Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Md Fashiar Rahman; Eric D Smith, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

imperfection or to locatechanges in material properties. Here, the ultrasonic testing equipment (OmniScan SX) is used forthe purpose of demonstration. The IIW type 1 reference Block was tested to detect the hole in theblock and finally the evaluation was made to characterize the hole.Keywords: Nondestructive Testing (NDT), Ultrasonic testing (UT), OmniScan SX, inspection.Introduction Nondestructive testing has been practiced for many decades. At the beginning the use ofNDT was limited into the detection of defects to determine whether any structure or componentshould be in the service or not. Later, the discipline of fracture mechanics brought a major changein the field of NDT. This mechanism helped to predict the failure probability a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan L. Solonsky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park; M K Parfitt

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

programs will be covered.IntroductionMost degree programs that teach building engineering have design opportunities are often less thanideally constructed to reflect practical careers due to relatively few faculty members being trained, or theyhave no similar industry experience necessary to guide students [1]. Consequently in these settings, only asurface level understanding of their value is realized [2]. Many engineering students do not know how toapproach large complex systems due to their exposure to idealistic examples [3]. Additionally, they notcapable of providing critical multi-disciplinary integration of their designs due to the isolated nature oftopics in the classroom [4] [5]. Capstone courses provide a comprehensive evaluation of

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Conservation and Optimization

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

turnstilesfor shopping centers or buildings, and even counting ticket sales for theaters. However, each ofthese has its own cons and pros.Several energy audit reports for buildings indicated that occupancy sensors can significantlyreduce energy consumption. The equipment demand for heating, ventilation and air-conditioninghas increased in the USA from $11 billion in 2004 to $19 billion in 2014 [1]. Having an efficientair-conditioning supply and control system can reduce energy consumption in buildings.Many techniques and technologies were used to detect and count occupants inside buildings.Some of the studies investigated the change in the level of CO2 inside rooms and buildings toidentify the number of occupants and their activity level, such as such

Conference Session

Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd France, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

thatwould directly impact the community and foster students’ appreciation for the relationshipbetween engineering and social responsibility.Fostering students’ “Base Skills,” a facet of the professional development realm related tosocially responsible engineering, as defined by Canney and Bielefeldt,1 aligns with the project’sconnection between technical abilities and resultant societal benefits. This connection is viewedas imperative for developing future engineers’ attitudes towards human-centered design and theirroles in society.2,3 Similarly, ABET calls for holistic skillsets that encompass both technicalskills and “an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility,” while the NationalAcademy of Engineering has emphasized the

Conference Session

Division for Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

thestudents’ learning outcomes and the ABET rubrics.IntroductionEnergy consumption in buildings significantly increases on yearly basis due to the increasedhuman comfort needs and services. Temperature control and air quality are top requirements inany modern house. The ventilation and air-conditioning power consumptions, needed to meet the   occupants’ needs for a good temperature level and acceptable quality of air delivered from thesesystems, can reach to approximately one fifth of the total energy bill of buildings [1]. In theUnited States alone, 19 billion US dollars were spent in 2014 to run the equipment for thesesystems [2].The control system that runs and operates the air-conditioning system is

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pattabhi Sitaram, Baker College, Flint, Michigan; Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

helpstudent engagement and retention due to truncated semester class meeting times each week aswell as the dissemination of the same lecture topics over longer time-frame. Our universitytransitioned from the Q2S system in fall 2017. Furthermore, in order for our program to becompetitive with other schools, we have reduced the total number of semester credit hoursnecessary for graduation, with every effort made to ensure full comprehension of the coursecontents in the quarter system in this Q2S transition. The present paper discusses therestructuring of our ABET accredited undergraduate mechanical engineering (ME) curriculumfor Q2S, its challenges, advantages, and changes made to the content in some courses.1. Introduction Currently, there is no

Conference Session

Practice II: Curricular Innovations

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Behbahanian, Utah State University; Erin L. Davis, Utah State University; Nick A. Roberts, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

thermophysical properties, and advanced thermal management. Prof. Roberts is also interested in engineering education, specifically on understanding the role of, adopting, and creating open educational resources for the engineering curriculum. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Open Educational Resources in the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum: A Materials Science Case Study Amir Behbahanian1 , Erin L. Davis2 , Spencer Wendel1 , and Nick A. Roberts1 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 2 Merrill-Cazier Library Utah State

Conference Session

Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry L. Howell, Brigham Young University; Spencer P. Magleby, Brigham Young University; Terri Christiansen Bateman, Brigham Young University; David C. Morgan, Brigham Young University; Lynda Palma, Brigham Young University Museum of Art

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

paper introduces a framework for displaying engineering research artifacts in an artmuseum to efficiently facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. Education of the public aboutnew technologies and scientific discoveries is key to the technological growth of a society. AU.S. National Science Foundation Strategic Plan summarizes this verity: “Effective integrationof research and education at all levels infuses learning with the excitement of discovery andassures that the findings and methods of research are quickly and effectively communicated in abroader context and to a larger audience.” [1] When a new technology is understood by a varietyof individuals and groups, it can be accessed and used in diverse ways to benefit others andimprove

Conference Session

Institutional Change

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashish Agrawal, Virginia Tech; Cassandra J. Groen, Virginia Tech; Amy L. Hermundstad Nave, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Thomas Martin, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-institutional analysis reveals variations in student perceptions that suggest ways inwhich local cultures may influence approaches to learning and perceptions of teaching practiceslocally, indicating that local cultures may override traditional characterizations of engineeringdisciplines. These emerging findings suggest that changes at departmental and institutional levelscan significantly impact students’ experiences of disciplinary practices and values and challengethe idea of engineering culture as monolithic and immovable. As a result, these local cultures can– and should – play a transformative role in revolutionizing students’ development as engineers.1. IntroductionBeginning with the pioneering work of Anthony Biglan [1], scholars have explored

Conference Session

Computing Technology Applications-II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yun Dai, University of Southern California; Tianmeng Li, University of New South Wales; Ang Liu, University of New South Wales; Stephen Lu, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

feedback provided by individual students, the platform functions to dividea large class into multiple small study groups, within which, students can engage in peerinstruction to learn from each other. Meanwhile, the platform will provide instructor with theaggregated, analyzed, and visualized student feedback, which can be used to redesigninstruction in classroom. Made possible by the Viterbi iPodia platform at University ofSouthern California, this platform has been tested based on a technology-enabledinternational course that was attended by 138 students from 8 global universities.IntroductionThe instructional strategy of flipped classroom is increasingly embraced by the engineeringeducation community [1-2]. According to the survey conducted by

Conference Session

History of the Women in Engineering Division: Reflections from Past Chairs of the Division

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Donna C. Llewellyn, Boise State University; Beth M. Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Noel N. Schulz, Washington State University; Sarah A. Rajala, Iowa State University; Donna Reese, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

not attendthe conference, Donna Reese participated in this paper. The guiding questions for chairsconcerned: the influence of their leadership of the WIED on their career, their perspective on theclimate for women, the main issues the division faced when they were chair, and what researchquestions people should be asking now.IntroductionOn the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the American Society for Engineering Education, apanel of past chairs of the Women in Engineering Division (WIED) were assembled to discuss keyquestions they faced as Chairs of WIED during their two years of leadership. The chairs wereleaders of the division acrosstwenty years, selected in Table 1: Past Chair, Chair, Chair Elect/Program Chair and

Conference Session

Panel: Embedding Writing in Experiential Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Corneal, Grand Valley State University; Debbie Morrow, Grand Valley State University; Tracy Volz, Rice University; Ann Saterbak, Duke University; Susan Conrad, Portland State University; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.; Kenneth Lamb, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; William A. Kitch, Angelo State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

effectively (Student Outcome g) [1] as part of anengineering program’s accreditation process. The methods in which engineering programsincorporate the writing instruction into their courses varies greatly. Some engineering programsintegrate intensive writing instruction within first year level Introduction to Engineering courses[2], other programs incorporate it into upper-level theoretical courses [3], while others scaffoldmultiple writing topics over a series of classes [4], [5]. A recently published study by Donald etal. [6] describes the requirements of the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) toinclude a general education component to engineering degrees that complements the technicalcurriculum and provides students with the broad

Conference Session

Strategies for Success and Sanity for Academic Parents

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Stanford University; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

focus of this practice paper is provide a more holistic discussion of observationsin the classroom and provide narrative feedback from students. The most interesting andrelevant results from this data is summarized in the following section.Results and DiscussionStudent Feedback on PartneringStudents generally preferred the partner quizzes over individual quizzes. This data is presentedin previous work (Reckinger, Manuscript in preparation). Table 2 and Table 1 summarizestudents’ negative and positive comments, respectively. These comments presented are chosenas representative of the comments received. These comments indicate that many students foundpartnering helpful for their learning, and helped reduce stress levels during the quiz time. This

Conference Session

The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Virginia Tech; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

developing educational software applications. The intent was to showhow computing and engineering professionals could make a positive difference in the lives ofothers, even if limited to working from behind a computer screen. However, the project waslargely self-directed by the students, as each team picked the subject for a provided grade leveland then wrote a software application for it. While the project allowed students to displaytechnical competency, it embraced a person-centric view towards learning as an internal process.In his seminal work, Kolb discusses the characteristics associated with the concept ofexperiential learning [1], where thoughts and ideas are not fixed, but are formed and reformedthrough continuous processes grounded in

Conference Session

Design in the BME curriculum

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy E. Allen, University of Virginia; David Chen, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

two of thethree objectives, and 83.3% met all three objectives. However, in the spring clinic-focusedversion of the class, only 57% of 21 students met all three objectives, and 5 students met onlyone or none of the objectives. Additionally, course evaluations for the January term version werehigher than the spring version (4.76 vs. 3.78 course mean on a 5-point Likert scale). We believethe improved results for the January term course may be due to one or more of the followingfactors: 1) the focus on specific patients—and resulting increase in empathy and motivation—rather than a more impersonal clinical observation, 2) the diversity of majors present in theJanuary term course (only half were biomedical engineering majors), and 3) the

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

important roleof learning-by-discovery approach. [1], [2], [3]Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics concepts are involved in numerous educational and careerfields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, medicine, and other general sciences, which areall important and growing fields in the job industry. Therefore, learning the basics ofthermodynamics and fluid mechanics is vital in the education of students. Learning about energyand energy efficiency is fundamental to engineering students as well. Theoretical concepts arebetter understood if students are involved in practical approach of learned concepts. [4]Specifically, the first law of thermodynamics describes the natural and proven law that all energyis conserved and allows quantification of

Conference Session

Engineering in a Societal Context

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Reddy, University of San Diego; Gordon D Hoople, University of San Diego; Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

formation as engineersand non-engineers work together. While we understand this study to be limited in scope, thefeedback provides preliminary evidence for collaborative research across disciplines and howprofessional skills are fostered in the classroom.IntroductionUndergraduate engineering students are often trained in disciplinary concepts and techniques oftheir specializations, but are rarely given opportunities to work with collaborators from differentdisciplines. In Gary Lee Downey’s words, the very educational processes “producing engineersas outcomes” [1] may neglect key professional skills that those engineers need.Skills that relate to collaborating with peers in different disciplines are increasingly necessary forpracticing engineers

Conference Session

Active Learning Methods in Action

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom McCormick, Virginia Military Institute; James C. Squire, Virginia Military Institute; Gerald Sullivan P.E., Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

to make the device aesthetically pleasing. Thesecond type of demonstrator is a professionally manufactured device which has been specificallyconstructed for classroom use. It has been designed to clearly delineate its individualcomponents and demonstrate their functionality in an aesthetically pleasing manner. Thisresearch compares the effectiveness of these devices in order to determine which type of deviceis most conducive to student learning and retention.Prior ResearchThis investigation builds upon our prior research which showed that “raw” demonstrations weresuperior to “polished” demonstrations for all measures of learning [12]. This researchdifferentiated raw and polished demonstrations by characteristics listed in Table 1. However

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin E. Sherwood, Stony Brook University; Angela M Kelly, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

importance of supporting women as underrepresented participants intheir university-based STEM community. They felt a personal responsibility to share theirinsights as academically and socially integrated upperclassmen. Findings suggest that mentoringprograms should leverage the skills and achievements of peer mentors while enhancing theirleadership transitions through the development of the self-determination of their mentees.IntroductionGender disparities in participation in engineering have been persistent in the U.S. for manyyears. Although the number of bachelor‘s degrees in engineering gradually increased by about30% from 2000 to 2012, the actual number of degrees awarded to women has remained nearlyconstant (Figure 1). In light of the increase

Conference Session

Design and the Capstone Experience

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory K Watkins P.E., California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Peer Project Management for Capstone Design TeamsAbstractThe mechanical and mechatronic engineering programs at California State University Chicoconclude with a robust, externally funded, two-semester capstone design experience. Students inboth majors work in interdisciplinary teams on year-long design projects sponsored by industrialpartners. Project teams are assigned a faculty advisor whose role [1] is multi-faceted, but doesnot include day-to-day project management or responsibility for project success.Design projects in industry typically have an assigned project manager (PM) with responsibilityfor overall project success as well as a lead role in initiating, planning, executing, monitoring,and controlling the project

Conference Session

Undergraduate Peer Educators: Mentoring, Observing, Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

National Academy of Education / Spencer Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Svihla studies learning in authentic, real world conditions; this includes a two- strand research program focused on (1) authentic assessment, often aided by interactive technology, and (2) design learning, in which she studies engineers designing devices, scientists designing investigations, teachers designing learning experiences and students designing to learn.Ms. Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico Catherine (Cat) Hubka, MFA, holds dual appointments at the University of New Mexico in the Depart- ments of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBE) and Department of English. For CBE, she is em- bedded in the 300 and 400 labs where she supports

Conference Session

Creating a Positive Environment for Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Thomas D. Rockaway, University of Louisville; Gerold Willing, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

will introduce the PRIMES program, and a description regarding the use of UTAs andpeer led groups of students in a Mechanics I: Statics course. This course used the mandatory in-class peer led group implementation. The Statics’ UTAs attended each class meeting, and duringthe final 30 minutes, they worked with groups of students on graded assignments. The studentsgenerally self-selected into small study groups and interacted with the same UTAs throughoutthe semester. In this manner, the students built relationships with the UTAs and the studentsreceived immediate feedback regarding current topic materials.1. IntroductionThe Partnership for Retention Improvement in Mathematics, Engineering, and Science(PRIMES) is a University of Louisville cross

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Competency and Skill Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

around these skills.IntroductionThere appears to be an ever-increasing body of knowledge associated with being a skilledengineer in practice [1-4]. This includes foundational knowledge, technical information relevantto a particular engineering discipline, and professional skills that cut across all engineeringdisciplines. Leadership is one of the professional skills that appears to be gaining increasingrecognition. A search of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) AnnualConference proceedings identified a generally increasing number of leadership-focused paperseach year (Figure 1; regression slope 2.0 papers/year, p .006), based on leadership in the title,conference session name, tagged topics, or tagged divisions [5

Conference Session

Accreditation and the BOK

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

an industrial exemption, or due to other circumstances). ASCE has articulatedthese KSA outcomes in the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge (CE BOK). The first editionof the CE BOK from 2004 [1] included 15 outcomes (the 11 ABET EAC A to K outcomes [2], 1depth outcome, and 3 professional breadth outcomes). An updated version of the CE BOK(BOK2) was published in 2008 and was expanded to 24 outcomes, each mapped to a level ofachievement in Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy that was to be achieved during a Bachelor’s degree,during a Master’s degree or additional formal education, and/or via on-the-job experience [3]. Itis expected that the KSA needed for civil engineering professional practice will evolve andchange over time; thus, review of the CE BOK

Conference Session

A Technology Potpourri I

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

pseudo-Cisco IOS, they are not suitable for teachingCisco Academy content. However, the home-built routers do implement well-understood routerfunctions and capabilities. A review of these implementations appears in the paper forcompleteness.I. IntroductionBased on the first-hand experience of converting an aging mini-tower PC into a network router,it was decided to change to a different form factor PC chassis. A form factor whereby the PCwould meet general business criteria, such as being compact, disk-less, and fan-less. Thecomputer used as the server in this project is a product marketed by Qotom [1]. Figure 1 showsthe device front and back view. Note the width (6 inches) and the depth (5 inches) of the device. Figure 1

Conference Session

Cognitive Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rongrong Liu; Jiabin Zhu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

proposed tobe widely adopted in engineering education because prior research have suggested its effectivenessin improving students’ problem-solving skills, collaboration skills, and academic achievement [1].By converting lecture-based courses into a project-based learning environment, students learn tocollaboratively solve multidisciplinary, complex problems.Moreover, it has been reported that students’ participation in PBL activities could be beneficial fortheir epistemological development [2]. Personal epistemology refers to students’ reflections on “thelimits of knowledge”, “the certainty of knowledge”, and the “criteria for knowing” [3]. Expertengineers demonstrated higher level of epistemological development than novices [4]. Priorresearch

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kosta Popovic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Janie Szabo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Pilot study on experience of engineering students in multimedia-enhanced introductory Physics labsIntroduction Both literature [1] [2] and anecdotal evidence suggest that students, on average, do notcritically read textbooks before coming to class. This lack of student preparedness is detrimentalto creating an active and engaging learning environment. The increase in students’ reliance onmobile phones and computers over books, further exacerbates this issue. While previous studieshave shown that students learn better from reading print texts over digital texts [3], the studentsexhibit clear preference for digital medium; in addition to that, forcing

Conference Session

NGSS & Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E. Lopez, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

few states also modified standards related to climate change and theage of the earth, which though controversial in some settings, are not relevant to our presentanalysis of the integration of engineering. In addition to the states listed, after many heateddebates, New Mexico has indicated its intention to adopt the NGSS in July 2018.Table 1 shows the states that have adopted the NGSS, in order of adoption. Ten states adoptedthe NGSS within a year of its release, and another 10 states have adopted them in the years since.The first 14 adoptees were all NGSS lead states that participated in the development of thestandards, making Connecticut the first state to adopt the standards that had not been involved intheir development.Table 3 - The

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malle R Schilling, University of Dayton; Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

with math than men. These results suggest two things: a co-ed camp model maynot be the ideal model for fostering women’s interest in engineering, and a single-sex campmodel can have positive effects on the women who attend and participate.IntroductionDuring World War II, manufacturing companies such as GE and Curtiss-Wright began to hirewomen to function as engineers when the men left to fight in the war [1], [2]. Although thewomen were not formally trained as engineers, many were hired in engineering roles to ensurethat the manufacturing companies could produce aircraft parts needed to support the war. Whenthe war ended and the men began returning to their manufacturing jobs, women’s place in theengineering workplace became obsolete. However