Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Jacquot, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Robert Kubichek, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

2006-179: ANIMATION SOFTWARE FOR THE TEACHING OF ELECTRICALTRANSMISSION LINESRaymond Jacquot, University of Wyoming Ray Jacquot received his BSME and MSEE degrees at the University of Wyoming in 1960 and 1962 respectively. He was an NSF Science Faculty Fellow at Purdue University where he received the Ph.D. in 1969. He is a member of ASEE, IEEE and ASME and has been active in ASEE for over three decades serving as Rocky Mountain Section Chair and PIC IV Chair. His professional interests are in modeling, control and simulation of dynamic systems. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering. E-mail: quot@uwyo.edu.Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming Cameron H. G

Conference Session

Teaching with Technology in Dynamics and Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Nordenholz, California Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

theinstructor. The function file requires a simple one-line command to run it. The function filedoes not solve for the motion of the system; it merely provides the animation graphics.Specifically, it displays the system in motion in real time (according to the student’s solution)while simultaneously redrawing the student’s plots. The animation function files are problem-specific. Several have been created by the author and are available for download.The advantages of this approach to animation are that: i) it is simple, requiring only anelementary knowledge of MATLAB, and no additional software, ii) it can be used with eitherclosed-form or numerical solutions to the problem, iii) it provides a physical interpretation of astudent’s mathematical solution

Conference Session

Manufacturing Laboratory Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

be familiarwith these modern tools and their applications, and to understand when and how to effectivelyutilize them. At our university these applications are being taught under the title of virtualsimulation (VS). This paper explains how VS has been integrated into our curriculum, and hasbeen used to establish effective partnerships with major manufacturing companies.IntroductionWe are in our eighth year of a curriculum utilizing advanced industrial computer simulationsoftware. The virtual simulation classes are offered in a sequence of three quarters, earning fourcredits per quarter. Students learn specific simulation applications from tutorials and onlinecourse materials. Teams of students then work with local companies to create

Conference Session

Software and e-learning in the ME curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Javed Alam, Youngstown State University; Venkata Seshada Aluri, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the inclusion of animated pedagogical agent will add the affectivecomponents to the e-Lecture. A literature review25-30 suggested that animated pedagogical agent Page 11.478.3establish social collaboration with learners and facilitate learning.Table 1: A timeline sampling of e-Learning digital content using ICT in teaching Structural Mechanics and Numerical Analysis. e-Learning Digital Content Timeline Area e-Content e-Lecture e-Assessment e-Computation e-Simulation Finite Element

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Engineering Courses of 2020

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paulo Blikstein, Northwestern University; Uri Wilensky, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-2496: A CASE STUDY OF MULTI-AGENT-BASED SIMULATION INUNDERGRADUATE MATERIALS SCIENCE EDUCATIONPaulo Blikstein, Northwestern University Doctoral student at the Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling at the School of Education and Social Policy (Northwestern University).Uri Wilensky, Northwestern University Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and at the School of Education and Social Policy at Northwestern University. Director of the Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling (CCL). Page 11.11.1© American

Conference Session

Manufacturing Laboratory Experience

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Landon Gray, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

such as:‚ High faculty-to-student ratios: For example, the ratio for Manufacturing Automation and Robotics at one major university is 1:36 for lectures and 1: 18 for each of two lab sections.‚ Limited lab access: Students may only use equipment during scheduled lab times.‚ Limited resources to support students outside labs and the classroom: In many cases, no lab assistant support is available.‚ Limited equipment to support lab assignments: Because lab equipment is often expensive, students must often work in groups. For example, an industrial scale PLC—such as an Allen Bradley RSLogix 5550 processor and a set of I/O cards—costs about $8000.To help offset these obstacles, in recent years, a variety of computer and

Conference Session

Mechanical ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Earley, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

course Page 11.1334.2is divided into the two traditional major topics, kinematics and kinetics. Time distribution forthe two topics is approximately 70% kinematics and 30% kinetics with the kinetics portionoccurring during the latter part of a sixteen week semester. A generic list of the computersoftware programs currently utilized within the course include: word processing, spread-sheet,two dimensional CAD, and two dimensional rigid body animation simulation. The computerlaboratory component of the course is scheduled in an engineering technology departmentcomputer laboratory within which all necessary software is made available to the students

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravel Ammerman, Colorado School of Mines; Pankaj Sen, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

offer power engineeringcurriculum at the undergraduate level, commonly use computer aided simulation techniques toenhance laboratory teaching. The use of a computer aided simulation package like PowerWorldis very effective at helping students learn the complex processes involved in power systemplanning. PowerWorld Simulator is a powerful visualization tool; the animation capabilities helpthe students understand the complexity of the power-flow problem.Students, in general, lose interest in a course that focuses entirely on computer simulationtechniques and computer software. Consequently at CSM, we have taken a very differentapproach to developing our Advanced Energy Systems Laboratory. A special feature of ouradvanced laboratory is the

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Lord, University of San Diego; Leonard Perry, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

lives.IntroductionTablet PCs are the latest technology in portable computing. Featuring pen-based entry where theuser writes “digital ink” directly on the computer screen, Tablet PCs typically offer thefunctionality of a laptop or notebook with less weight and added benefits. They are gainingacceptance in K-121,2 as well as college classrooms both for faculty presentations and studentnote-taking.3,4 In this paper, we are interested in the use of the Tablet PC for instructors in theirclassroom lectures. Tablet PCs offer numerous attractive features for faculty such as capturingcontent for instructor review, providing handouts for students, ability to incorporate multimediafeatures such as simulations, websites, or images, generating excitement among students by

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roxanne Toto, Pennsylvania State University; Mark Wharton, Pennsylvania State University; John Cimbala, Pennsylvania State University; John Wise, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ispresented on-screen. As the lecture proceeds I can refer to the on-screen graphics and use theTablet pen to highlight items or to solve equations. Students can write on their copy of the notesbut are relieved from the need to recreate all of the figures and graphs; thus they can concentratemore on learning the material and less on trying to be stenographers.While it is possible to do the same thing with an overhead transparency projector and markingpens, the Tablet PC allows the instructor to: ‚ run software applications (analysis and simulation tools, for example) ‚ incorporate videos or animation into the presentation ‚ access content on the internet ‚ skip the steps of making transparency copies before class and then erasing markings

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kain Osterholt, Belcan Corp.; Adam Vaccari, Caterpillar Incorporated; Joe Faivre, Caterpillar Incorporated; Gary Dempsey, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

11.7 to 93.2 RPM voltage without arm (1 to 6V) Simulation and real-time parameters: Joystick, VR display, and robot arm Control cycle time = 10ms VR display has 7 viewpoints. All angle sampled at 10ms rate. Sim- 200 MHz Pentium-based computer, external gear and arm rotations can be Mechanics model sampled at 5ms rate. Quanser Consulting Data Acquisition observed. Simulation time is 1.7 times Toshiba Satellite Pro 6100 Labtop Board (MultiQ-3 TM ) slower than physical system. Examples: Computer, Pentium IV 1.8GHz, A simulation time of 60 seconds 512MB RAM corresponds to 35.3 seconds real-time. The effective VR display refresh time is 17ms.IV. Workstation Use in Control Theory

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Catherine Bale, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and refinementsincluding a Frequently Asked Questions page. The contest web site also provides free downloadsof the client software for the contest, the second technology support.Client software. The West Point Bridge Designer client software isprovided at no cost. It runs on any Windows computer, presenting avirtual design problem in a graphical form that resembles anengineering drawing of a real job site where a pin truss bridge is tobe erected across a river gap. The contestant “builds” a virtualbridge, placing joints and members by manipulating a simplifiedComputer-Aided Design (CAD) user interface. Finally thecontestant determines whether her design is successful with a singlebutton press that causes a simulated truck to pass over the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rocio Alba-Flores, University of Minnesota-Duluth; Fernando Rios-Gutierrez, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the main topic for the DesignWorkshop is that in addition to involving the electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines,robotics deals with other sciences and humanities subjects, such as animal and human behaviorimitation, learning techniques, and environment interactions. Robotic systems can relate to mostprocesses in nature and human behavior. Because of this, their potential as educational tools forteaching and learning various subjects in technology and sciences is unlimited 1.The design and implementation of an autonomous navigation vehicle requires a broad knowledgein areas traditionally not covered in a single discipline. These areas include electrical andcomputer engineering, computing sciences, mechanical engineering, and other

Conference Session

What's New in Mechanics of Materials?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Hennessey, University of St. Thomas; Luke Hacker, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

comment was “I liked how it showed the gradualchange of the stresses.” The one student who did not respond favorably noted: “No, I have fairlygood visualization skills. It backed up what I already understood.” In summary, studentsgenerally indicated that the DVD enhanced their understanding of the concept of the state-of-stress at a point and the lead author will continue to use this DVD as a teaching aid whenteaching this course.6. ConclusionsA CAE-based simulation / animation tool has been developed for permitting the dynamic 3Dvisualization of the state-of-stress at a point using an arbitrary time varying coordinate frameattached to the differential cube. It was made possible through a change of tensor bases,numerically computing software (i.e

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur; Elsa Villa, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

little to do with solving dynamics problems.17. The computer animations given in class have helped me to solve dynamics problems.24. After looking at the computer animations I can better understand the drawings on problems andexams. Modules and the Questioning that Took Place2. The questions that were asked while viewing the simulations/demonstrations helped me understandthe lecture material. Page 11.1280.92 The instructor believes in the KISS principle of design; that is, “Keep It Simple Stupid”.7. The questions that were asked while viewing the simulations/demonstrations made me think moreabout dynamics

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Rezaei, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.; Marco Schoen, Idaho State University; Gurdeep Hura, West Viginia University Inst. of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

computer screen. Itis the intent of this paper to present some of these computational tools capability and theireffectiveness during the classroom to the audience in ASEE conference. These software includebut not limited to: 1. Working Mode©, which is a general purpose Simulation/ Animation package. 2. MathCAD©, which is a comprehensive design environment that enables one to combine formulas, text and interactive graphics in a single worksheet. 3. ANSYS©, which is a Finite Element Analysis software. 4. Etc.These simulation demonstrations will prepare the students to understand and better visualize thefundamental concept being taught in the classroom.In the next sections a few concepts in engineering has been chosen to apply the

Conference Session

Energy Resources, Efficiency, and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarma Pisupati, Pennsylvania State University; Wendy Mahen, PennSylvania State University; Mark Deluca, Pennsylvania State University; Martin Gutowski, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

dynamic explanation is shown in Figure 6. In accordance with the CognitiveTheory of Multimedia Learning, integrating the animation of the problems with thenarrated descriptions allowed students to use both their auditory and visual channels,resulting in reduced cognitive load and more effective processing of incominginformation (Mayer & Moreno, 2003).In addition to the online lessons, students also completed four simulations. Allsimulations included the caricature of the instructor and were highly interactive. Thesimulations presented the students with practical, real-world situations where theknowledge they attained in the course could be put to use, such as calculating the costsavings from adding additional insulation to a house. The

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Methods and Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Maxim, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

evaluation, usability assessment, genre analysis, media history Games and Society player demographics, game cultures, game affect, game applications Game Design game/play mechanics, game theory, interface design, user task analysis, design tradeoffs, quality assurance Game Programming physics, information design, artificial intelligence, networking, multimedia programming, implementation tools, prototyping, testing Visual Design architectural design, information visualization, computer graphics, animation, cinematography, 3D hardware Audio Design audio theory, audio aesthetics, music, sound effects, 3D audio Interactive

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanzhong (Shawn) Duan, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

EducationAnnual Conference & Exposition. Albuquerque, NM.15. Walker, M. W., and Orin, D. E. (1982). Efficient Dynamic Computer Simulation of Robotic Mechanisms.Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurements, and Control, Vol. 104, Sept. pp. 3363 – 3387.16. Wright, S. (1996). Case-based instruction: Linking theory to practice. Physical Educator. Vol. 53, Issue 4.17. Newberry, C. F. (2005). A Missile System Design Engineering Model Graduate Curriculum. Proceedings of the2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Portland, OR.18. Gulley, N. (1993). PNDANTM2 S-function for Animating the motion of a double pendulum. The Math Works,Inc.19. Swisher, G. M. and Darvennes, C. M. (2001) An Integrated Vibrations and System

Conference Session

Incorporating Projects into the Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Preliminary Assessment of an MSC.ADAMS Control Design Project in Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering1ABSTRACT The required undergraduate controls sequence at the University of Texas El Paso consists ofa lecture and laboratory. To supplement the hardware laboratory a design project was assigned.The project used simulation software to visually model the hardware. This format differed fromtraditional projects that use software such as Simulink because the students could see thehardware moving on their computer screens not just a “scope” output. The anticipated benefits ofthe project are: • Reduced hardware maintenance costs – the students cannot damage the equipment. • Enhanced learning experience – the visual simulator can

Conference Session

Technology in Classrooms - Construction Engineering Perspective

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhili (Jerry) Gao; Russell Walters, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

applications toenhance construction process visualization with such tools as 3D animation. The sequence oftopics, course sequencing, software licensing, and laboratory development will be discussed inthe paper along with a proposed project example. After students obtain these basic skills, theywill be able to graphically simulate and the operate construction process with spatial constructiondata in a simple, accurate, safe, and effective way. The prerequisite knowledge for these coursesand the way to bring industry practice into this course is discussed as well.IntroductionRecently, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) arebecoming increasingly useful and beneficial in construction engineering and management

Conference Session

Standards Based Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Titus, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; John Raczek, University of Maryland-College Park; Bruce Jarrell, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Carolyn Parker, George Washington University; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

need to understand the specific Page 11.1463.3content. Interactive animations are usedthroughout the online content to illustrate key concepts, such as how various parameters affectdiffusion. Each student then mathematically simulates a hemodialysis system online to predictthe performance. This allows the student to manipulate a variety of parameters to determinewhich combination is likely to yield a successful design. After a student successfully completesthe computer simulation, the patient and doctor (via video segment) discuss their visions ofhemodialysis for the future and reiterate the challenge to design and build a hemodialysis

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared Berrett, Brigham Young University

literacyand interest in engineering.Year 1 – Computer engineering? -- More Like Multimedia Design Determined that engineering and technology would be valuable to an elementarycurriculum, in 2003 I set out to find a school that I could partner with. I was turned down by twoschools before I found a Principal that was interested. As the Principal of Canyon CrestElementary School and I began to discuss what it was I wanted, I naturally turned to definingtechnology and engineering. He listened politely, but suggested that their new iMac computerlab would be a great place to focus. Before accepting the role of teaching computers andinformation technologies, I made one more plug to teach other technical systems likemanufacturing, transportation

Conference Session

Research in Minority Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Whitney Smith, UMES/Rutgers University; Uditha Poddalgoda, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Omar A. Omar, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Amy Jarrett, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Aaron Redden, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Daniel Seaton, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Robert Johnson, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

well as, anecdotalevidences and informal observations by the project advisor substantiate that the desired goalswere positively impacted.Subsequent to completion of the project, during a middle school outreach effort that the projectadvisor co-directs, the movie of the animation assembly sequence was utilized to assist middleschool student teams to perform similar assembly tasks with considerable success.The extension possibilities of the project include: (i) Exploring other capabilities of the ProEngineer environment. (ii) Learning Not Quite C and JAVA for implementation on Lego Robots. (iii) Exploring other renewable energy sources such as fuel cell, wind power etc. (iv) Improving animation sequencing and movie file of the

Conference Session

BME Curriculum Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Schneeweis, University of Illinois-Chicago; J Hetling, University of Illinois-Chicago; Patrick Rousche, University of Illinois-Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

neural engineering begin their track by taking two foundationalneuroscience courses offered by the Biological Sciences Department. These courses, BioS286:Biology of the Brain and BioS 484:Neuroscience I provide much of the core contentessential for understanding and working with the nervous system. The core of the neuralengineering track consists of three neural engineering courses taught by BioE faculty(Fig. 1). BioE 472:Models of the Nervous System is a quantitative neurobiology coursefocusing on fairly classical topics in the domains of membrane physiology, signaling inexcitable cells, and synaptic communication. BioE:475:Neural Engineering 1 (NE1) is aseminar style course where students explore current issues in neural engineering by

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marty Fitzgerald, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

adding any light to thescene, rather they require no lighting to be visible. There is no bounce or reflected light in thescene. This is the hallmark of basic computer graphic lighting. Page 11.312.4 Figure 5 Render with Basic LightingThe next step in the typical lighting scenario is to try and simulate the bouncing light by addingmore direct light sources oriented to mimic the paths of bounced light. For instance, you mightput a light on the floor, pointing up at the ceiling, to emulate bounced light. While this can beeffective, and certainly much better

Conference Session

Mechanical ET Design & Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng Lin, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

componentsand hydraulic power system. Animation software using Automation Studio and AutodeskInventor simulated the system during the design stage before the machine was fabricated.Main design equations are also given in this paper.1. IntroductionThe course of Automation and Controls offered in the Mechanical EngineeringTechnology Program of the Department of Engineering Technology at Old DominionUniversity has the following objectives:1 (1) Pneumatic components and pneumatic circuit designs. (2) Feedback from electrical sensors and related ladder diagrams. (3) Introduction to Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC)2,3 and programs. (4) Integration of pneumatic, electrical, and/or hydraulic components with PLC programs.To let

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Javad Hashemi, Texas Tech University; Sachin Kholamkar, Texas Tech University; Naveen Chandrashekar, Texas Tech University; Edward Anderson, Texas Tech University

,” ComputerApplications in Engineering Education, 7, pp. 213-220.3. Avouris, N. M., Tselios, N., and Tatakis, E. C., 2001, “Development and Evaluation of a Computer-BasedLaboratory Teaching Tool,” Computer Applications in EngineeringEducation, 9, pp. 8-19.4. Bhandari, A. and Shor, M., 1998, “Access to an Instructional Control Laboratory Experiment through the WorldWide web,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1319-1322.5. Budhu M., 2001, “Enhancing Instructions Using Interactive Multimedia Simulations”. Simulation, 76, pp. 222-231.6. Schmid, C., 1999, “A Remote Laboratory Using Virtual Reality on the Web” Simulation 73, pp. 13-21.7. Gustavsson, I., 2003, “User Defined Electrical Experiments in a Remote Laboratory,” ASEE Annual

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramachandran Venkatasubramanian, Arizona State University; Guillermo G. Mendez, Arizona State University; Brian Skromme, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a BJT using theEbers-Moll model. The ac response of the pn junction is illustrated using animation, where theexcess carrier concentration is rapidly re-plotted at successive instants of time to illustrate boththe temporal and spatial variations. The iteration capabilities of Excel are used to accomplish the“sweeping” of the time variable. The frequency can be adjusted to see its effect on the acbehavior, although the time taken to plot a single time period is kept fixed so that the behaviorcan be observed clearly. We also carried out major revisions and enhancements of the other workbooks,particularly with regard to the GUI design. Previously, we frequently used scrollbars to adjustquantities such as doping

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Rywalt, Florida Tech; John Hadjilogiou, Florida Tech

subtraction operation, a need arises tointroduce a new way to represent numerical values inside the computer. This gives rise toa new system that is very natural, and in literature is known as two's complementrepresentation. Using this representation, the arithmetic instruction repertoire of the datapath is increased tremendously. The students then learn ways to design and simulate the Page 11.132.8last major block of the data path and feel comfortable with it. In literature this is knownas an ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit).In order for various registers to exchange information between each other, with aminimum number of wires, the "Bus Architecture and