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Displaying results 22651 - 22680 of 31706 in total
Conference Session
Two-Year College Division Transfer Topics Part II
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael E. Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda A. Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
still be determined by project work assignments submitted and the presentations delivered; no tests would be administered.  All assignments would be submitted on-line through Blackboard.  Assignments would be shown to the instructor during the class meeting for a preliminary non-graded assessment.  Assignments would be due from each individual two to four days after the class meeting but no penalty would be assessed for late submissions.  The instructor would grade assignments within two days after submission.  Assignments could be resubmitted for re-grading until 24 hours before the next meeting.Why approach for fall 2012 was modifiedThe goals of the planned fall 2012 modifications
Conference Session
Software and Web-based Learning in ECE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dileepan Joseph P.Eng., University of Alberta
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
of thecourse, defended procedural C++, the status quo in terms of language. Having been a party tointernal discussions at the time, the author can state that the ECE representative was simplyreflecting the preference of most ECE faculty who voiced an opinion. At one extreme, ECEfaculty felt that MATLAB was merely a “glorified calculator” and therefore unsuitable forteaching programming. Many agreed with this somewhat. A few disagreed.After considering multiple languages, the task force recommended keeping procedural C++ butmaking other changes to address student dissatisfaction, expressed most clearly in 4th year exitsurveys. This initial report was rejected by the faculty’s Academic Planning Committee (APC).Returning to work, the task force
Conference Session
Hands-on/Experiential Learning
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
experience. 9A key portion of the FIPSE-SEAEP model is the cross-institutional international Senior Page 23.643.2Capstone Design project course.9,10 Through this collaboration, FSU and the twoBrazilian universities develop Senior Capstone Design projects during the months ofJune, July and August. Select U.S. students travel to Brazil during the U.S. fall semester(the Brazilian spring term). These students participate in one of the international SeniorCapstone Design projects developed during the summer before their departure. U.S.students work with Brazilian students to undertake the design and planning of theprojects in Brazil.As the U.S. students travel
Conference Session
General Topics in Graduate Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech; Lisa DuPree McNair, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Likert-type scale. A 1 indicates a participant selected three traditional words, a 2 indicatesselection of two traditional words, a 3 indicates selection of a single word, or one traditionalword and one emerging word, a 4 indicates selection of two emerging words, and a 5 indicatesselection of 3 emerging words.ResultsThe survey response rate was 52%, which included 5 female PhD students and 7 male PhDstudents. Participants were enrolled in the program from as few as one semester to as many aseight semesters. Five participants created an ePortfolio prior to the departmental requirement;seven participants had not. Two participants were involved in the initial planning anddevelopment of the departmental ePortfolio requirement in Fall 2008.Research
Conference Session
Robots and K-12 Computer Applications
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christina Gardner-McCune, Human Centered Computing Clemson University; Darrryl Bryant DUPE McCune II, YES Beyond Limits; Chanteal Maria Edwards; Cedric Stallworth, Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Computing
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
exposing students to computer science through kinesthetic learning and physical computing. He is also certified to teach high school mathematics. In August 2011, McCune’s teaching portfolio was selected to be a model by which nontraditional teachers would be trained to develop their own curriculum plans in route to certification at Metro RESA. In April 2012, McCune was awarded an Outstanding Staff Perfor- mance Award. Outside of developing curriculum and programming for high school students, during the summer months McCune expands his audience to reach middle and elementary age students with summer camp topics that address topics such as adventures in animation, storytelling, animatronics, programming in java, game
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
help improve the conceptual understanding of students.Wren6 proposes to actively engage students through human-body thermodynamics activities.This is proposed to counter a prevalent student attitude that thermodynamics is a dry and abstractsubject. It is proposed that students spend time in activities requiring them to speak, question,deliberate, propose, plan, execute, collect, analyze, present and explain. These student activitiesare the hallmark of active learning. In contrast, students often spend more time listening intraditional lecture-dominated classes. One example is to have small teams of students use simpleequipment to measure O2/CO2 to assess the metabolic rate of another student who is exercisingon a stationary bike. The bike is
Conference Session
iSTEM
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mike Ryan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Fred Stillwell, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology; Brian Douglas Gane, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sabrina Grossman, Georgia Tech: Center for Integrating Science, Math, and Computing
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
teacher-presented question using student designed/selected procedures. 4. Open Inquiry—Students investigate questions that are student formulated through student designed/selected procedures.Likewise, Daly, Adams and Bodner (2012) have developed the following somewhat hierarchicalcategories of engineering design7. 1. Evidence-Based Decision-Making—Design is finding and creating alternatives, then choosing among them through evidence-based decisions that lead to determining the best solution for a specific problem. 2. Organized Translation—Design is organized translation from an idea to a plan, product, or process that works in a given situation. 3. Personal Synthesis—Design is personal synthesis of aspects of
Conference Session
Capstone Manufacturing and Design
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Engineering Technology); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng.)
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
used in anactual application. This project instills future engineers and technologists with various advancedskills that can be used in their careers. Overall, many different fields of engineering can benefitfrom this application, enabling the development of skill and knowledge in many different Page 23.802.2engineering aspects and processes. Students in the Engineering Technology programs are required to complete a series ofcapstone course MET 4XX Senior Design. This course aims to train the students in identifyingprojects of relevance to the society, in planning and scheduling a solution, and in entrepreneurialactivities that may result
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Grossfield P. E., Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
calculus.This, the first in a set of three papers, is planned to provide the concepts of pre-calculus visuallyand intuitively in order to reveal the intrinsic ultimate simplicity of calculus and spare a studentfrom having to read the entire 500 pages of conceptually cluttered verbose, disorganizedconventional text in order to acquire an overview. My hopes are that by providing a focus ofstudy, specifically algebraic and transcendental curves, and by providing intuitive and visualdefinitions, while maintaining an organized topic structure and by delaying the proofs, we cancreate a conceptual environment where more students and teachers will gain insight relativelyquickly into the nature of calculus. The plan is to interpret the concepts of calculus
Conference Session
Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joanna Wolfe, Carnegie Mellon University; Beth A. Powell, Tennessee Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
orientation to learning: they expect tests to measure whatthey have learned and internalize the messages of failure that these low grades appear to suggest.Many of the engineering faculty we interviewed agreed with students that tests should reflect amastery of the material: I can’t imagine why anybody would think that that was a good plan for giving tests. I teach statistics. How can a 30 be representative of the knowledge that you’re supposed to learn? (Female White faculty) I don’t know why it exists. I disagree with it because even a smart student who does well with a 50, I just think it’s—there’s no feeling of satisfaction that you’ve learned something. (Male White faculty) You don’t want to see that everybody doesn’t know half the
Conference Session
Mentoring Minorities: Effective Programs, Practices, and Perspectives
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert G. Ryan, California State University, Northridge; Nathan Durdella, California State University, Northridge; Teodoro Navarro
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
and Management Figure 1. Program OrganizationMonthly meetings are held which include the PI’s from CSUN as well as representatives fromthe community college partners. These meetings are used to plan special events for students inthe program, share best practices, and discuss matters related to articulation. Several additionalcourses at the two community colleges have been articulated with our institution since thisprogram began, which has helped to meet the third objective of the grant. Faculty mentors fromCSUN have also made visits to the community college campuses to discuss our institution’sacademic programs and design projects, in order to
Conference Session
General Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shanshan Li, Purdue University; Yang Chen, Purdue University; David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
] Keller, J. M. (2000). How to integrate learner motivation planning into lesson planning: The ARCS model approach. Paper presented as VII Seminar, Santiago, Cuba[19] Keller, J. M., & Litchfield, B. C. (2002). Motivation and performance. In R. A. Reiser, & J. V. Dempsey (Eds.), Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. New Jersey, Merill Prenctice Hall.[20] Keller, J. M. (2008). Learning Theories in Plain English. Retrieved from http://www.learning- theories.com/kellers-arcs-model-of-motivational-design.html[21] Kirova, S., Petkovska, B., & Koceva, D. (2012). Investigation of Motivation and Anxiety in Macedonia While Learning English as a Second/Foreign Language. Procedia - Social and
Conference Session
Addressing the NGSS, Part 2 of 3: Supporting K-12 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections, Part 2 of 3
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Schnittka, Auburn University; George Edward Turner Jr., Auburn University; Randall William Colvin, Auburn University; Mary Lou Ewald, Auburn University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
teachers indicated they ‘might’ implement the curriculum in their classrooms. Inone case, an 8th grade math teacher reported the curriculum would have to be used with anadvanced class and only after completing the required standards. In a second case, anelementary teacher reported uncertainty about whether the curriculum would be appropriate for5th and 6th grade students. In a third case, an 8th grade math teacher provided positive feedbackabout the curriculum but reported that she would share it with the science teacher at her school,implying she did not plan to implement the curriculum with her math students. In total, anoverwhelmingly large number of teachers who responded to the survey question (117 out of 120,or 97.5%) indicated their
Conference Session
Attracting, Developing and Retaining Talented ME Students
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Joseph J. Rencis P.E., Tennessee Technological University; Ella R. Sargent, University of the Pacific; Brock U Dunlap, University of Texas, Austin; Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific; Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ismail I Orabi, University of New Haven; Jiancheng Liu, University of the Pacific; John J Wood, U.S. Air Force Academy; Christopher Allen Wejmar, University of the Pacific; Paul Henry Schimpf, Eastern Washington University; Chuan-Chiang Chen, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
L. Meriam Service Award, and the 2010 ASEE Mid- west Section Outstanding Service Award. Rencis is a fellow of ASEE and ASME. He received a B.S. from Milwaukee School of Engineering in 1980, a M.S. from Northwestern University in 1982, and a Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve University in 1985.Ella R. Sargent, University of the PacificMr. Brock U Dunlap, University of Texas, Austin Brock Dunlap is currently a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin studying active learning and prototyping methodology. He plans to graduate in May 2014 with a master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering with a focus in design and manufacturing. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Brigham Young
Conference Session
ETAC, ABET, & STEM Programs
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elaine M. Cooney, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Conference Session
Software Engineering Outreach: Industry, K-12
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Constituent Committee
software products (MEDEE-S/ENV, EFOM/ENV and DBA-VOID) which are in use in 26 Asian and seven Eu- ropean countries by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. Acharya has a M.Eng. in Computer Technology and a D.Eng. in Computer Science and Information Management with a concen- tration in knowledge discovery, both from the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. His teaching involvement and research interest are in the areas of Software Engineering and Development (Verification & Validation) and Enterprise Resource Planning. He also has interest in Learning Objectives based Edu- cation Material Design and Development. Acharya is a co-author of ”Discrete Mathematics Applications for Information
Conference Session
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chi N. Thai, University of Georgia; Yan-Fu Kuo, National Taiwan University; Ping-Lang Yen, National Taiwan University
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
and Rus7 , and Bishop etal.8 . Since Spring 2010, the first author9 had been teaching a project-based robotics course forsenior engineering students at the University of Georgia (UGA) based on “Smart Teaching”principles from the book “How Learning Works” by Ambrose et al.10. In the Summer 2010, hehad the opportunity to visit the Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering Department of NationalTaiwan University (NTU) whereas a mutual interest in teaching robotics to undergraduatesemerged from discussions as a means of collaboration at the instructor and student levels.Considering the current trend of Open Courseware such as Coursera and EdX and various on-line universities such as Udacity, we took some planning steps in Fall 2011 to prepare for
Conference Session
"Best" of BED
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anthony J McGoron, Florida International University; Hamid Shahrestani, Florida International University, BME; Michael Edward Brown, Florida International University; James Dennis Byrne, Florida International University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
noninvasive molecular imaging of cellular and tissue characterization, for monitoring toxicity, for tracking the biodistribution of known toxins and drugs, and image guided therapy. Dr. McGoron is also developing tools for automatic segmentation and registration of organs and tumors to accurately determine tumor functional and anatomical volumes which is required for accurate dosimetry calculations for image guided therapy and Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) planning.Mr. Hamid Shahrestani, Florida International University, BME Harrid Shahrestani designed and implemented departmental strategic plan in line with organizational goals and vision, resulting in improved efficiency and effectiveness. He also led the
Conference Session
Capstone Projects, Design Projects, and Teamwork
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emil H Salib, James Madison University; Joshua Alfred Erney, James Madison University; Matthew Edwin Schumaker
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
co-advisors and the consultants. This approach will also help the students to describe in morespecificity their skills inventory and in a timely manner identify those who may be potentially“the glue” of the project and those who may need to be “separated” for special training and tasks.In addition, the course advisor should offer an example of best practice in the area of systemintegration and/or management.As we mentioned above, we are planning to improve the process and form of soliciting students‟skills inventory. In addition, we believe that including, at the onset of the project, learning stylesin higher education [16] assessment as part of the skills inventory exercise may help theinstructor, the consultants and the entire class to
Conference Session
Creating and Maintaining Effective Communication Learning in the Curriculum
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State University; Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University; Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
of oral presentations and bi-weekly reports. The notebook’s value is intended to beas a form of prewriting. Students beginning the process of writing a formal report find that theyhave already written extensively on every aspect of their project.A different example of informal writing is evident in another Engineering department’s capstonecourse in the form of periodic project updates in oral presentations. Student groups are requiredto show how their planned or completed tasks will meet the objectives of their senior projects.Laying out multiple tasks, complete with Gantt Charts, creates a storyboard environment inwhich the students informally write and revise their design projects.Senior Design Team Posters. One example of a visual
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David K. Ware; David J. Ahlgren, Trinity College; Harvey F. Silverman, Brown University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
: A large manufacturing company sends a team ofseveral people to Turkey, to visit several Turkish companies that are potential suppliers of low-cost, high quality parts. The team consists of a financial analyst, a purchasing specialist, and amanufacturing engineer, so that the relative merits of each potential supplier can be evaluatedfrom the perspective of each of these professionals. After visiting the last of the Turkishcompanies, and on the planned day of departure for the U.S., a huge snow storm arrives on thescene, shutting down all area airports, and filling up all hotels in the area with stranded travelers.The company team calls many hotels looking for rooms, but finds none available. The presidentof the last-visited Turkish company
Conference Session
Materials Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter R Hondred, Iowa State University; Denise Crawford, Iowa State University; Debbie Ann Victor, Des Moines Independent Schools; Michael R. Kessler, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
times middle school students find science uninteresting simplybecause they do not see a relevance to their live experiences11. By having an influential and encouragingteacher presenting the significance of science in their lives, a positive effect has been shown in students12.By providing engineering concepts student show an increased interest in science especially in the studentsgenerally disengaged in science and therefore focusing on a group of students often forgotten10,13.Despite materials and engineering being vital to our current society, few school curriculum plans providestudents a chance to explore concepts about materials and engineering. This case study outlines aninteractive way where students learn broader concepts and at times
Conference Session
Case Studies in Entrepreneurship
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Chingnam Goh, University of Southern Queensland
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
, such as research, education and business support. In addition to the process-centricprograms that are not conducive to business owners as day-to-day decision makers, there is alimitation of the availability of time and money to gain support and then innovate accordinglyin a planned and systematic fashion. Often than not, innovation came through as an adhocand experimental approach lacking in assurance of success but lacerated with zeal andpassion for the new products and improved processes one envisioned in one’s sleep. Oftenthan not, the source of finance for the experimentation and innovation is the “credit card”, inthe hope that the new product line will sell. Time constraint is a significant barrier to SMEsinnovating. Literature suggests
Conference Session
Recruitment, Retention and First-year Programs in ECE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hector A. Ochoa, The University of Texas at Tyler; Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas at Tyler
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
that the projects where not well prepared and a considerable amount of details were missingAfter analyzing the comments it was concluded that they were based on small problems thatwere not previously observed by the faculty. Therefore, a series of changes were made to thecourse in order to fix the problems and allow the students to have a more enjoyable experience.Course OutlineThe course outline was revamped to show in detail the days and topics of the laboratory andlectures. The outline also showed when the tests are going to be applied and when the laboratoryreports were due. This allowed the students to plan in advance how they organize their time. Theaim was to create a feeling of organization and structure. The course outline and
Conference Session
Novel Methods of Construction Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
interpretation5. As such, this study ispresented in a descriptive narrative format using first person voice. The author acknowledgesthat, while these methods are not common in engineering and science research6, they areconsistent with the call to bring together disciplinary thinking with research-based practices ineducation which has been identified as a priority by the American Society for EngineeringEducation (ASEE) 7. The resulting description is intended to provide an example for futurestudies applying the Decoding process in order for researchers to better plan and understand theprocess. This study is significant because, while results of Decoding the Disciplines have beendocumented back to 20042, the literature is devoid of detailed descriptions of
Conference Session
The Climate for Women In Engineering
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Mara Wasburn
join the men at the top and plan to leave the university in June. Respondent A-1Not surprisingly, the women faculty who were employed on campus experienced feelings ofisolation and marginalization. Thirty-one percent of the women who responded to that 1988survey expressed concern about the small number of professional women employed on campusand the resulting impact on women students I feel isolated as a woman, and sense a lack of female role models. In addition, there is a lack of females within SSU’s administration. Without mentors and a support system, it is difficult to thrive in a institution dominated by males. Respondent A-24Table 1 below shows that the percentage of women among
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDs
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Doreen Lawrence; Broderick Boxley; Chris Kobus; Barbara Oakley
assignmentsfor completion over the summer to develop a deeper understanding of the linearprogression of the material. On September 4th, 2002, an additional 37 teachers weretrained in the Kumon method. On September 9th, 10th, and 11th, 2002, over 1000 students were given Kumonplacement tests at Twain, Franklin, Crofoot, and Herrington elementary schools, withassistance from Kumon, North America staff. In-service training was provided to theteachers to review the process of testing, comfortable starting point, planning, gradingand monitoring student progress. Lesson plans were created for each individual student,depending on their placement test results. Individualized daily class assignments werecreated for each student. Teachers were asked by
Conference Session
Teaching Teaming Skills Through Design
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Jane Reel; Christine Allard; Deborah Kaminski; Linda McCloskey
Page 8.687.10include: How did you generate solutions? Did one or several individuals make decisions?On a scale of 1-10, how committed were you to executing the plan? What are some of theexamples of when you received feedback during the session? This exercise is very popular and induces students to open up in ways that theywill not as members of the design team. A student might complain, “You started bossingpeople around” or “you are a mechanical engineer, you should know about this.” Thetoxic waste exercise occurs early in the semester, and allows the instructor to learn aboutteam issues and work on resolving them.5. Conflict A structure within which to understand team conflicts is presented. Several levelsof conflict are defined
Conference Session
International Engineering Education II
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Kirankumar Gundrai
could be activated effectively for its brutal activities. Theyhave technological weapons and enormous funding from some countries (state sponsoredterrorism), some fanatic groups. Terrorists have deterministic plans and traps. This makesthem so powerful and effective in their operations.E-Terrorism and psychological problemsWhen terrorist acts occur, people generally look for ways to cope with the acute stressand trauma. Terrorism evokes a fundamental fear of helplessness. The violent actions arerandom, unprovoked, and intentional, and often are targeted at defenseless citizens.Trying to cope with the irrational information that is beyond normal comprehension canset off a chain of psychological events culminating in feelings of fear
Conference Session
Issues for ET Administrators
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Abi Aghayere
Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education”In evaluating the scholarship of application, a written record of the project such as a technicalreport and/or a patent and an evaluation by those who received the service are necessaryingredients for evaluating this type of scholarship. Since most of the work done may have takenplace off campus, outside experts could be asked to sit on the committee reviewing the scholarlyactivity. Questions to be asked when evaluating the scholarship of application include:“Is the activity directly or indirectly related to the academic field or expertise of the professor?”“Have project goals been defined, procedures well planned, and actions carefully