Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

JIAJUN XU P.E., University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. Army Research office, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Geological Survey. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Design and Development of a Portable Non-point Stormwater Runoff Collection and Treatment System Trinh Vu1, Robert Stephenson1, Tolessa Deksissa2, , Jiajun Xu1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, DC 20008 USA 2 Water Resources Research Institute, University of the District of Columbia, DC 20008 USAAbstractWith the

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Kenneth E. Dudeck P.E., Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Outcome E in a Junior Level Circuit Analysis Course Using a Two Port Network Design Problem. By Kenneth E. Dudeck, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Penn State University, Hazleton, PA 18202AbstractA major challenge in the education of engineers is to get student to develop criticalthinking skills. ABET[1] outcome E states that students should be able to “identify,formulate, and solve engineering problems”. Although a major amount of time in classis usually devoted to the process of solving engineering problems, not as much is allottedto the identification of a problem or the formulation of a unique solution to that

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Jose M Reyes Alamo, CUNY - New York City College of Technology; Yu Wang, The New York City College of Technology; Renata Budny, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

General Education and accreditedEngineering Technology fields by creating a framework for other disciplines to use as a model.We show the feasibility of this framework with data collected from the Department of ComputerEngineering Technology.KeywordsABET, Accreditation, Course Coordination, General Education.IntroductionThe New York City College of Technology (CityTech) is a senior college of the City Universityof New York (CUNY) with current enrollment of 17,282 students (63% full time, 37% part-time)and 1,512 faculty members (414 full-time, 1,098 part-time)1. CityTech is composed of threeschools: School of Professional Studies, School of Arts and Sciences, and School of Technologyand Design. The College experienced 50% growth in past 12 years

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peibo Guo, Conestoga High School; Kail Jialang Yuan; Zuyi Huang, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Peibo Guo1, Kail J. Yuan2, Zuyi (Jacky) Huang3 1. Conestoga High School, Berwyn, PA, 19312 2. Radnor High School, Villanova, PA 19085 3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova, PA, 19085Abstract: USA high-school students are falling behind their peers from other countries such asFinland and Korea in their mathematical performance. Solving ordinary differential equations(ODEs) is especially challenging to USA high-school and college students. It is thus necessary tore-generate the momentum of inspiring or stimulating high-school students to participate in moremath-related trainings or projects. In this work, we developed the first version of a web-basedtraining approach to

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Mehdi Shokouhian, Morgan State University; Monique H. Head, Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

thefuture materialization of an architect’s creative thought is an information chain, which finishes atthe building site by the realization of the building. Maturing thought crystallization is evidentalso in the educational process and this is determined by the level (intellect) of students, as wellas teachers [1]. In courses such as Statics, a fundamental engineering course which manyarchitecture students find to be difficult [2-4] is an opportunity to teach fundamentals andintegrate how engineers and architects work together. The difficulty has resulted in architecturestudents to perform poorly in Statics and other follow-on courses [5-6], which consequently hasoften discouraged students. On the other hand, studies on engineering students

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peter Raymond Stupak, Raritan Valley Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

relate to potential internship and professionalemployers. Although guided at arms-length by industry-experienced staff, the overwhelmingemphasis was for the Engineering Team to reach their own designs, experience their own failuresand successes in earning their own know-how, resolve their own communications and schedulingconflicts, and to respond to customer critical comments of prototype product performance.The spirit of this project is in line with previous successful efforts to expose students to“authentic” engineering experiences and environments through, for example, Service Learning[1], Learning Factories [2], Capstone Projects [3], hands-on 1st-Year Engineering Courses,Learning in Laboratory Settings [4], and Engineering courses featuring

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

work onphysics applications on students’ conceptual understanding, problem-solving ability and attitudeson physics and physics learning. Students spent time in groups outside of class exploring physicsapplications they encounter. We used students’ class tests, final exams, concept inventories andattitudinal surveys to evaluate the impact.Methods: In this study we used two different PH 201 sections of approximately 24 students ineach. One section, control group, received instructions using traditional lectures and recitations.Students in the other section divided into 5 groups with 4-5 students in each group. One of thetopics in mechanics such as 1-D kinematics, projectile motion, Newton’s laws, Momentum,Work-energy , was assigned to

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Benito Mendoza, New York City College of Technology; Pamela Ann Brown, New York City College of Technology, CUNY

Tagged Topics

Diversity

studentsoverpassed those of students from New York State and the country. We believe that this is apractical course model can be easily replicated by programs with the same interest.I. IntroductionUndergraduate research is a high-impact practice leading to student success, engagement,interest in higher education, and skills development [1] [2]. There are two well-known modelsfor incorporating research experiences in a program: Undergraduate Research Experiences(UREs) and Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) [3]. UREs representthe apprentice model. They feature individual students in faculty research laboratories andprovide the opportunity for one-on-one mentoring. On the other hand, CUREs are embedded intothe curriculum and are available

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Vasudeva Rao Aravind, Clarion University; Kevin D Croyle, Clarion University Of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Diversity

computer based tutor deployed in their classroom,was expected to fill that gap. The population of 26 students was provided 30 problems to besolved in the classroom. The instructor was available in the class for the students to ask questionsor solve technical issues, if any.A screenshot of the tutor screen provided to the students is shown in figure 1. The left panel onthe tutor consisted of a summary of all the rotational kinematic equations of motion. The studentswere expected to use these to solve for the unknown variable provided on the right panel. If astudent has trouble solving the problem, he/she can request a hint by clicking on the ‘hint’button. The student can indicate that they are done with the problem by entering the value of

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peter Raymond Stupak, Raritan Valley Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Mid-Atlantic ASEE Conference, April 7-8, 2017 MSUrespond to customer critical comments on performance. The goal was to give students authentichands-on product development and project execution experience to relate to potential internshipand professional employers.The spirit of this project is in line with previous successful efforts to expose students to“authentic” engineering experiences and environments through, for example, Service Learning[1], Learning Factories [2], Capstone Projects [3], hands-on 1st-Year Engineering Courses,Learning in Laboratory Settings [4], and Engineering courses featuring Mechanical Dissection asa learning tool [5].The current “Illuminated Umbrella” project is a continuation of the pilot “Authentic

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Vazgen Shekoyan; Rex Taibu, Queensborough Community College-CUNY; George Tremberger Jr, CUNY-Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

College-CUNY Dr. Rex Taibu has taught studio physics classes for several years. His teaching experience has shaped his research focus. Currently, Dr. Taibu is actively engaged in 1) promoting scientific inquiry attitudes in students through designing, implementing, and assessing in- novative inquiry based physics labs. 2) conducting research regarding the role of language in conceptual understanding. 3) exploring cosmic rays (detection, data collection, and analysis).Mr. George Tremberger Jr, CUNY-Queensborough Community CollegeProf. Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College Tak Cheung, Ph.D., professor of physics, teaches in CUNY Queensborough Community College. He also conducts research and mentors student

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

David RB Kraemer, Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

writing data to the SD card.ResultsStudents used filtering operations, such as the 3-point moving-average filterdemonstrated in class, to smooth noisy data. Acceleration data can be numericallyintegrated to calculate the velocity (given an initial velocity), and the velocity data can be Spring 2017 Mid-Atlantic ASEE Conference, April 7-8, 2017 MSUintegrated to get position data. An example is shown in Figure 1, where straight-lineacceleration of an airport tram was measured. These data were integrated to get avelocity time history, and integrated again to get a position time history. The totaldistance traveled by the tram was then compared to an estimate of the length of the tramtrack

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II - Study Abroad

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Derek Guthrie Williamson, University of Alabama; Steven Jones, University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

University Alabama as part of itsvisit to The University of Havana. Jones arranged, through the faculty in residence, a meetingwith The Director of International Programs Office CUJAE. Professor Jones, a member of thedepartment of civil engineering, had been engaged in a number international education andresearch efforts in locations around the world for several years. He conducted this first trip as anexploratory trip to determine if CUJAE had interest in collaborating with this U.S. institution.This trip was very illuminating and the following observations were made: (1)CUJAE had avibrant international program with over 100 collaborative relationships/MOUs with engineeringinstitutions from all over the world, (2) these relationships were for the

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Skills Development

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Brady Creel, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Sandra Nite, Aggie STEM, Texas A&M University; Jowaher E. Almarri; Ziyad Shafik, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Sahar Mari, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Wadha A. Al-Thani

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

and recruit Qataris toward STEM-related education and careers.The need is great: Some industry leaders estimate that Qatar’s national demand for citizens intechnical professions is more than double the available workforce — Qatar’s national populationis estimated at approximately 300,000 citizens.1 This demand does not account for rapidlyemerging needs in defense and national security as Qatar invests in high-tech defense systemsand weapons; government ministries are actively recruiting Qatari engineers and scientists tosupport deployment, maintenance and oversight of these technologies. As a result, there has beena need to introduce Qatari youth to new notions of the diverse range of engineering disciplinesand to highlight their significance

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Curriculum I

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

N. Krishnamurthy, (Self-employed)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

. They had no problem following the various Western ethical theories andsimply took the case studies as aberrations in foreign lands. Even if a few did not agree withsome decisions, they accepted them as course requirements. But Group-B accepted certain concepts, and rejected others. For a (relatively) unbiasedassessment of corruption, I would show something like Figure 1. The figure, indicating anaverage ranking from two reliable sources2,3, does not cover all the 180 countries involved in thesurvey ranging from No. 1 (Denmark) to the last (No. 165 being less than 180 because ofcountries having same rank). It shows 31 nations, some as 'benchmarks' and half a dozen SouthEast Asian countries of my students, with others tacked on to avoid

Conference Session

Mid Atlantic Papers

Collection

2017 Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

Authors

Erick Martinez P.E., United States Military Academy; Charles M Ouellette, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996; Luke Thomas Plante, United States Military Academy; Benjamin Michael Wallen P.E., United States Military Academy; Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

number of keystone events addressing the potential for a “SilentSpring” and the “tragedy of the commons”, for example [1]-[2]. Shortly after the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act, the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, and theestablishment of Earth Day, Saarinen [3] emphasized the need to understand the link betweenhuman activity and environmental impact as future decisions grow in significance. These conceptsare not new as Thomas Malthus [4] emphasized the stresses the human population may place onresources essential for continued survival may result in collapse due to essentially exceeding theEarth’s carrying capacity. Although technological improvements provide a means to continuallychange projected resource exhaustion, the

Conference Session

Curriculum and Assessment I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asuman Cagla Acun Sener, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Lloyd Hieb, University of Louisville; Olfa Nasraoui , University of Louisville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

-WIE. She is also on the leadership team of the Kentucky Girls STEM collaborative network. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 USING A DATA SCIENCE PIPELINE FOR COURSE DATA: A CASE STUDY ANALYZING HETEROGENEOUS STUDENT DATA IN TWO FLIPPED CLASSESAbstractThis study presents a data science methodology to integrate and explore disparate student datafrom an engineering-mathematics course. Our methodology is based on exploratory data miningand visualization for analyzing and visualizing raw student data from multiple data sources. Theexploratory analysis serves two purposes, 1) it supports the instructor's desire to gain insightsinto the implementation of a flipped

Conference Session

Wireless Technology

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

this paper are available forother schools that would like to use and/or modify for their own purposes.[1]IntroductionAdministrative tasks like scheduling require substantial work doing iterations of menialtabulations, analysis, and revision. Most colleges and universities have software that helps withthese tasks, but it is not well suited to a technical curriculum with extensive prerequisites,laboratory/equipment/software constraints, and faculty availability. The result is a lot of manualprocessing of spreadsheets and timetables.At Western Carolina University (WCU) there are five residential undergraduate programs thatshare a number of courses. In addition, there are two undergraduate programs that are offeredoff-campus and a residential and

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

reducingcost can still be conducted. Students are asked to study the process and identify factors thatimpact quality and productivity with the objective of improving both.The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the proposed PBL method on processimprovement and learning. The paper will attempt to answer the following questions: (1) Can themanufacturing process be improved using the proposed method in existing labs? and (2) Willstudents learn better using at least two iterations with PDSA and design of experiments?IntroductionResearch shows that students learn better if they are engaged in, and motivated to struggle with,their own learning. For this reason, if no other, students appear to learn better if they workcooperatively in small

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 3 - Spatial Visualization Topics

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Tech; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego; John E. Bell, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

low spatial skills.Keywords: spatial reasoning, apps, augmented reality, engineering educationI Background Spatial visualization is the ability to mentally represent and manipulate two-dimensional(2D) and three-dimensional (3D) figures. Spatial skills are often used in STEM careers, such asthose in engineering and medicine, and have been positively correlated with increased grade pointaverages and retention in STEM-related fields, including math, engineering, computerprogramming, and science [1, 2]. Spatial visualization skills are learnable [1, 3, 4], but moststudents do not receive formal instruction in K-12 or at the university level. In addition, a particularlack of exposure to spatial visualization skills may explain why women

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Focusing on Student Success

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University; Laurel Whisler, Clemson University; Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University; Bridget Trogden, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

framework contributes to students’ knowledge of how to effectively learn in STEMcourses in addition to sharpening metacognitive processes. A mixed methods approach will beutilized to analyze student learning gains by quantifying exam grades as well as qualitativelyexamining students’ self-reported responses through reflections, exam wrapper survey results,and documentation of changed study behaviors.IntroductionOur 2018 ASEE paper “Work in Progress: Strategic, Translational Retention Initiatives toPromote Engineering Success” [1] described a pilot program designed to leverage existinguniversity resources to support successful course and program outcomes for first-year studentsentering general engineering with weak calculus skills. The General

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sidaard Gunasekaran, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

present all along from ideationto execution every step of the way? There might not be a right answer to all these questions but if this entitycalled “creativity” is removed from the process, there is a strong belief that these ingenious designs mightnot exist. Philosophers such as V.S. Bibler and V.M. Rosin [1] considered cognition as an act of creativity,whereas N.M Berdyaev [2] considered creativity as freedom. The concept of creativity itself has beenwidely studied in psychology and in engineering education ([3], [4], [5], [6]) but it has not beensatisfactorily defined [7]. Without a clear definition of creativity, it is hard to make a tangible connectionthe creativity plays in engineering. However, Kazerounian and Foley [8

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly B. Demoret P.E., Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

TimeCardsystem appears be a useful tool to confront “social loafing” or “freeriding”- where some studentsfail to contribute their fair share of the work. This system may be particularly helpful forCapstone instructors with large classes and large teams who are seeking greater visibility onteam processes and more quantifiable data for evaluating individual effort.Introduction and BackgroundThe practice of engineering requires individuals to work with others towards a common goal,and engineers spend a surprisingly large amount of time interacting with other people tocoordinate and complete work [1]. Capstone Design is typically a team endeavor that allowsengineering students to practice "soft skills" such as teamwork and communication that areessential

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University; Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

framework is desired to give students more direction and structure sothat their capstone projects (or senior design projects) can be expanded to have more relevantmarket value. The intent of the entrepreneurial approach is not to graduate students who willstart their own businesses (although some of the engineering alumni have already done so), butto motivate and create value for themselves and their employer that benefits society bydeveloping their entrepreneurial mindset [1] [2] [3] [4].Based on the authors’ experience, some students have a hard time coming up with a project thatmeets the requirements for the capstone course. This paper describes attempts to introduceentrepreneurial concepts integrated into a capstone course, given in this paper

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Tewari, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

concepts and techniques.However, a major portion of teaching still takes places in classroom settings. Educators adoptvarious pedagogical practices, teaching-aids, and technologies to engage students in learningthe course contents effectively within the controlled environment of classrooms. In ideal classsettings, an instructor should be able to reach out to all students regardless of their learningstyles. These learning styles could be sensory, intuitive, visual, verbal, reflective, active,sequential and global as defined in the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) classification system[1] - [5].Active and hands-on learning in environmental engineering is not new. More recently, theauthor has been involved in multiple studies focused on promoting

Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clint Kohl, Cedarville University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and it is an elective forboth electrical engineering and computer science majors. The class meets three times a weekwith two, one hour lectures and one two hour laboratory. The number of students enrolled in thiscourse over the last six years is shown in Figure 1 and has averaged around 15 students. Havingsmall class sizes such as these makes it more feasible to give each student the help and attentionneeded in order to successfully complete each project. Each student works on his or her ownrobot, which assures that every student gains experience with all aspects of the project. Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 # Students enrolled 15 16 14 12 21

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Grace Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans

multidisciplinary backgrounds, blurring thelines between discipline-specific boundaries. Machines, materials, and processes constantly growin complexity due to their purpose and flexibility as well as customer expectations. However,there is growing emphasis on engineers with “professional skills” as well. The NationalAcademy of Engineering (NAE) in two reports [1],[ 2] stresses the need for engineers to possessleadership abilities. The former emphasized engineering graduates “must understand theprinciples of leadership and be able to practice them in growing proportions as their careersadvance.”Fundamental engineering, very applied and hands-on, is a stated need by industry. The ASMEVision 2030 [3] states that the problems that mechanical engineers work on

Conference Session

ET Projects

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University; Steve C. Hsiung, Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

geographic location.Introduction The advancement of technology has profound impacts to our daily activities andexperiences. Most people would agree that technological change has had a significant influenceon the way we teach and learn in past couple decades. Distance Education, Distance Learning orHybrid Learning has become a more demanding practice in academia as indicated in research.Accordingly, 29.7% of all graduate and undergraduate students have taken at least one distanceeducation course. [1] It not only provides learning opportunities for learners from distant regions,but educators also see the potential to increase communication among a group of scholarswithout physically travelling a great distance and creates a borderless virtual

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Professional Skill Development

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen A. Harper, Ohio State University; Richard J. Freuler, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Dr. Freuler earned his Bachelor of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering (1974), his B.S. in Computer and In- formation Science (1974), his M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering (1974), and his Ph.D. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering (1991) all from The Ohio State University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Visibly Random Grouping Applied to First-Semester EngineeringIntroductionThis complete evidence-based practice paper is based on visibly random grouping (VRG). Thistechnique, introduced in the mathematics education literature in 2014, has been shown to have avariety of benefits [1] [2]. While there may not have been sufficient time for this technique to bea

Conference Session

Experiences of Multidisciplinary Engineering Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicki Stieha, Boise State University; Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Amy J. Moll, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

retain global leadership inscience and technology [1]. As of 2017, the 300,000 degrees awarded annually are “only afraction” of the needed STEM degrees [2]. As has been noted by others [e.g.3, 4], one desirableapproach to addressing the U.S. need for additional engineering graduates is to focus efforts onrecruiting and retaining women and underrepresented groups into engineering. Accordingly,researchers have been exploring ways to draw more women and underrepresented minorities intoSTEM and have found that degree flexibility, greater integration of multiple disciplines,authentic learning challenges, and dynamic and collaborative approaches to teaching andlearning are all critical to making increases [2]. While not simple, making changes to