Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Daniel Crowl, Michigan Technological University; David Caspary, Michigan Technological University; Jeffrey Allen, Michigan Technological University; Jeff Naber, Michigan Technological University; Dennis Meng, Michigan Technological University; Abhijit Mukherjee, Michigan Technological University; John Lukowski, Michigan Technological University; Jay Meldrum, Michigan Technological University; Barry Solomon, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, natural gas, hydrogen, or batteries for transportation applications.Secondary emphasis is placed on understanding professional and ethical responsibility,understanding the global and social impact of engineering solutions, and demonstratingknowledge of contemporary issues. These are addressed by working on a project to find anaffordable future energy source. More details will be provided in the next section.It is noted that the final grade is determined from attendance (10%), individual summaries(10%), and a team report (80%) which is weighted by peer evaluations.Sample Enterprise ProjectsThe following is a brief summary of Alternative Fuels Group Enterprise projects related tohydrogen and fuel cells. Each semester there are at least three

Conference Session

Engineering Education in Africa and the Middle East

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mazen Hasna, Qatar University; Abdelmagid Hamouda, Qatar University; Boualem Boashash, Qatar University

Tagged Divisions

International

continuous education. An important topic of interest to the society of engineers and this project is the current discussion about licensing in Qatar as a means to ensure lifelong learning and maintain up to date technical competencies. The society confirmed in writing that it is highly supportive of this project. 4- Qatarization Committee in the energy and industry sector: this is an important Qatari national committee that promotes different activities to attract nationals to get educated Page 15.973.4 and then work in the energy and industry sector. Being the dominant sector, there is a

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

position of Chief Materials Scientist at Modern Industries, Pittsburgh (2003 – 2004) and Assistant Manager (Metallurgy Group), Engineering Research Center, Telco, India (1985 – 1993). He has published 45 papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences including a 2007 Best Paper Award by the Manufacturing Division of American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), three review papers and three book chapters. He has participated in numerous national and international conferences. He is a member of ASM International, TMS, ACerS, ISNT, ASEE and a registered Chartered Professional Engineer. Dr. Manohar’s research interests include mathematical and computer modeling of materials behavior

Conference Session

Structure and Form in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Powell Draper, Manhattan College; Edward Segal, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger; Robert Sicurelli, Princeton University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Perform a parts count and determine the After completing this task the student will be cost for materials able to write simple formulas in Microsoft Excel.5 Construct a physical model that is not only After completing this task the student will be for display, but also for teaching and able to describe the process of building a learning physical model and the reasons underlying decisions.The tasks listed in Table 1 form the steps in the student’s design process.Design ProcessTask 1: Complete introductory tutorials for three dimensional computer-aided design (CAD)Creating

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lowery, West Virginia University; Steve Kane, West Virginia University; Vicki Kane, West Virginia University; Robin Hensel, West Virginia University; Gary Ganser, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

asexperimentally (the part done in and for the engineering class). The students, working in smallgroups, must create a solution as well as write a technical report and present the problem andtheir solution to the class.Approximately 130 students participated in these joint math-engineering projects. Theirperformance, primarily in calculus, was measured and compared to historical performance dataas well as to calculus classes without the joint projects. Preliminary data suggests that theseprojects result in improved grades in calculus. Additionally, the student enthusiasm for thesehands on projects has increased as well.* Acknowledgement and Disclaimer:This material is based upon work supported by the NASA WV Space Grant Consortium, NASA Training Grant

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Stanley, Kettering University; Timothy Cameron, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

of control in the advancement of the software package.6) The cost and time of development is relatively low because all images may be Page 15.1348.2 duplicated directly from the textbook.7) Although web based interactive animation software has been developed in the recent past by creating Java Applets or by writing computer programs in Adobe Flash ActionScript.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, no comprehensive and interactive web-based animation software for educators has been developed on a mass scale (probably due to cost16,17,18).A new feature has been added to the animation software; the user can now performparametric studies of chosen

Conference Session

e-Learning Course Development and Instruction

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie-Pierre Huguet, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tom Haley, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Yaron Danon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

completed experiment when later trying to write a lab report based on their fuzzyrecollections of the experimental details. Instructors can also direct students to use theseinteraction tools to facilitate peer review and/or assessment of the measureable products.Blended formatThe course material was designed to be delivered both locally and to remote classes. In this Page 15.638.7project, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute collaborated with the United States Military Academy atWest Point (USMA), which recently received ABET accreditation for their nuclear engineeringprogram. The USMA does not have local access to a critical facility or a linear

Conference Session

Leadership and Strategic Planning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Fry, Baylor University; Gregory Leman, Baylor University; William Jordan, Baylor University; Brian Garner, Baylor University; Brian Thomas, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

team effort tothe extent that assistance is needed. Two awards were made in 2009 and 2010.The opportunity to apply for this $5,000 summer stipend is available to ECS faculty membersonly. Proposals must focus initially on those ECS courses that are required in one of the ABET-accredited degree plans.Applicants are required to write a 1- to 2-page narrative that provides the following information: 1. Description of the courses they are currently teaching, as well as their ideas for how to integrate entrepreneurship within the course or courses they plan to target. 2. Identify the learning enhancements that they will aim to accomplish through this effort, and the numbers of students who will benefit. 3. Description of the

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Valorie Troesch, Michigan Technological Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

coached by specially-trained highschool teachers called “teacher-coaches.” Teams have access to real-world expertise andmentoring from professionals in academia and industry. HSE teams write business plans, solvereal-world problems, perform testing and analyses, build prototypes, manufacture parts, operatewithin budgets, and manage their projects. Each spring, HSE teams showcase their workalongside college students at the Michigan Tech’s Undergraduate Expo. At the conclusion oftheir HSE experiences, it is expected that the students will demonstrate proficiency in appliedworkforce skills, they will be more disposed to enter STEM careers, and they will be prepared toundertake the training and education needed to enter these careers

Conference Session

Culture, Society, and Co-op

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Millward-Sadler, University of Applied Science, Graz; Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Frank Newman, University of Graz

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

AC 2010-242: FACILITATING ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN THE LANGUAGECLASSROOM: MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES PROFILES TO IMPROVEFOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPETENCEAdrian Millward-Sadler, University of Applied Science, GrazAnnette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied SciencesFrank Newman, University of Graz Frank Newman is a senior lecturer at the Department of Translation Studies at the University of Graz in Graz, Austria. Frank has been teaching English, mainly writing skills, and American culture since 1984. He also teaches English for Engineers at the Graz University of Technology and was involved for many years in in-service teaching training in Austria and abroad. His current focus is using wikis in language teaching

Conference Session

Rethinking Traditional Pedagogical Strategies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frankie Santos Laanan, Iowa State University; Dimitra Jackson, Iowa State University; Soko Starobin, Iowa State University; Mary Darrow, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

colleges anduniversities among peers. NW-ETEP up-holds the value of relationships between high schoolsand community colleges, community colleges and universities and between students, facultymembers and support services in community colleges. “I guess it kind strikes me that so much of this is about relationships at all levels, whether department chair or school of engineering chair, it’s just even that function of getting to know each other in the different cc programs and their faculty.” “It’s been a big supporter of our human powered paper vehicle competition which is actually a result of a different NSF grant but NW-ETEP has supported and kind of built upon what started a few years ago. Now the human powered

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh; Alaine Allen, University of Pittsburgh; Jeremy Tartt, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the university. We use our summer orientation programs to address these items, and also help studentsbecome aware of the changes that are taking place in their lives and begin the transition in thestudent's immediate family structure by introducing professional counselors and advisors duringthe summer registration program [10 – 12]. This expansion of their family is continued in thefall semester, in our seminar course ENGR0081 and introduction to Engineering courseENGR0011, as peer mentors and faculty are added to their family structure. Mentoring is often thought to be a lot like coaching. In fact, many mentors do find that theirrole as mentor takes on the task of coaching the students through the various difficult transitionsfrom

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Pizziconi, Arizona State University; Susan Haag, Arizona State University; Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; Lynn Cozort, Arkansas State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; B.L. Ramakrishna, Arizona State University; Deirdre Meldrum, Arizona State University; Brian Lunt, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University; Albert Valdez, Arizona State University; Victoria Yarbrough, Arizona State University

Page 15.469.8them as they worked together throughout the rest of the semester. The 8th grade studentsbrainstormed about project ideas with their peers, as well as, their ASU student mentors. Theteachers created student teams and the projects were chosen based on student enthusiasm,societal relevance, attention to problem-solving or product improvement and feasibility. Theywere challenging, yet grade-level appropriate.The K-12 teachers and the Chandler school district coordinator organized themselves into aprofessional learning community (PLC) with the goal of being in constant communication andcoordination during the project. They met regularly to discuss planning, execution and evaluationof learning activities that blend seamlessly across

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, AZ State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

students and learningabout their struggles and how they handle them, information about graduate school andresearch on campus, meeting people from industry and graduate students helped me toget focused, learning about Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REUs), gettingprepared for a career fair, learning how to write a good resume, meeting with professors,learning that it is important to do research to find out whether research is an area theywould like to pursue.Additional topics listed by the men included: the suggestions of note taking and studying;the meetings; hearing professional recruiters come and talk about opportunities, whatthey are looking for, and how to get a job; meeting with the panel of graduate students;emphasis on course work

Conference Session

Engaging Students in Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University; Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

(concerning with comparing their performance to others). The instructors instruct students to shift their focus from comparing their performance to peer to self- comparison toward mastery goal orientation. The mastery goal orientation can also be reinforced by the expandable intelligence concept.6.3 Promote Self-Regulated LearningSelf-regulation is a continuous and integrated process. To promote students to develop self-regulated learning skills, the conceptual SRL model and its strategies have to be explicitlyintroduced to students in the classroom and integrated into their learning activities. Step two ofthe instructional strategy is to implement the following two types of instruction strategies.6.3.1 Direct Instruction

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Pembridge, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

knowledge is critical to thedevelopment of the course curriculum and the focus that teachers give to specific topics coveredthroughout the course.Social Recognition Page 15.1269.7Finally, social recognition has historically played an important part in identifying expert teachersfor study.6 For example, awards are often given to teachers that have been recognized by thecommunity as successful. Recognition can also take the form of grants or monetary funds orpublication of writings. Publications, in particular, represent a form of teaching scholarshipwhere teachers are recognized as experts when reports of their teaching practices are submittedto

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. and international universities to key elements and the business realities of industry by enabling them to "look over the shoulder" of working professionals at several levels of the technical, business, and management career paths. They will leave the program with an understanding of Boeing's business including its research needs, with an improved understanding of the practical application of technical and business skills and with a network of contacts within Boeing and among their faculty peers that can form the basis of long-term relationships”1In all, 149 faculty from around the globe have participated in this program since its inception.The objectives of the Welliver Program are1: 1. To

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter Fabrycky, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

necessary but not sufficient academic and professional activities oftechnical societies, degree programs and program accreditation, certification and licensing,knowledge generation and publications, recognition and honors, and considerations regardingmaturity. Special attention is directed to those attributes that should be developed further toenable Systems Engineering to serve society well in this century.I. Systems Engineering Defined and Described 1To this day, there is no commonly accepted definition of Systems Engineering (SE) in theliterature. Almost a half-century ago, Hendrick W. Bode, writing on “The Systems Approach” inApplied Science-Technological Progress, said that “It seems natural to begin the discussion withan immediate formal

Conference Session

Programs Using New Instrumentation Concepts

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Thomas Adams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

and visualization, and engineering system dynamics. His work has been recognized with multiple best-paper awards. He conducts workshops in student team-building, team-formation and peer evaluation, in laboratory assessment, and in effective teaching. Prior to his academic career, Dr. Layton worked for twelve years in consulting engineering, culminating as a group head and a project manager. He is a guitarist and songwriter and a member of the rock band “Whisper Down”.Thomas Adams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Thomas M. Adams is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He earned a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Rose-Hulman

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randal Abler, Georgia Tech; James Krogmeier, Purdue University; Aaron Ault, Purdue University; Julia Melkers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tamara Clegg, Georgia Institute of Technology; Edward Coyle, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Learning and Socialization: How is the student experience (at all levels) and knowledge of engineering design processes changed as a result of VIP involvement? What other skills and knowledge have they gained (technical skills, working within a team, communication, attitudes and interest in engineering, etc.) that may be attributed to the VIP experience? How do these coincide with faculty expectations of the student experience? If there are differences, what might explain them and how can the VIP program be improved? Student Mentoring Experiences: What expectations do students have regarding faculty and peer mentoring in the VIP environment? What types of mentoring exchange are considered to be most valuable with the VIP design team environment

Conference Session

Demonstration and Project Enhancements in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Yang, Cornell University; Kathryn Dimiduk, Cornell University; Susan Daniel, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

to clearly illustratewhy chemical engineering is particularly suited to these kinds of problems and what our skill setoffers to biotechnological problem-solving that no other engineering discipline is whollyequipped to do. These skills include defining systems with multiple unit operations and complexinterconnections, writing and solving systems of equations based on chemical reactionstoichiometry and kinetics, and scale-down of a system from human-scale to “lab-on-a-chip”micro-scale using dimensionless numbers. Additionally, we wanted to create a project thatwould encourage teamwork and cooperation in developing problem-solving strategies and in theanalysis and evaluation of the results. Here students would learn about dividing

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Grant; Julie Trenor

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

data (grounded).21 Charmaz, whileacknowledging the constructivist grounded theory research process is not linear, advocates sevensteps: (1) collecting rich data, (2) coding the data, (3) memo writing throughout the study, (4)theoretical sampling, saturation, and sorting, (5) reassessing what theory means, (6) writing adraft, and (7) reflecting on the process.21 This paper will discuss data collection and initialcoding. Page 15.1310.3   MethodsThe specific procedures and techniques for this study include developing and using ademographic

Conference Session

Special Session: Next Generation Problem-Solving

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Moore, University of Minnesota; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; Judith Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Barbara Olds, Colorado School of Mines; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University; Richard Lesh, Indiana University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

tools based on systematically collecteddata. Embedded in a system where students, teaching assistants and instructors use a common Page 15.1085.4rubric to generate iterations of peer assessment, TA feedback, and final evaluation for a grade.The rubric for every MEA addresses: (1) the appropriateness of the model generated, explainedor modified, (2) the generalizability of the model so it can be used in similar situations or readilyadapted to slightly different situations, and the (3) share-ability of the model so that itcommunicates readily with the intended client. By developing clear definitions of each of thesecharacteristics of a good

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

teams, communication, and public speaking. First year femaleengineering students were found to be less confident then their male peers on math and scienceabilities, but equally confident in professional and interpersonal skills8. Therefore, if femalestudents see the value of professional and interpersonal skills in the careers of engineers theymay feel more confident of their overall ability in engineering.Many students also want their college experience to provide a broad experience that preparesthem for a rich life. For these students, the rigid curriculum requirements in engineering can bediscouraging and may lead them to select other majors.13,14 At the University of Colorado atBoulder (CU) our civil engineering (CVEN) B.S. degree of 128

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daina Briedis, Michigan State Univesity; Nathaniel Ehrlich, Michigan State University; Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

15.1221.3  peer assisted learning (PAL) for undergraduate COE students who study in targeted gateway core courses  course cross linkages, wherein concepts in problem sets and assignments are linked among target pre-engineering coursesThe fourth arm of the retention program is directed at increased faculty connections withentering students, primarily through designated Connector Faculty.Of the four retention efforts, the Connector Faculty (CF) program is the only one targeting theentire freshman intenders (FI), but is specifically aimed at the student who chooses to go toanother discipline even though academic achievement is not an issue. These “leavers” werestudied extensively by Seymour and Hewitt1, with a major conclusion

Conference Session

Design Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin McCarthy, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineeringmanagement or manufacturing systems. An ill-defined domain is categorised by Lynch,Aleven, et al. 8 as one in which there is a lack of a systematic way in which to determine if aproposed solution is optimal, and by King and Kitchener 9 as one in which problems cannotbe described with a high degree of certainty or completeness.Commenting on university courses in manufacturing, Sanderson 10 says that, “the type ofanalysis, modeling and decision-making required to integrate manufacturing into real-worldapplications are beyond the scope of traditional lecture and textbook materials”, whilstDessouky 11 writes that, “traditional pedagogy in manufacturing [courses] is ill-equipped forthe task”. Woolf et al. 12 maintain that, “New tools that go beyond

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University; Marisa Orr, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

straight-forward book, movingto in-class discussion and guided learning exercises, through solving more complex homeworkproblems on their own or in groups.Active Learning and Peer Instruction: Each class period is conducted using a modifiedSCALE-UP2 approach. That is, classroom instruction is focused on in-class learning exercisessupplemented by critical reading by each student prior to class, mini-lectures at one or moretimes during class, physical demonstrations, and short reading/attention quizzes using“i>clickers”12. With this approach, attention span become less problematic and students quicklylearn that to perform in class, they must both be alert during class and prepare by reading the textbefore class. We are fortunate to have a

Conference Session

Computers and Software in Teaching Mathematics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Young, University of Central Florida; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Tace Crouse, University of Central Florida; Alvaro Islas, University of Central Florida; Scott Hagen, University of Central Florida; Cherie Geiger, University of Central Florida; Melissa Dagley-Falls, University of Central Florida; Patricia Ramsey, University of Central Florida; Patrice Lancey, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

the EXCEL Center) by the First Year EXCEL academic advisor and other college advisors. 7. Mathematics and science tutoring offered (at least 60 hours per week) by graduate students at the EXCEL Center 8. Recitation sessions, offered at the EXCEL Center, by the math professors who are instructors of the Pre-Calculus, Calculus I and Calculus II courses 9. Peer tutoring sessions organized at the NIKE Housing community (where EXCEL students reside) on Sunday through Thursday evenings. 10. Undergraduate research experiences offered by UCF faculty to interested EXCEL sophomore students.The remainder of this paper is devoted to Activity # 5 (development and teaching of the Apps Iand II courses) and its

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah; Edward Barbanell, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

) on the role of thehumanities and social sciences in managing water in the west and the implications of waterresources technical and non-technical decisions on society.Assignments included (1) a written definition of “Hydrotopia”, (2) position papers on emergingwater resources issues, and (3) semester case study team project. The general learning objectivesfor the assignments were to stimulate critical thinking, to encourage students to explore thecontext of water resources problems beyond their disciplinary perspective, to encourageinteraction among the disciplines, and to acquire knowledge about important water resourcestopics. Writing and speaking skills were stressed and reinforced in all assignments. Writtensubmissions were required and

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ryan; Nhut Ho; Shelley Bartenstein

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

data for student performance, the goals were toevaluate the level of consistency among different reviewers and to gather feedback regarding thedesign of the rubric. Results are discussed in the next section.Criteria # Description 1 Organization - Paper is well organized with respect to overall structure (e.g. appropriate section headings are used, topics are discussed in the proper sections, etc.) 2 Sentence/Paragraph Structure - Well structured sentences and paragraphs are used 3 Grammar - Correct spelling and punctuation are used 4 Style - Writing style is appropriate for technical report (e.g. proper tense and voice are used, text is