engineering Graphics Concepts: A Delphi StudyDr. Mary A. Sadowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette Mary A. Sadowski has been at Purdue since 2003 and until September 1, 2011 served as the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Learning in the Purdue College of Technology where she provided leadership for strategic initiatives in undergraduate education. As a professor of Computer Graphics, her research interests include enhancing visualization skills, cre- ative thinking, and learning styles. She is currently funded to begin gathering data to create a concept inventory for engineering graphics. As

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

manufacturing engineering field5, and it may serve asa foundation for continuous improvement of manufacturing-related curricula, such as IndustrialEngineering Technology. The four pillars are: 1) Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2)Product, Tooling, and Assembly Engineering, 3) Manufacturing Systems and Operations, and 4)Manufacturing Competitiveness6. Additional usages of the four pillars model include:  Dialogues between program constituents and curriculum designers to ensure that graduates possess knowledge and skills in manufacturing principles and practices  A starting point for defining the field of manufacturing engineering  Assessing job applicants to manufacturing-related jobs  Designing in-house training for

Conference Session

Mobile and Emerging Technologies in Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pavan Meadati, Southern Polytechnic State University; Parminder Juneja, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

code learningenvironment is shown in Figure 1. Smart device scans the QR code of the real world object.When the scanning is completed, it establishes the connection with server and a web page isdisplayed. Based on user selection, more instructions will be provided for further navigation. Object tagged with Smart device QR code Server Wireless Network Figure 1: Automated information flow in QR Code Learning Environment Page

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, University of Nebraska, Lincoln ; James D. Goedert, University of Nebraska

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Simulation After finishing the pre-quiz section, students play the main simulation. The first page ofthe main simulation is a set of demographic questions, and then students are directed to the mainpage of VICE (Figure 1). Figure1: Main page of VICE The first activity of the VICE simulation is WBS sequencing. Students select the correctorder of main activities of a single span bridge project. A player shows an animationcorresponding to each activity after each selection; thus, students can see the gradual completionof the project. Choosing a wrong activity will result in an error message and an animation ofcatastrophic result of the selected activity. In this case students need to correct their

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James F. Ryan III, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 26.1103.2Introduction Information Theory is a field derived from a seminal paper by Shannon[1] discussing theuncertainty extant in communication channels. We cover the details in the theory section but thispaper focuses on a measure known as the mutual information. This measure, derived fromShannon’s information entropy - a measure of uncertainty in a random variable - is theinformation gained with respect to one random variable given knowledge of another. In a sense,this measures the dependency between two random variables. We consider this notion of mutual information as a way to measure the dependencybetween variables of interest in the Multiple-Institution Database for Investigating EngineeringLongitudinal Development

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Newberry, DCTC/Nano-Link

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

traditional curriculum (Ref1). From 2010 to 2012 modifications were made to the modularized approach as well as the educatortraining that positively impacted the use of the modules by educators. This modification in approach hasresulted in module use by over 500 educators in 38 states and 4 countries – with a reach to over 32,000students. Figure 1 is a representation of locations within the United States using modules. Figure1. Nanoscale modularized content is being used by educators in 38 states.Benefits and Application of Modularized Educational Content: Page 26.1165.2Infusion of nanoscience content into traditional K-12

Conference Session

Moving the Needle: The Complexities of Race and Gender in Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

on the experiences of African-Americans onmultiracial teams and this study aims to fill that gap.This qualitative study employs a phenomenological approach, using a three-interview sequencewith eight African-American male engineering students across academic levels (average age =19) as they worked on team projects at a large research-intensive, predominantly whiteinstitution (PWI). The project durations ranged from two weeks to two full semesters. The semi-structured interviews 1) gathered background information about participants, 2) exploredparticipant descriptions of the team functionality during the project, and 3) asked participants toreflect on the experience in the context of their engineering education and identities. Followingthe

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Denise Anderson P.E., University of Wisconsin Madison; Kevin Hoag, Southwest Research Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

with the knowledge and skills required of a chief engineer on a newinternal combustion engine development program.The skills and knowledge identified were sorted into 5 general areas: 1) Teamwork, coordination and managerial 2) Design 3) Thermal sciences, fluids, combustion Page 26.1673.4 4) Controls 5) Future trendsTeamwork, coordination, and managerial skills-The skills identified in this category include:The ability to: o manage projects o participate on local, remote, and global teams o manage work load o manage expectations o effectively communicate thoughts, ideas, and

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Design and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabila A. Bousaba, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; James M. Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. Page 26.1275.2Introduction and Literature ReviewPast research shows the need for an educational shift in the general engineering curricula from apurely technical focus to one that will add entrepreneurial skills to complement theirundergraduate engineering major.1 Angela Shartrand, et al.2, in “Technology Entrepreneurshipprograms in U.S. Engineering Schools: An Analysis of programs at the undergraduate level”examined programs and courses offered at 340 ASEE member schools in the U.S. Theirresearch showed that “entrepreneurship education is available in at least half of the engineeringprogrammed examined and has been integrated within the engineering program in approximately25% of these programs”2. We asked ourselves the question “do engineer

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elena Priymak, Kazan National Research Technological University; Vasiliy Grigoryevich Ivanov, KAZAN NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY; Svetlana Vasilievna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Natalya Tyurina, Kazan Federal University; Olga Lefterova, Kazan National Research Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, including personal monographs and text-books (International legal order, 1991; The Law of international trade 2003 and 2010; International private law 2003; International trade as the factor of international public law development, 2009 etc.); collective works (International law. General questions, 2011; Inter- national Law. Brunches, 2010 etc.) Scientific supervision: prepared 16 candidates of law, including 1 alien (Sudan); 6 persons are in progress. Teaching experience Domestic: over 25 years of lecturing on International Public and Private Law, International economic law, Law of international trade. In alien uni- versities: lectures for students, master students and post-graduates in the universities of Freiburg (1992

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allie S Peters, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Kevin Chang P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Katherine N Thorton; Kristen Shinohara; Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

materials and teaching methods.1 While thesematerials and methods are evidence-based and shown to positively affect student learningand educational outcomes, they have been slow to be adopted or disseminated.In an effort to improve curriculum sharing, there is currently a two-part study underway forthe development and dissemination of a web based repository containing curriculummaterials and best practices. These two efforts are in place to understand, facilitate, andencourage sharing of materials and best practices between educators. The first is thedevelopment and refinement of the web-based repository for curriculum materials; thesecond is a study on the curricular decision-making processes of transportation engineeringeducators.The overarching

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Patrick Walton, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Amanda Idema, Michigan State University; Timothy J Hinds, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the areas of integration of computation in engineering curricula and in developing Page 26.1390.1 comprehensive strategies to retain early engineering students. She is active nationally and internationally in engineering accreditation and is a Fellow of ABET and of the AIChE. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Spatial Visualization Skills Intervention for First Year Engineering Students: Everyone’s a Winner!IntroductionThe connection between spatial visualization skills and performance in engineering courseworkis becoming more evident 1-3

Conference Session

Educational Strategies in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shahnaz J. Aly, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

acombination of both. Architects present all of the work done during this phase to the client andonce the design concept has been finalized and approved, architects proceed to complete designdevelopment and construction documents for the project. Traditionally hand drawings were theprimary means for “design ideation” [1] and for the creation of construction drawings. Whilehand drawings and sketching are still considered very important for conveying design ideas, withthe advent of computer-aided design (CAD) tools in the late 1980s the focus shifted away fromhand drawing to the use of CAD for two-dimensional (2D) drawing. Now a days it is impossibleto conceive of an architectural practice where CAD tools are not used right from initial

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

need for automated and scalableassessment mechanisms, to assess large numbers of students without a proportionateincrease in costs. There are four main approaches to this kind of assessment:autograding, constructed-response analysis, automated essay scoring, and peer review.This paper examines the current status of these approaches, and surveys new research oncombinations of these approaches to produce more reliable grading.Keywords: scalable assessment, autograding, constructed-response analysis, automatedessay scoring, peer review, self-review1. IntroductionLimited resources to adequately assess student work are a major problem in highereducation. A 2012 New York Times article [1] on automated essay scoring contains thefollowing anecdote

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E. Shirl Donaldson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University, School of Engineering Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

department in which this course is taught has increased its’ focus on active learning and is moving away from traditional lectures as the primary method of conveying information to students. The departments’ goal is to encourage creativity and develop problem solving skills. However, students are seeking the most efficient ways to garner top grades on exams. Where does this leave the development of critical thinking with respect to the classroom when students are more focused on grades than subject matter mastery? Literature Review The development of critical thinking skills is the “primary goal of higher education” 1. Surveys of faculty have demonstrated that more than 90% of faculty supports this assertion. 2,3 Based upon Douglas’1 findings, there

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University; Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Elvira Valeeva, Kazan National Research Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

engineering is an up-to-date issue and is a topic of internationaldiscussions. US, European and Asian researches suggested many innovative ideas that allowfor better international engineering interaction and students’ readiness for the open world [1],[3], [6], [8], [9]. For example corporate education presented by Herman Schneider more thana hundred years ago was successfully implemented as the option for students to gain secondlanguage proficiency and international job experience [3]. Page 26.425.2 Leading Russian universities also take part in the global integration process. Thenumber of international students is increasing from year to year

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Elizabeth C. Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

workshop in whichstudents engaged in the design thinking process by working through a real world challenge.Student receptivity was evaluated using an ecological mood assessment,1 and cognitivecharacteristics were assessed using the KAI, which evaluates the cognitive styles of individuals2.A statistically significant relationship was observed between cognitive style and the happinessand excitement scores (two subscales of the ecological momentary mood assessment); we feelthat with future experiments, even more correlations might be discovered.1.0 IntroductionAs Dym et al.3 [p. 1] noted in 2005: ―Design is widely considered to be the central ordistinguishing activity of engineering.‖ With the world becoming increasingly globallyconnected, the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First-year Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jaclyn L. Cunitz, University of Colorado Boulder; Marissa H. Forbes, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado-Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

focusing on humanitarian engineer- ing. In addition, she teaches STEP 1 and STEP 2 education courses through CU Teach Engineering, a new General Engineering Plus program specifically designed to prepare students to earn a secondary math or science teacher licensure through engineering. She manages and mentors graduate and undergraduate engineering Fellows who teach in local K-12 classrooms through the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program’s TEAMS initiative, is on the development team for the TeachEngineering digital library, and is faculty advisor for CU-Boulder’s Society of Women Engineers (SWE).Jaclyn L. Cunitz, University of Colorado Boulder Jaclyn L. Cunitz is an undergraduate student in the department of

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven S. Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Robert A. Strangeway, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Electromagnetic Fields, Microwave Engineering,and Antennas. The details of the required courses are examined next.The capabilities in electromagnetics for EE students that complete these core, required coursesare documented in the learning outcomes for these courses, reported collectively: 1. Apply vector and calculus techniques to the solution of electromagnetic field problems in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. 2. Apply Coulomb's law, Gauss's law, potential, and Biot-Savart law to determine the analytical expressions of the electric and magnetic fields produced under idealized geometrical conditions. 3. Describe capacitance in terms of electromagnetic field concepts and energy. 4. Describe

Conference Session

Examining "Big" Data

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Issam Wajih Damaj, American University of Kuwait; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

approach that strives to produce professionals that have sustainablevalues. Sustainable values include being self-directed, self-learner, lifelong learner, etc.Although Sustainable Development has inspired the creation of the term SoTE, it is not to bemixed with the term ESD.In Figure 1, we depict the desirable SoTE, the possible realities of being sustainable, partiallysustainable, barely sustainable, and the change needed. Being partially sustainable means havinga satisfactory ability to improve with a growing capacity to endure. Being partially sustainablealso means having a satisfactory capacity to endure with a growing ability to improve. Theattribute of being barely sustainable means having growing ability to improve and capacity

Conference Session

Supply Chain and Logistics in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Jahan, Western Kentucky University; A. Mark Doggett, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, inadequatecommunication between faculty and students, and improper management of facilities resourcesand inventory. The students also focused on the waste associated with instructional modes at theuniversity system, asserting the need for more online and competency-based education. Thestudents opined that universities can implement lean principles to a certain degree by beingcustomer focused, applying continuous improvement, reducing muda in mura, continuouslyinvolving students, faculty and staffs, and above all emphasizing a lean culture.Introduction‘Lean’ is defined as the “set of tools that assist in the identification and steady elimination ofwaste (muda), the improvement of quality, and production time and cost reduction”1. It is acustomer-focused knowledge