Conference Session

Student Motivation and Faculty Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessie Keeler, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra May Friedrichsen, Unaffiliated; Jeffrey A Nason, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, all in Chemical Engineering. He currently has research activity in areas related engineering education and is interested in integrating technology into effective educational practices and in promoting the use of higher-level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. His research interests particularly focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. Dr. Koretsky is one of the founding members of the Center for Lifelong STEM Education Research at OSU

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya Stanko P.E., Innopolis University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Theselimitations project on young women an inability to envision oneself as an IT specialist inthe future, and as a result form an unwillingness to pursue further development in IT.H. Input from stakeholdersDuring the study we have also shared7 the graph from Figure 1 and interview severalstakeholders from academia, government and general public. “Women are just not gifted enough to be accepter in IT University” “They have realized that IT is above the level of girls competence. The requirement for IT at school and at University differ” “Women got married and start a family instead of IT profession” “IT is respectable and highly compensated job. Women got washed out in competition with males in our society” “If IT won’t be such desirable

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Florida Gulf Coast University; Janusz Zalewski, Florida Gulf Coast University; Gerardo Javier Pinzon P.E., Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

National Laboratory. He also worked on projects and consulted for a number of private companies, including Lockheed Martin, Harris, and Boeing. Zalewski served as a chairman of the International Federation for Information Processing Working Group 5.4 on Industrial Software Quality, and of an International Federation of Automatic Control Technical Committee on Safety of Computer Control Systems. His major research interests include safety related, real-time embedded and cyberphysical computer systems, and computing education.Mr. Gerardo Javier Pinzon P.E., Texas A&M International University Page 26.1760.1

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Materials

group has to discuss their data and what theirresults mean in context of larger objectives of the lab. Since laboratories are collaborative multi-weekthemed projects, student may be at different points in their experimental process from week to week.There are rules for discourse and these are modeled for students by Teaching Assistant(TA) andInstructor. Peer students may ask only clarifying questions of the students and cannot make any othercomments. Within the speaking group, each member must speak, and groups have three minutes todiscuss their data without interruption. There is then three minutes of clarifying questions from peers. Thegoals for the discourse are to have students formulate, elaborate, analyze, evaluate and apply a

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia-Ling Lin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

representational modes do not take place unless learners understand theconcept under consideration in the given mode. 17 Though the Lesh Translational Model shownin Figure 1(c) was designed explicitly to provide teachers with guidelines while developing ahands-on, activity-oriented environment in elementary mathematics classrooms, the implicationof a models and modeling perspective goes beyond precollege math classrooms. 15 Becausemeanings of conceptual systems can be projected into and distributed across a variety ofrepresentational media, multiple representational tools are expected to facilitate teaching andlearning in significant ways. 19 Research findings support the necessity of representationalfluencies across various engineering practices and show

Conference Session

Faculty Development I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Cleveland-Innes, Athabasca University; Stefan Stenbom, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stefan Hrastinski, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

blended learning for teachers in K-12 and higher education.Dr. Stefan Hrastinski, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stefan Hrastinski is Associate Professor at the The School of Education and Communication in Engineer- ing Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Visiting Professor with specialization in e-Learning, Mid Sweden University. His research focuses on online learning and collaboration in educational and or- ganizational settings. Stefan has conducted research and development projects across various contexts, including higher education, school settings, companies, municipalities and the public sector. He teaches courses in e-learning, and supervise theses on bachelor, master and Ph.D. level

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Pre-college Student Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tia Jackson-Truitt; Wendy C. Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

unfortunately this is turning many of them off thefield altogether. Even though he’s a man, Bob’s comments also echo the “Stemming the Tide”report, which showed that most women engineers leave the engineering workforce not due towork-life balance issues (as is often claimed) but due to a hostile, unsupportive environment17.LimitationsThe narrowness of the work (only three students’ stories are presented here, though many morewere interviewed) is a clear limitation. This research project was just started within the last year.We hope, with time, to be able to incorporate other students’ interviews and provide a richeranalysis. If trends across race, gender, and major eventually develop, we plan to administer asurvey to target a much larger pool of

Conference Session

Building Pathways that Promote Pursuit/Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey E. Baker, University of Florida, Gainesville; Justin Dunnavant, University of Florida, Gainesville; Janise McNair, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

for the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program’s African American History Project. He is also a founding member of the Society of Black Archaeologists and blogs for GradHacker. He was recently named a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellow for the 2014-2017 academic years.Janise McNair, University of Florida Janise McNair is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Florida, where she served as Graduate Student Recruitment and Admissions Chair for four years. She earned her B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1991 and 1993, respectively, and her Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering from the Georgia

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Huff, Harding University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

other engineering instructors share my sentiment of being a novice in reconciling thesocial and technical worlds of the engineering science course. To us, it is tempting to abandonthe pursuit of reconciling these worlds. Though we may agree such integration would benefitstudents’ professional preparation, the tension of the social/technical paradox might be a placethat the instructor wishes to avoid. I find Palmer’s guidance to be a useful conceptual tool here.We may long to embody and project a coherent integration between the technical concepts weare drawn to and the social world that we live in. Until we find that integration, however, we can“live out the resolution” of the social/technical paradox that accompanies our profession, thereby

Conference Session

Development as Faculty and Researcher: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia M Walter, DiZ - Center for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education; Christian H Kautz, Hamburg University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

., Development and use of the Approaches to Teaching Inventory, EducationalPsychology Review, 16, 409–424, 2004.15 King, A, From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side, College Teaching 41, 30-35, 1993.      16 Froyd, J. E., “Evidence for the efficacy of student active learning pedagogies” (Project Kaleidoscope, 2007), .www.pkal.org/documents/BibliographyofSALPedagogies.cfm17 Deslauriers, L., Improved Learning in a Large-Enrolment Physics Class, Science 332, 862-864, 2011. Page 26.1782.18Appendix APPROACHES TO TEACHING INVENTORYThis inventory is designed to explore the way that

Conference Session

Examining "Big" Data

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Issam Wajih Damaj, American University of Kuwait; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 5: Using Video, Games, and More in the First Year

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krista M Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Gregory Warren Bucks, University of Cincinnati; Kerry L. Meyers, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a larger programming project at the end of the semesterthat uses the highest levels of analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Page 26.72.4Survey DescriptionUniversity A and University B gathered survey data at the beginning and end of the semesterasking students to rate their perceived benefits of the inverted classroom approach on a 5 pointLikert scale. While University C did not include questions about the benefits of the invertedapproach, all three universities asked students at the beginning and end of the semester to selecttheir preferred classroom approach: traditional lecture based, inverted classroom, or partially-inverted and

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heriberto Garcia-Reyes, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Cesia de la Garza Garza

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

” published in Spanish; he has published papers related to teaching strategies, supply chain frameworks and educational challenges in several conference and journals.Cesia de la Garza Garza Cesia L. De-La-Garza-Garza is Teaching Assistant in the Industrial and Systems Engineering Department at the Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey. She received her B. Sc. on Industrial and Systems Engineering from the Tecnologico de Monterrey (Monterrey, Mexico). She has participated as Junior Consultant in projects related to productivity, process modeling, lean manufacturing implementations and strategic planning. She has presented several works in the Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference related to

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill D Carroll P.E., University of Texas, Arlington; Bob P. Weems, University of Texas, Arlington; Bahram Khalili, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

College of Engineering experienced an enrollment growth of more than fifty percent, an increase of research expenditures from under $10M per year to more than $40M per year, and a growth of the faculty of about sixty percent. Over the same period, capital projects totaling more than $180M were started and completed.Bob P. Weems, University of Texas, Arlington Bob Weems is an associate professor in the Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering at UTA, com- mencing his career in 1985 after completing a PhD in CS at Northwestern University. His present inter- ests are in algorithms, data structures, online computation, and preference-based matching. He served as the department’s associate chair from 2001-2010. He

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Meehan, University of Glasgow; Robert H. Hadfield, University of Glasgow; Andrew Phillips

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wm. Michael Butler, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Attitudessurvey.Research ProblemThis paper examines the following research questions: 1. What are the professional persistence characteristics of present day aerospace engineering students? 2. How does the aerospace engineering education experience influence student perception of aerospace engineering?MethodsData Set The dataset used for this investigation contained the results of the 2009 administration ofthe web-based Survey of Aerospace Student Attitudes9, a cross-institution study administered bythe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to the population of aerospace engineeringstudents in aerospace, aeronautical, or astronautical engineering programs across the UnitedStates. Principle investigator for the project

Conference Session

Flipped Classrooms in Mechanics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keri Ryan, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, Univeristy of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Engineering Education at University of Nevada, Reno. His re- search focuses on the interactions between engineering cultures, student motivation, and their learning experiences. His projects involve the study of student perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards becoming engineers, their problem solving processes, and cultural fit. His education includes a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, a M.S. in Bioengineering and Ph.D. in Engineer- ing and Science Education from Clemson University. Page 26.146.1 c American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Moving the Needle: The Complexities of Race and Gender in Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monique S. Ross, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Trina L. Fletcher, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

retaining underrepresented minorities and women in STEM. Prior to Purdue, she spent time in industry holding technical and operations-based roles and has experience with informal STEM community and outreach projects. She holds a BS degree in Industrial Technology and a MS degree in Engineering Management.Dr. Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West LafayetteDr. Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette Joyce B. Main is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She holds a Ph.D. in Learning, Teaching, and Social Policy from Cornell University, and an Ed.M. in Administration, Planning, and Social Policy from the Harvard Graduate School of Education

Conference Session

Student Approaches to Problem Solving: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine G. Nelson, Arizona State University; Sarah Brem, Arizona State University; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Eva Pettinato, Arizona State University; Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the Director of Education for the Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Tech- nology Center - an NSF funded Engineering Research Center. Dr. Husman is an assistant editor of the Journal of Engineering Education, has been a guest editor of Educational Psychology Review, served on editorial board for top educational research journals, and currently sits on the editorial board of Learn- ing and Instruction. In 2006 she was awarded the U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER grant award and received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the President of the United States. She has conducted and advised on educational research projects and grants in both the public and private sectors, and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #11150Ethics and Text RecyclingDr. Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology Marilyn Dyrud is a full professor in the Communication Department at Oregon Institute of Technology and regularly teaches classes in business and technical writing, public speaking, rhetoric, and ethics; she is part of the faculty team for the Civil Engineering Department’s integrated senior project. She is active in ASEE as a regular presenter, moderator, and paper reviewer; she has also served as her campus’ representative for 17 years, as chair of the Pacific Northwest Section, and as section newsletter editor. She was

Conference Session

Fundamental: Metrics & Assessment for K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica M Harlan, University of South Alabama; James Van Haneghan, University of South Alabama; Melissa Divonne Dean, Mobile Area Education Foundation; Susan A. Pruet, STEMWorks, LLC

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

scales developed by the Assessing Men and Women in Engineering (AWE)project.16 We have developed summated rating scales using exploratory factor analysistechniques and analysis of the content of the items when possible. The questionnaire, given atthe beginning of 6th and then again at the end of 8th grade, has items related to interests inSTEM, attitudes toward STEM, knowledge of engineering, efficacy beliefs surrounding STEM,and items related to careers and high school course taking. Responses from 6th and 8th grade forour cohorts who completed 8th grade in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 were matched by state IDnumber, and only matched data were included in analyses.Standardized Student Achievement. The school district has assessed students on

Conference Session

Curricula Innovations in Engineering Economics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Letitia M. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Shelly Walters, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

FIPSE (Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education)grant project in 2003 to develop a process to ensure quality and continuous improvement in Page 26.979.4online learning. The QM rubric is derived from best practices in instructional design andresearch.6 The review process is a faculty peer-review process centered on providingconstructive feedback on the design of a course, not the delivery. Table 2: Conclusions from a 2014 Empirical Study of Four MOOC Courses5 Video Production Recommendations - Shorter videos are more engaging – recommend chunks of less than 6 minutes o Shorter videos are higher quality - Talking

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Golnaz Arastoopour, University of Wisconsin, Madison; David Williamson Shaffer; Naomi C. Chesler, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Wesley Collier, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeff Linderoth, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #11437Measuring the Complexity of Simulated Engineering Design ProblemsMs. Golnaz Arastoopour, University of Wisconsin, Madison Before becoming interested in education, Golnaz studied Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illi- nois at Urbana-Champaign with a minor in Spanish. While earning her Bachelor’s degree in engineering, she worked as a computer science instructor at Campus Middle School for Girls in Urbana, IL. Along with a team of undergraduates, she headlined a project to develop a unique computer science curriculum for middle school students. She then earned her M.A. in mathematics education at

Conference Session

Assessing URM Programs Targeting the K-16 Continuum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter C. Lee, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

women and underrepresented minorities. He received his M.S. in Industrial & Systems Engineering from Virginia Tech and his B.S. in Industrial Engineering from Clemson University.Dr. Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech Dr. Matusovich is an Assistant Professor and Assistant Department Head for Graduate Programs in Vir- ginia Tech’s Department of Engineering Education. She has her doctorate in Engineering Education and her strengths include qualitative and mixed methods research study design and implementation. She is/was PI/Co-PI on 8 funded research projects including a CAREER grant. She has won several Virginia Tech awards including a Dean’s Award for Outstanding New Faculty. Her research expertise includes using

Conference Session

Topics Related To Engineering Design Graphics Division

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward E. Osakue, Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

in Table 1, itseems safe to say that using AutoCAD as a platform for introducing students to solid modelinghelps them to better master solid modeling skills.Since taking DRFT 134, some of the students have learnt to use Solid Edge and some arelearning NX this semester (Spring 2015). In a follow-up discussion in week 7 of this currentsemester, most of the students expressed the sentiment that learning AutoCAD solid modelinghas helped them to reduce the learning curve in Solid Edge and NX. Also, most of the studentswho took DRFT 134 earlier continue to make AutoCAD their preferred solid modeling software Page 26.1488.15in other 3D projects

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College, Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

. Similarly it can provide a valuable introduction to critical thinking. The studentteachers in this project were introduced to dimensions of that debate.All of these activities required planning, implementation and two kinds of evaluation. The first, fromthe tests they had designed and evaluated. The second, from reflections on the exercise undertaken atvarious stages in the process. These are key skills required in industry.CommentTrevelyan proposed that engineering students should be required to teach their peers and that thiswould help them acquire some of the skills they are said to lack in the industrial situation. I have triedto develop this notion in terms of teaching high school students as well as their peers. I have

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Approaches for Enhancing Non-technical Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa H. Forbes, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

firststudent cohort matriculated into the GE+ degree program in fall 2014, with 25 first-year studentsand 19 sophomore through senior transfer students.Students in the GE+ program complete four or more project-centered design courses, fiverequired core engineering courses, choose a 15-credit-hour engineering discipline emphasis(aerospace, architectural, civil, electrical, environmental or mechanical), and 12 or more credithours in a technical or non-technical “concentration” of their own choosing. Concentrations mustbe pre-approved, purposeful sequences of courses, generally culminating in at least one senior-level course. Concentration examples include engineering management, entrepreneurship,environmental policy, business, pre-med, and Spanish

Conference Session

Online Teaching

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University; Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Umnouy Ponsukcharoen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

access to the lectures for most if not all of the working professionals. Both courseshad multiple teaching assistants and well-established support mechanisms for students.Assignments included coding projects and homework assignments, as well as mathematically-driven problem sets for the advanced course.For CS100, there were 28 videos, with 13,107 watching sessions by the students. For CS200,there were 29 videos and 17,034 watching sessions. Following Reference 2, a “watching session”is defined as a single instance of a student watching a particular video. The start of the session isdefined when the student initiates a “play” event. The end of the session may occur in one ofseveral ways, such as when the end of the video is reached, the student

Conference Session

Two Body Solutions: Strategies for the Dual-Career Job Search

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Ciston, University of California, Berkeley; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Christopher M Weyant, Drexel University; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Amber L. Genau, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Kristina M. Wagstrom, University of Connecticut; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

ScienceFoundation’s ADVANCE program (http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/advance/), which seeks toincrease the participation and advancement of women in the sciences and engineering.ADVANCE projects have resulted in a variety of dual-career hiring programs at institutions suchas Virginia Tech (http://www.portal.advance.vt.edu/index.php/tags/dual-career), the Universityof Nebraska (http://advance.unl.edu/), Rutgers (http://sciencewomen.rutgers.edu/Dual-Career_Initiative), and Michigan State University (http://worklife.msu.edu/dual-career).Strategies and Stories from Couples Who Have Recently Found Their Two-Body SolutionsThis paper is intended as a companion piece to a panel discussion on dual-career job search atthe June 2015 American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Promoting Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William R. Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

students attention and boost their interest(Loendorf20, 2012).In 2008, a project was initiated to enhance the practical connections or hands-on aspects of pasttechnologies by adding some active learning components to these technical literacy lessons(Loendorf & Geyer21, 2008). The traditional lectures were modified to include briefdemonstrations of ancient technologies along with controlled exercises requiring studentinvolvement and participation. The recreation of ancient and other historical artifacts (Loendorf,Geyer, & Richter24, 2013) also included the building of scale models using the technologies ofthe period.The collections of recreated artifacts, scale models, along with donated or purchased antiquesgrew rapidly to the point of