Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Byron A Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Taylor Chesson, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Paper ID #36566ME Fundamentals 1 and 2: a new course sequence for first-year mechanicalengineeringDr. Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University Sally Pardue, Ph.D., is an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Tennessee Tech University, and former director (2009 - 2018) of the Oakley Center for Excellence in the Teaching of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.Dr. Byron A Pardue, Tennessee Technological UniversityMrs. Taylor Chesson, Tennessee Technological University Taylor Chesson is an Online Instructional Design Specialist in the Center for Innovation in Teaching and Learning at

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Nathalia Peixoto, George Mason University; Padmanabhan Seshaiyer; Linghan Zhang, George Mason University; Holly Matto, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

; project-based learning.Introduction We examine here the short-term impact of a hands-on, project-based intensive summerexperience for undergraduate students. Motivated by prior research showing that creativity isdriven largely by specific curiosity (1) and that positive project outcomes are correlated with thesense of ownership (2), we proposed and delivered a 10-week intensive (40 hours/week) summerprogram to undergraduate students majoring in STEAM. We recruited from a diverse pool ofapplicants (64 undergraduate applicants from 14 different majors). The selected cohort included10 undergraduates, 3 high school students, and one graduate assistant. The diversity in majors(Biology, Computer Science, Bioengineering, Game design, Psychology

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Nektaria Tryfona, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sindhu Chava, Virginia Tech; Ayush Dhar, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Taimoor Qamar, Virginia Tech ; Daniel Newman, The Boeing Company

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

Identification based on Vibration Signals using Machine Learning Nektaria Tryfona1, Daniel Newman2, Taimoor Qamar1, Ayush Dhar1, Sindhu Chava1 1 The Brandley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 2 Boeing Research and TechnologyAbstractThis paper highlights an industry-driven Project-Based Learning (PBL) activity focusing on thedevelopment of Machine Learning algorithms for Anomaly Detection to be used in vibrationdiagnostics centered around the analysis of aircraft equipment. Students worked alongside aBoeing

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Byron A Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Taylor Chesson, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

material properties knowledge, the course focuses on new content knowledgeconcerning failure due to static and dynamic loading leading to possible yield and/or fatigue, considering © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conferencedeflection to meet various design constraints. A first course will focus more on the analysis of simplegeometries. A second course will often delve deeper into specific machine configurations andcomponents, such as shafts, gears, welds, bolted joints, etc. The textbooks that support student learningcould be more manageable, numbering more than 1000 pages [1], [2].To consolidate resources and help limit the sense of being

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Chuck H. Margraves, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Kidambi Sreenivas, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga; Alec Blade

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

-Stokesequations and the no-slip boundary condition [1]. A typical way of analyzing Taylor-Couette flowis by calculating the azimuthal velocity. This can be quite difficult when the flow is turbulent, butthe equations for steady flow are much simpler. The equations used to calculate the azimuthalvelocity in steady Taylor-Couette flow are listed below as equations 1-3 [2]. 𝐵 𝜈𝜃 = 𝛢𝑟 + 𝑟 (1) 𝛺2 𝑅22 −𝛺1 𝑅12 𝛢= (2) 𝑅22 −𝑅12

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Chau M. Tran, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

(PBL), suspensionsystem, dynamic vibration absorber.1. IntroductionIn many fields, an entrepreneurial mindset (EM) enhances the ability to identity opportunities, torecognize the impact of changes and to create long-lasting value. EM is the precursor toentrepreneurship that focuses on business ventures1. In engineering, it recalls recent technicalachievements and equips the engineers with the ability to impact society and the world aroundthem2. There are three key elements in the EM. Curiosity: Our students need to be curious about our changing world and about a contradiction to our accepted solutions. Connections: Our students need to connect information from other sources with their own discoveries

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Pedro E. Arce, Tennessee Technological University; Andrea Arce-Trigatti, Tallahassee Community College; Dipendra Wagle

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

interdisciplinary scholar and educational evaluator whose research centers on culturalDipendra Wagle ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conference Engineering for One Planet (EOP) Centered Courses Guided by the Renaissance Foundry Model of Learning Dipendra Wagle1, Andrea Arce-Trigatti2, Pedro E. Arce1, and J. Robby Sanders1 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 2 Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TNAbstractIn this contribution, we outline efforts to magnify the focus on sustainability in the

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Scott Schultz, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

product.KeywordsProduction, Experiential Learning, Hands onIntroduction & BackgroundThe US Bureau of Labor defines the profession of Industrial Engineering as “Design, develop,test and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, includinghuman work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis,and production coordination”1. Other definitions include the term manufacturing operations inplace of “production”2. However, a key term of any industrial engineering definition isproduction, where production can be defined as “the process of making … goods to be sold”3.Introducing and exposing students to production can be quite challenging. While productionconcepts can certainly be described and

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Colby Lee Sawyer, East Carolina University; Joshua Edison Pitzer, ECU College of Engineering and Technology

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Engineering and Technology (CET) while the Isley Innovation Hub is runby the Miller School of Entrepreneurship and provides the space, the tools and theguidance students need to test their ideas. This paper describes the results of thiscollaboration and the benefits of combining innovation mentorship with campus wide IOTplatform facilitating experimentation and education. This collaboration includesawareness activities, IOT training and management of ideation and prototyping.Key words: IOT, Technology Innovation, Entrepreneurship. © American Society for Engineering Education, 20231. IntroductionLike many other universities, East Carolina University (ECU) [1] has a strong commitment to encouragingand enabling students to innovate and to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Juan David Yepes, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

/engineering “aha”moment prior to delving into the math. The examples are focused on visual intuitive, andexperience-based feedback systems where sometimes the connection to traditional textbookblock diagrams is not obvious. The examples are grouped into three categories: 1. Mechanical examples, including (a) Balancing bird, where gravity-based feedbackkeeps the bird balanced at a specific orientation, (b) Roly-Poly toy, where gravity-basedfeedback leads to a steady state equilibrium, and (c) Flush Toilet, self-contained feedbackmechanism to achieve desired water level. 2. Electrical and Electromechanical examples, including (a) the use of Bi-metal toexplain sensing, error and action in A/C, Car Blinker, and Kettle, (b

Conference Session

K-12 and Outreach

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Suren Jayasuriya, Arizona State University; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Kimberlee Ann Swisher, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

and effective ways to teaching and learning in STEM K-16. He is currently researching on best practices iKimberlee Ann Swisher, Arizona State University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeast Section Conference Middle School Teachers Lesson Modules on Artificial Intelligence (AI) topics from Summer Workshop Kimberlee Swisher1, Suren Jayasuriya1, John Mativo2, and Ramana Pidaparti2 1 Arizona State University/ 2University of Georgia AbstractThrough a NSF funded ITEST program, labeled ImageSTEAM, a summer workshop

Conference Session

Curriculum Development 2

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Basel Alsayyed, Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

simply are spending more time online. In 2007, a study by Higher EducationResearch [1] cited that 94% of first-year students in college/university spent at least some timeon social networking websites in a typical week. However, almost all students search to learnabout a topic in a typical week. The majority of students (almost 60 percent) spent between oneand five hours on online social networking activities in a typical week during their first collegeyear. Nine percent reported that they spent more than ten hours a week on them. Figure 1 andfigure 2 [1], shows the trends of the data. Access to information has changed tremendously overthe past decade. We saw trends in the past decade and in a general sense, we have failed toproactively plan for

Conference Session

K-12 and Outreach

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Leigh S McCue, George Mason University; Stacey Rathbun, George Mason University Television; Ali Khalid Raz, George Mason University; Daigo Shishika, Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University; Cynthia Smith PhD, George Mason University; Erin Hagarty, George Mason University; Richard Wood, George Mason University ; Cameron Nowzari, George Mason University; James Yang, George Mason University; Erin Williams, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

, are summarized in Table 1. Additionally, two more videos arepending. One video demonstrating aerodynamic concepts using kites is completed though not yetreviewed for public release, and the final video supports the biologically inspired propulsionlessons, which is in the final stages of production. With the exception of the complete build video,which necessitates longer-form content, videos were intentionally designed to deliver specific,targeted information in a short format which can either stand-alone, or be woven into writtencurricular content. Target video lengths are in line with studies by TechSmith2 which finds anoptimal video length to be between 3-6 minutes, and Wistia3, which notes that “[a]fter 2 minutes,every second counts

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 2

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Shahnam Navaee, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

request.Even though the utilization of Abaqus in Mechanics of Materials course was discussed in an earlierpublication of the author6, the scope and range of problems discussed in this publication werelimited, since some of the more advanced capabilities of Abaqus were not utilized. In the presentedproject, these features are fully employed to obtain the solution of a range of more realistic classicalproblems encountered in the Mechanics of Materials course.Sample developed simulation models and corresponding produced results for analyzing solids areprovided and discussed in the paper to better illustrate the significance of the project. Theseexample models are created for the following specific problems: (1) thermal stresses in an axiallyloaded

Conference Session

Graduate School

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Nathalia Peixoto, George Mason University; Padmanabhan Seshaiyer, George Mason University; Siddhartha Sikdar, George Mason University; Holly Matto, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

, George Mason UniversityHolly Matto, George Mason University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeast Section Conference Project-based multidisciplinary graduate program for community-centered design Nathalia Peixoto, Holly Matto, Padhu Seshaiyer, Siddhartha Sikdar George Mason University, Fairfax VA 22030Abstract There have been multiple drivers for changes in STEM graduate education that have beenreported by major national groups. (1) Evidence from prior research demonstrates thatcommunity engagement benefits all stakeholders, including educational institutions. Here

Conference Session

Thermodynamics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Marino Nader, University of Central Florida; Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

survey items on a Likert scale from 2(Strongly disagree) to 6 (Strongly agree). Students overwhelmingly agreed that multiple attempts canincrease retention of material, and that multiple attempts allow for more accurate assessment of students’knowledge. An average response greater than 5 was attained for these statements, both at the beginning andend of the semester, for both courses. A one-tailed Z-test was conducted to assess changes in studentperception between entry and exit; 8 items showed a significant difference, indicated by a p value of lessthan 0.05 for both courses, as listed in Table 1. These survey items showed slightly less enthusiasm towardsmultiple attempts in the exit survey, possibly because of the course remaining more

Conference Session

Mathematics and Material Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Elizabeth A. Powell, Tennessee Technological University; Kumar Yelamarthi, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

into a higher math class. This paper presents a detailed description ofthe program implementation, results, and conclusions about the program.KeywordsRetention, Bridge Program, MathematicsIntroduction and BackgroundRetention and persistence are major concerns for engineering education, and it is well-docu-mented that preparation in math is a key predictor of success for engineering students [1; 2]. Stu-dents are aware that, while good math skills can be an essential component of their engineeringeducation, lack of preparation in math can be a barrier [3]. At Tennessee Tech University, the ex-pectation is that a student will begin their studies prepared to take Calculus I in their first semes-ter. However, nearly 50% of students enroll in pre

Conference Session

Using Research in Engineering Ed

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Wayne M. Johnson, University of Georgia; Priya T Goeser, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

paper will discuss thedevelopment, implementation, and results of EDC 2022: Eagle-3D.Keywords3D printing, design, challenge, high school.IntroductionThe recent 3D Printing revolution has introduced several low-cost 3D printing systems 1.Integrating low cost 3D printers into the K-12 curriculum is a simple way to teach the NextGeneration Science Standards (NGSS) 2. The subsequent advancements in open-source 3Dprinting software has also propagated this revolution in the availability of these systems to alarger audience. Many high schools have access to a 3D Printer and use it for projects or embedits utilization in their curriculum. However, teachers continue to lack adequate training in 3Dprinting systems 3.There are several outreach activities

Conference Session

DEI and Other

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Leigh S McCue, George Mason University; Vanessa M Barth, George Mason University; Johnnie William Hall IV, Laboratory and Machine Shop Manager

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

with two water tanks.Photos of both facilities are included in Figure 1.Figure 1: SeaGlide campers in student prototype space (top); SeaPerch campers in maritimerobotics laboratory (bottom) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section ConferenceMinors on campusBecause participants in these camps were minors, background checks were required for all camppersonnel and minimum adult to student ratios were also required. While University minimumratios (1 adult per 10 children for day campers 9-14 years old; 1 adult per 12 children for daycampers 15-18 years old) only dictated the need for two adults overseeing the camp, we found itbeneficial to have three

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Sohan Gyawali, East Carolina University; Colby Lee Sawyer, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

security stance of this hybrid educational environment built across multiple OSIlayers and across multiple device types, services and administrative domains. This case studyalong with practical examples developed for this IOT infrastructure were incorporated in theInformation Assurance and Intrusion Detection courses delivered in the ICT program at ECU.This paper aims to provide a template for using the Campus as a Lab concept in cybersecurityeducation.Keywords: IoT, LoRa, Cybersecurity.1. IntroductionThe Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging communication paradigm that aims at connectingdifferent objects such as weather sensors, intelligent vehicles, smart buildings, etc., for collectingvarious information as well as to provide remote

Conference Session

Classroom Skills

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Timothy Aaron Wood P.E., The Citadel; Dan D Nale PE; Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

in the same. Dr. Laughton’s research interests include engineering education, sustainability education, and nanotechnology applica- tions in environmental engineering. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conference Shaping Good Old-Fashioned Students through Reading and Note-taking: A Work in Progress Timothy A. Wood, Ph.D., P.E.1; Dan D. Nale Ph.D., P.E. 1; Stephanie Laughton, Ph.D. 1 1 Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The Citadel: The Military College of South

Conference Session

Civil, Electrical, and Eng Tech

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Shahnam Navaee, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

. Hibbeler’s Structural Analysis text10, since this source is used to deliverthe course at Georgia Southern university.II. Analysis of Structural Frames Subjected to Static LoadsA two-dimensional frame is composed of two columns and a beam as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Theright column is subjected to a lateral uniform distributed load, and two vertical concentrated loadsare applied to the beam at the top. At point B, column AB is rigidly connected to beam BC,allowing moment transfer between the beam and the column members. At point C, column CD ispinned to the beam, so no moment is transferred. A special “Connector Section” had to be createdin Abaqus to establish the proper connection between column CD and beam BC as depicted in Fig.1 (b). The resulting

Conference Session

K-12 and Outreach

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

created a design strategy game based on a voyage to the moon toboost STEM learning and skills of elementary and middle school students and attract the next generationof students to engage in space exploration and education. Motivating middle school students to learn STEMconcepts will help them to ultimately pursue STEM degrees later in their schooling, as noted in a recentreport by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. 1 Game-based Learning (GBL)offers a unique and innovative approach for students to learn and appreciate the STEM topics learned inthe class-room as well as increase their academic engagement. Recently, there have been many studiesrelated to introducing aerospace to K-12 students using non-traditional ways

Conference Session

Thermodynamics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Chandan Roy, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Connectwas used to assign online reading assignments and homework problems. The Connect offersalgorithmic questions where each student gets different numbers in solving the same problem. Inaddition, the publisher developed a "Smartbook" version of the textbook highlightings the keyconcepts. After analyzing students' performance and feedback, it is concluded that the onlineplatform positively impacted students learning of thermodynamic concepts.KeywordsVirtual learning, Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill ConnectIntroductionThermodynamics is taught at Mercer University every semester including summer. Allengineering students are required to take and pass this class. It is usually taught during theirsophomore year. Several authors 1-4 have studied student

Conference Session

Classroom Skills

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel; Dan D Nale PE

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

state boards consists of three major steps:education, experience, and exams.1 Colleges and universities play a critical role in the educationrequirement through curricular development and program accreditation. They can also play a role inassisting graduates in experience acquisition through career support services. The extent to whichinstitutions should include passage of the exams- the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Practice ofEngineering (PE)- as a graduation requirement or even emphasize test content in the curriculum is open todebate.2,3 Regardless of curricular emphasis on FE exam preparation, Civil Engineering programs aim toprepare students for eventual licensure and some have created FE review courses to assist towardcompletion

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Xiang Zhao, Alabama A&M University; Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Tamara Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

maturity of online teaching/learning management tools such asBlackboard[1], Canvas[2], Moodle[2], LMS365[4], which facilitate this transformative change ineducation. However, there are many challenges in undergraduate STEM gateway courses bothinstructors and students need to deal with, especially the student engagement and studentinteraction in the online settings. Research found many students feel isolated and then easily leftbehind without proper interaction and support with instructors and peers. Meanwhile, instructorswho get used to classroom lectures feel frustrated and raised concerns on how to maintain thequality and rigorousness of traditional teaching when suddenly switching to online teachingenvironment [ 5-6].In this paper, the online

Conference Session

Capstones and Economics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Felix Ewere, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

broad alternatives, i.e., aeronautics (e.g., unmanned Fixed-Wing orMulti-Rotor UAVs) or astronautics (e.g., CubeSats, Solid Rockets, or Cube Rovers). The choiceof which project section can be a daunting task for some AE students. A pertinent question giventhese options available to Aerospace Engineering students is “what can influence studentsinterests to select a project for their capstone experience?” In their paper, Hart and Polkconsidered factors that influences students’ selections of their capstone project in threeengineering departments5. They considered fourteen factors and ranked them in the order ofimportant or very important. They had four main recommendations, i.e. (1) There is a strongpreference for industry-sponsored projects, (2

Conference Session

Using Research in Engineering Ed

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Dorina Marta Mihut, Mercer University; Sahar Hasim, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

, RomaniaDr. Sahar Hasim, Mercer University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section ConferenceIndependent Study Class for Investigating Coated Materials affecting Candida species Growth Dr. Dorina Mihut1,3, Jorge Luis Arce-Larreta1, Benjamin Wesley Pollard1 Jheel Kiritbhai Patel2, Sahar Anis Ali2, Dr. Sahar Hasim2 1 Mechanical Engineering, 2Biology Department, Mercer University, Macon, GA 3 Technical University Cluj-NapocaAbstractMany human infections resulting from medical devices or implants contamination are

Conference Session

Graduate School

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

media2.Active learning methods were used in the online data management course for industrialengineering students at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences to increase student retention © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conferenceand to improve the students’ motivation. The active learning methods include 1-Minute Paper,Fishbowl, Snowball, Quescussion, Think-Pair-Share, Buzz Groups, Think Aloud, Peer Review,Complete Turn Taking, Pro-Con Grid. Quescussion is easy to explain and an effectiveinteractive method. In this method, the instructor starts each web conference with a shortquestions session to get the students involved from the beginning

Conference Session

Civil, Electrical, and Eng Tech

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Rajesh Balasubramanian, The University of Memphis

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

subjecting all direct and indirect operations in a manufacturing orservice industry to scrutiny.”1 It includes introduction of improvements resulting in making workeasier, to perform and allowing work to be done in less time and to improve workflow. In otherwords, the methods engineers increase productivity and throughput, reduce process, and cycletime and lower the costs of operations for products or services. To accomplish this taskpractitioners must have a working knowledge of work design and measurement.Time studies have been done for many decades. They form the bedrock for many project proposalswhere effort estimation become the basis. All production-based industries use time studies as theirplatform to measure productivity. Software companies