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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 154 in total
Conference Session
Newly Developed Engineering Courses
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Phil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
core curriculum for one semester. Thecourse will hopefully continue to evolve and the authors intend to use this forum in the futureto discuss the results.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank the College of Science and Technology at Georgia SouthernUniversity for award of a sustainability grant which made this project possible.Bibliography1. Shrivastava, P, The role of corporations in achieving ecological sustainability, Academy of Management Review:19952. Pezzey, J, Sustainable Development Concepts: An economic analysis, World Bank,:19923. Barbier, E, The concept of sustainable economic development, Environmental Conservation: 1987.4. Hart, S.L, Beyond Greening: Strategies for a sustainable world, Harvard Business Review
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE III
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jianbiao Pan, California Polytechnic State University; Albert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University; James Harris, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Shepherd, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
skills, project management, engineering ethics and other relatedskills.1, 2 This paper focuses on the assessment of the curriculum improvement from these threenew courses.Various methods have been reported in the engineering education literature to assess theeffectiveness of the curriculum improvement. Dempsey et al. 3 presented using senior mini-projects instead of traditional senior capstone projects in electrical and computer engineeringcurriculum assessment. Ricks et al. 4 used student perceptions of their abilities and quantitativemeasures of student performance using both written assignments and laboratory assignments toevaluate the effective of a new embedded systems curriculum. Gannod et al. 5 described the gapanalysis and its impact on
Conference Session
Design in the ECE Curriculum
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bill Yang, Western Carolina University; Phillip Sanger, Western Carolina University; Patrick Gardner, Western Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
, all student teams are required to present their projects for evaluation. Theschedule and timeline are checked to ensure a well distributed effort. Visuals as well as oraldelivery are required and evaluated for each member of the teams. Project documentationincluding requirement matrix, market analysis, AOA, FMEA, and the actual design files and testresults are maintained by each project team. Over the past three years sixty students havefollowed the senior capstone course sequence and six patentable products have been created. Inthe current class, about fifty students from all three concentrations: Engineering Technology(ET), Electrical Computer Engineering Technology (ECET), and Electrical Engineering (EE) areparticipating in total of 15
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barry Hyman, University of Missouri; Jim Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington; Yuyi Lin, University of Missouri
Board for Engineering and Technology, Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs. New York(Nov. 2007), Baltimore, Md. (http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents-UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/E001%2008-09%20EAC%20Criteria%2012-04--07.pdf).6. R. H. Todd, et. al., A survey of capstone engineering courses in North America. J. Engng. Ed. 84, 165-174(1995).7. B. Hyman, Using capstone projects to simulate professional design experiences. Resource Guide to Innovation inEngineering Design Education, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York (1993).8. A. J. Dutson, et. al., A review of literature on teaching engineering design through project-oriented capstonecourses. J. Engng. Ed. 86, 17-28 (1997).9. R. L. Miller and B. M. Olds, A model curriculum
Conference Session
Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Chiou, Drexel University; William Danley, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
AC 2010-1975: EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF NSF WEB-BASEDTECHNOLOGY PROJECTS IN CURRICULUM, COURSE, AND LABORATORYDEVELOPMENT FOR FIRST TIME NEW ABET ACCREDITATIONRichard Chiou, Drexel UniversityWilliam Danley, Drexel University Page 15.550.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Experience in Implementation of NSF Web-based Technology Projects in Curriculum, Course, and Laboratory Development for First Time ABET AccreditationAbstractThe new Applied Engineering Technology Program at Drexel University received a first-timeprogram accreditation from the Technology Accreditation Commission (TAC) of theAccreditation Board for
Conference Session
Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Khalid Al-Olimat, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
AC 2010-1383: AN INDUSTRY-SPONSORED CAPSTONE PROJECT: A STORYOF SUCCESSKhalid Al-Olimat, Ohio Northern University Page 15.155.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 An Industry—Sponsored Capstone Project: A Story of SuccessAbstractThis paper presents a capstone project that has been sponsored by American Electric Power(AEP). AEP, like other companies, relies on shippers to move equipment long distances.Sometimes during these trips, the shipped object is damaged, causing financial losses. AEPrequested a device which monitors when and where damages occur. A device was designedwhich gives AEP this capability. Since the duration of a shipment may be up to two
Conference Session
Energy Education and Industry Needs
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David McDonald, Lake Superior State University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
involving Macomb CommunityCollege and the Division of Engineering Technology at Wayne State University. The projectincludes developing a hybrid electric vehicle curriculum and integrating it with the existingApplied Science program in Automotive Technology23, 24 Page 15.476.5Three course experiences on instrumentation, electric vehicles and project activities werereported by Rizkalla25, 26, 27 Laio28 reported on the development of a Virtual Hybrid ElectricVehicle Simulator using LabVIEW that enhanced Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) training andeducation. Winstead29 presented outcomes of a project conducted to convert a stock ToyotaPrius to a plug-in
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steve Warren, Kansas State University; Jianchu Yao, East Carolina University
received a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Kansas State University in 2005. Dr. Yao joined East Carolina University as an Assistant Professor in August, 2005. His research interests include wearable medical devices, telehealthcare, bioinstrumentation, control systems, and biosignal processing. His educational research interests are laboratory/project-driven learning and integration of research into undergraduate education. Dr. Yao is a member of the American Society of Engineering Education and a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Page
Conference Session
Design in the ECE Curriculum
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Natalia Litchinitser, SUNY at Buffalo; Albert H. Titus, SUNY at Buffalo; Alexander N. Cartwright, SUNY at Buffalo; Vladimir V. Mitin, SUNY at Buffalo
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
diodes, lasers, and display systems. Inaddition, it has been essential in the development of new imaging techniques for biomedicalresearch, as well as in the development of new fabrication methodologies for electronics. Todate, these remarkable contributions to engineering have largely been ignored in theundergraduate curriculum in electrical engineering.Here, we present our efforts to develop educational modules for nanophotonics with an emphasison how the resulting technologies apply to sustainability and quality of life via devices based onnanostructures: e.g., solar cells, high efficiency lighting, environmental sensing, and other lowerpower optoelectronic devices. Specifically, in this project, we are developing nanophotonicsKnowledge
Conference Session
Curriculum in Electrical Power Engineering Technology
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Edwards, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
one in a suite of eight exercises being developed by the authors which are intended to helpteach core principles in the thermal and fluid sciences through the use of everyday devices.These include a hair dryer, a bicycle pump, a blender, a computer power supply, a toaster,straight and stepped tanks, and a pipe section with a change of area. The project was firstintroduced at the 2007 ASEE national convention in a paper presented in the DELOS division1.Papers are available describing some of the other exercises2,3,4. This paper focuses on thecomputer power supply exercise.The performance of a fan follows a characteristic curve, known as a fan curve, which is specificto that particular fan design. Coad5 describes fan curves as “probably the
Conference Session
Innovations in Power Education in ECE
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Radian Belu, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
R.A.Shaffer. Re-inventing the electrical machines curriculum. IEEE Page 15.1351.12Transactions on Education, 41(2):92–100, May 1998.5. Thomas W. Gedra. Computer-aided instrumentation in OSU’s machines lab. In Proceedings ofthe Frontiers of Power Conference, pages VIII.1–VIII.5, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK,October 1997.6. Thomas W. Gedra. Virtual instrumentation in an undergraduate electrical machines lab. InProceedings of the Midwest Section ASEE Conference, Columbia, MO, April 19977. G. Faraco and L. Gabriele, Using LabVIEW for applying mathematical models in representingphenomena, Computers & Education, Volume 49, Issue 3, November
Conference Session
Capstone Design Pedagogy I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
engineering and at the undergraduate level, but was taught in elective courses or not covered in the curriculum, ≠ 3 = undergraduate level knowledge outside electrical engineering (i.e. mechanical systems), or knowledge typically taught at the graduate level in the discipline. ≠ 4 = advanced knowledge outside the discipline. 5. Whether or not a project required special fabrication or test and measurement techniques covered the procedural or tacit knowledge dimensions of knowledge. Again a four point scale was used with: ≠ 1 = skills students had been taught in undergraduate classes for which they had ready access to equipment, ≠ 2 = skills and equipment that were available in the department
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Roemer, University of Utah; Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah; April Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Debra Mascaro, University of Utah
AC 2010-1903: A SPIRAL LEARNING CURRICULUM IN MECHANICALENGINEERINGRobert Roemer, University of Utah Robert B. Roemer is currently a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Utah. He received his B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University. He teaches courses in engineering design, and is interested in integrating the use of design projects and active learning throughout the curriculum to improve engineering education.Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah Stacy J. Morris Bamberg is an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Utah. She received her S.B. and S.M. in Mechanical Engineering
Conference Session
Program Development and Pipelines for Recruitment
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi; Ramesh Narang, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Jihad Albayyari, Indiana-Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
engineering technology curriculum. Based on thesurvey manufacturing ET curriculum was developed that provides a foundation in sciencescomplemented by general technical courses in mechanical and industrial engineering disciplines.The general technical courses, focusing on the practical application of engineering knowledge,include the subject areas of engineering graphics, engineering materials and mechanics,hydraulics and pneumatics, CAD/CAM, geometric tolerancing, design and engineeringeconomics. The manufacturing-specific courses cover subjects in manufacturing processes,CNC, quality assurance, facilities layout, material science, design for manufacturing, and leanmanufacturing.INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of the proposed MFET (Manufacturing Engineering
Conference Session
High School Engineering Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
and at the Center on Education and Work. He uses experimental and discourse-based research methods to understand the cognitive, social and embodied nature of STEM learning and instruction. He is currently co-principal investigator of the AWAKEN project in engineering education, along with Professors Sandra Shaw Courter and L. Allen Phelps.Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin Benjamin Stein is a graduate student in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, where his work is in hyperspectral laser design. Before returning to school, he worked as a math instructor at Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University and an electronics design engineer at ASML. These experiences as an
Conference Session
Retention Strategies in Action Part II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Hannah Azevedo, Seattle Pacific University
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
the scholarship recipients have continued to progresssatisfactorily towards completion of their electrical engineering degrees. Page 15.460.2IntroductionOur engineering program at Seattle Pacific University aims to address the increasing technicalneeds of our country (Grose, 2006, NSB 2004), including the greater Seattle community, byspecifically increasing the number of community college transfer students in our engineeringprogram, a potentially untapped resource (Anderson-Rowland et al. 2004). The National ScienceFoundation has supported this effort through a grant in its S-STEM program. The goal of thegrant, Engaging the Community to Achieve
Conference Session
Robotics Curriculum
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
each year, soit is possible to start the unified sequence at the beginning or middle of the 2nd year, or at thebeginning of the 3rd year. It is considered essential that all Robotics Engineering majorscomplete all four core courses before beginning a Capstone Design project in their 4th year.While this may appear to lack flexibility, it is currently considered essential to the underlyingphilosophy of the Robotics Engineering program as each course builds directly on the precedingcourse – reinforcing and extending robotics concepts in the true sense of a spiral curriculum. Sofar, our experience has indicated that by tightly integrating the electrical, mechanical andcomputer concepts in each course in a way that shows students how each concept
Conference Session
College-Industry Partnerships: Bringing Industry into the Curriculum Development and Design Cycle
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Waddah Akili, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
College-Industry Partnerships
, ≠ include “uncertainty” and its implications in engineering analysis courses, Page 15.999.5 ≠ consider offering technical electives, in this domain, and let “uncertainty” be a central theme, ≠ make use of modern computational tools to support probabilistic thinking.Such curriculum changes may fall short of meeting set goals without adequate research aimed atcontinued improvements in probabilistic and statistical thinking for civil engineering in generaland the design component in particular.3) Estimation: A main challenge of a project design is the number of variables and theirinteractions during the design process. Often, the
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chiu Choi, University of North Florida
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
AC 2010-108: A LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS COURSE WITH EMPHASIS ONEMBEDDED CONTROLChiu Choi, University of North Florida Page 15.48.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A Linear Control Systems Course with Emphasis on Embedded Control Chiu H. Choi Department of Electrical Engineering University of North FloridaAbstractThis paper describes the embedded control courseware and its benefits in our linear controlsystems course. The embedded control courseware consists of a set of lab experiments thatteaches the students how to
Conference Session
Project-based Learning and Other Pedagogical Innovations
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Huanmei Wu, IUPUI
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
multidisciplinary projects.Bibliography1. R Miller and B Olds, A Model Curriculum for a Capstone Course in Multidisciplinary Engineering Design,Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 311—316, 1994.2. Paul W. Holley and Christian Dagg, Development of Expanded Multidisciplinary Collaborative ExperiencesAcross Construction and Design Curricula, International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 1550-3984, Volume 2, Issue 2, August 2006, Pages 91 – 1113. Dutson, A. J., et al. "A Review of Literature on Teaching Engineering Design Through Project-OrientedCapstone Courses," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 86, no. 1, 1997, pp. 17--28.4. Todd, R. H., et al. "A Survey of Capstone Engineering Courses in North America," Journal of
Conference Session
Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
thirty years later, the then President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers E.J. Midwinter said of his approach to the curriculum that it was based on generalizedsystems and “It suggests common ground between engineering and most otherdisciplines. That engineering, science and law share common ground comes as nosurprise but what about engineering and the liberal arts or the social sciences? Yet manyof engineering’s greatest failures have come from the failure to take into account thehuman dimension.” 11While there may be common ground between engineering and law the two subjectsapproach “evidence” in different ways as American engineering educator Woodson madeclear in his treatise on engineering design.12 (See exhibit 1). To all intent and
Conference Session
Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrian Ieta, State University of New York, Oswego; Rachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego; Thomas Doyle, McMaster University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
ECE consist of several studio and project labs and the curriculum is developed withthe intent of incorporating multidisciplinary courses with a modern approach to teaching communication,basic science, and mathematics skills. As students can now own portable versions of a laboratory stationin the form of computer attachments small enough to carry in their backpacks7 the choice of the labequipment was the use of traditional laboratory stations with stand-alone instruments along with sets ofcomputer-based measurement equipment8. One of the ECE faculty is currently based in the Physicsdepartment teaching courses related to electrical engineering. The inherited Electronics course and labwere in need of significant restructuring. The goal of this
Conference Session
Introducing Programming in the First Year
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Virgilio Gonzalez, University of Texas, El Paso; Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
200911. Herniter, M.E., D.R. Scott, and R. Pangasa. Teaching programming skills with MATLAB. 2001. Albuquerque, NM, United states: American Society for Engineering Education.12. Huet, I., et al. New challenges in teaching introductory programming courses: a case study. in Frontiers in Education, 2004. FIE 2004. 34th Annual. 2004.13. Attia, J.O. Increasing electrical and computer engineering enrollment: A multi-faceted approach. 2007. Milwaukee, WI, United states: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.14. he Infinity Project: Engineering education for today's classroom. 2010 [cited 2010; Available from: http://www.infinity-project.org/.15. Fish, S. Thoughts about the Best Introductory Language. 2006
Conference Session
Teams and Teamwork in Design
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
discussed including thetechnical, management, mentoring and window of student creativity.IntroductionCapstone project is a unique educational tool where at that level, senior students have developedboth the technical and the management skills and they are ready to be challenged with an open-ended problem. However, guidance is still an important part of this educational environment. Itcompletes the process by opening the right doors for the students to apply the correct planning,designing, building and testing procedure for a successful project. Dusing et al1 discussed the useof design review meetings to guide the students before major steps of the project. In this meeting,the students defend their technical decision and are challenged by a couple
Conference Session
Communication in Design
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cherian Mathews, University of the Pacific
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
at Purdue University and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Page 15.1312.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Using a Design Course to Augment Program Curriculum and Foster Development of Professional SkillsAbstractThis paper describes the structure of a recently reorganized senior design project coursesequence in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of the Pacific.The paper focuses on the first course in a two course senior project sequence, a course that wasrecently reorganized with a view to improve student design and professional skills. Previously
Conference Session
The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fred Meyer, United States Military Academy; christopher conley, United States Military Academy; Scott Hamilton, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; Steven Hart, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
broaden the spectrum of electives available, three new electives(CE478 Structural Mechanics; CE490 Protective Design; CE495 Transportation) have beendeveloped and will be offered to students starting in the spring term of 2010. CE471 Timber andMasonry will be discontinued since coverage of those two building materials is now includedwithin the steel course, CE404, and the concrete course, CE483.What about ABET?Whenever making changes to an ABET accredited curriculum, it is vital to ensure that the resultsatisfies the requirements established in Criterion 1 through 9. In order to demonstrate that credithours were satisfied in each category (Engineering Topics, ET; Math & Basic Science, M&BS),a spreadsheet was developed listing credit hour
Conference Session
Embedded System Design
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Firas Hassan, Ohio Northern University; Srinivasa Vemuru, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
developer can select a processor that best fits hisapplication without paying overhead or sacrificing performance. After building his own versionof the configurable processor, the developer adds the hardware components of his design asperipheral devices surrounding the processor but on the same chip. The software part of thedesign runs on the processor itself. This important design concept can be easily introduced at theundergraduate level by using the teaching plan described in this paper.There is a continuous expansion of the scope of electrical and computer engineering in thetechnology-oriented world. This requires the curriculum committees to look at a more efficientand effective means of covering these topics within a four-year undergraduate
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wei Zhang, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. In Proc. ofSIGSCE, 1998.[23] D. Delaney and G. G. Mitchell. PBL applied to software engineering group projects. In Proc. ofInternational Conference on Information and Communication in Education, 2002.[24] J. C. Perrenet, P. Bouhuijs and J. Smits. The suitability of problem-based learning for engineeringeducation: theory and practice. In Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2000.[25] D. E. Knuth. Computer programming as an art. Communication of the ACM, Vol 17, Number 12, Page 15.983.11December 1974.[26] A. Ellis et al. Resources, tools, and techniques for problem based learning in computing. In AnnualJoint Conference
Conference Session
Laboratory Development in ECE
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
R.F. William Hollender, Montana State University; James Becker, Montana State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. An outline of how the Dopplermodule is being used in the spring 2010 offering of an advanced analog electronics course isprovided and finally a few remarks are made as to how the work will be carried forward in futureofferings. Page 15.399.4Modification of Lecture Content For Fall 2009The implementation of a radar project into an undergraduate course has been described byothers. Specifically, Jensen et al.3 had students design a standard microstrip divider and a patchantenna array and used these components to realize a Doppler radar. They found that typically,students “are enthused about their useful system,” and go on to state that, “these
Conference Session
Student Engagement in ECE
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sergey Makarov, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Reinhold Ludwig, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Stephen Bitar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. It is interesting to note that only after it was established in mechanical engineering wasit ultimately adopted by electrical engineers; they subsequently applied it to an "ideal gas" of freecharge carriers in semiconductors. As a result, mechanical engineers are convinced by theinstructor to have a better understanding of this concept as it is inherently a mechanical entity.With this encouraging introduction we can now present the classical Boltzmann distributionfollowing the kinetic theory: the number of particles per unit volume having kinetic thermalenergy greater than or equal to ET ~ m T / 2 at temperature T and at any location x is given by  E p ( x)  p 0 exp  T