Conference Session

Mathematics and Material Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Juan David Yepes, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Paper ID #36648On Teaching and Learning the Concept of Derivative in Visual andIntuitive WaysDr. Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University Dr. Raviv is a Professor of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University. In December 2009 he was named Assistant Provost for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. With more than 30 years of combined experience in the high-tech industry, government and academia Dr. Raviv developed fundamentally different approaches to ”out-of-the-box” thinking and a breakthrough methodology known as ”Eight Keys to Innovation.” He has been sharing his contributions

Conference Session

Inclusive Dialogues and Adaptations in Engineering Education: Navigating Uncertainty and Leveraging AI for Student Success

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sourojit Ghosh, University of Washington; Kunal V Mehta, University of Washington; Maxwell Coppock, University of Washington; Sarah Marie Coppola, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

et al., ‘Assisting students with high-incidence disabilities to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics’, Interv. Sch. Clin., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 47–54, 2012.[14] K. A. Mack et al., ‘Maintaining the Accessibility Ecosystem: a Multi-Stakeholder Analysis of Accessibility in Higher Education’, in Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 2023, pp. 1–6.[15] A. Phillips et al., ‘Online disability accommodations: Faculty experiences at one public university.’, J. Postsecond. Educ. Disabil., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 331–344, 2012.[16] M. Tamjeed et al., ‘Understanding disability services toward improving graduate student support’, in

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 12: Promoting Student Success and Motivation

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna-Lena Dicke, University of California, Irvine; Kameryn Denaro; David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

retention of low-income engineering transfer students.Kameryn DenaroDr. David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine David A. Copp received the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Teaching at the University of California, Irvine in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Prior to joining UCI, he was a Senior Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories and an adjunct faculty member in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico. His broad research interests include engineering

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

Paper ID #42654Let’s Get Physical: From Data Visualization to Data PhysicalizationDr. Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary Marjan Eggermont is a Professor (Teaching), Associate Dean (Sustainability) and faculty member at the University of Calgary in the Mechanical and Manufacturing department of the Schulich School of Engineering. She co-founded and designs Zygote Quarterly, an online bio-inspired design journal (zqjournal.org). ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Work in progress Let’s get physical: from data visualization to

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cara J Poor P.E., University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

problem solving skills,as well as their understanding of the connection between thermodynamics, heat transfer, andfluids [11]. Faculty have noted the benefits of ICPT as well; instructors were able to interactmore with students in the class, many of whom would otherwise not talk with the instructor at all[11]. Quan et al. [13] noted that peer tutors are supporting growth rather than evaluation of thestudents. ICPT can help improve student outcomes and teacher preparation, and create a student-centered learning environment [16]. Although it is clear that ICPT is beneficial, the use of ICPTin other engineering courses has been limited. The general benefits of ICPT can benefit otherengineering classes, regardless of the technical content. ICPT

Collection

2016 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Keith E. Holbert

(BS) degree isoffered by Stony Brook University.1,2 As part of the development of two courses for the ASUonline EE program, the recorded classes were initially deployed in half-semester long terms toboth the online students and the traditional on-campus students. While the online students wereaccustomed to such accelerated terms and the Internet delivery, the traditional face-to-facestudents were not. This paper will report on the results of an inadvertent experiment resultingfrom the offerings of these two senior-level engineering technical electives. The end-of-the-course teaching evaluations completed anonymously by students are used to compare studentperceptions about the course itself and the instructor.Literature ReviewThere have been

Collection

2011 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Julius Marpaung; Louis Johnson; William Flanery

through the main ECEN Facebookaccount. Information or comment regarding our recent activities and videos may be found athttp://www.facebook.com/osuece.ConclusionVideo games have been integrated into our society for many decades and were initially developed forentertainment purposes only. As technology advances, more and more educators have found videogames as one of many learning tools at their disposal. The availability of many modern FPGAs andembedded processors at an affordable price has opened many interesting projects of which many formereducators could have only dreamed. Often time students find that programming or engineering classesare hard to understand due to their lack of interest. It is up to the educators to keep up with the

Collection

2013 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

David A. Vaccari

252 A HARD JOB: ASSESSING “SOFT” OUTCOMES David A. Vaccari, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE dvaccari@stevens.edu Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ 07030Abstract: Under criterion 3 of the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of ABET,engineering programs are required to have eleven documented student outcomes1, commonlyreferred to as “a through k.” Five of these student outcomes represent technical attributes thatengineering educators are familiar with teaching and assessing. However, six of these studentoutcomes are, for many faculty members

Collection

2009 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

David Hergert

be programmed in Objective C using Xcode (the standard programming interface for a MAC). This paper describes an application of an iPhone that faculty and senior design students in the TAC/ABET accredited B.S. Electromechanical Engineering Technology at Miami University are working on. An iPhone application was written in Objective C that allows the user to take a picture of a bar code displayed on a computer screen using the built in iPhone camera. The software processes the image and determines the corresponding code39 characters. Students are currently working on transmitting the barcode data to a remote data terminal. This system would have many uses for applications that require remote

Collection

2012 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Cullen A. Jones

Concrete Training Aids in the Classroom MAJ Cullen A. Jones, P.E.1 Abstract – This article provides an overview of recently developed training aids and classroom demonstrationsused in design of reinforced concrete and masonry structures organized by overarching concepts of flexural andshear design and general masonry design. Teaching a senior level design course to young engineers can be adaunting task at times. The teacher and students stand at the border where principle meets practice. It is an excitingand challenging time for the students as they take the knowledge they have gained from previous courses and yourcurrent instruction and start to create solutions that can be made into

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Corinna Fleischmann; Elizabeth Nakagawa; Tyler Kelley

course of the semester, students are familiarized with civil engineeringconstruction materials such as aggregates, concrete, asphalt concrete, steel, wood, andgeosynthetic materials. CE Materials has some design work and calculations typical of anengineering course but relies heavily on memorization of basic material properties. Due to thelack of” hard engineering” (i.e. calculations and lengthy designs), CE Materials is not viewed asa “typical” CE undergraduate engineering course and has historically been viewed by students as“weak” and “boring.” These perceptions have become a source of innovation within theprogram as faculty seek new and exciting methods to teach and inspire CE students in allrequired courses.USCGA Civil Engineering ProgramAs

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Ali M. Elrashidi

the system and arrayed waveguide grating M. Alhaddad is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of (AWGs) would replace the passive power splitters at theEngineering and Information Technology, University of Business and remote node (RN). Also, colorless optical network unit is veryTechnology, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia (e-mail: mmhaddad@cba.edu.sa). K. Elleithy is with the Department of Computer and Electrical urgent to eliminate redundancy for the network operator [5].Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bridgeport, CT 06604, In designing WDM-PON system, three parameters should beUSA (e-mail: elleithy@bridgeport.edu).978-1-4799-5233-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEEconsidered

Conference Session

Student Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Faiza Akram, Mississippi State University; Andrew Zheng, Texas A&M University; April Guo-Yue, Mississippi State University; Cooper Medved, Mississippi State University; Claire Johnson, Mississippi State University; Asad Waqar Malik; Samee U Khan, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Student Papers

Education, 2025Performance Unveiled: Comparing Lightweight Devices Testbed and Virtual Machines for Edge ComputingAbstractTechnological innovations are accelerating across fields like engineering, IT, environmentalscience, and agriculture, the convergence of education & research has emerged as a vital andconcerning issue. Although the research in areas such as edge computing holds a lot of potentialfor real-world applications, its integration into engineering education remains marginalized dueto lack of curriculum alignment, lack of resources for faculty training, and industry-academiadisconnect. This study bridges the gap by investigating the suitability of hands-onexperimentation with edge computing frameworks to enhance

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Sarosh Patel; Khaled Elleithy

this paper wepropose a Hierarchically Segmented Routing (HSR) approach to solve this problem, based on the two well know routing protocols; theDSR and CGSR. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the proposed HSR protocol using a stochastic network simulation. I.INTRODUCTION Wireless device are becoming ubiquitous, with the ever increasing advances in wireless and mobile computing.Improved protocols must be developed to support these new mobile devices/ MANETs and to see that these devicesdo not overload the existing infrastructure network. The aim of this endeavor is to provide anytime, anywhereconnectivity for unlimited mobile devices without overloading the associated

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Connor Needham; Jeremy Kacher; Mathias Boyle; Robert Hutchins; Susan Woodard

RogerWilliams University is working on will make it look like asmall house. This will also help blend it into the rooftops. The Figure 1: A labeled section view of a model of the turbine. This diagramclient had ideas of being able to incorporate trademark shows the parts of the turbine and the titles referenced in this paperbuilding designs into the roof in order to conserve the style ofthe building.HIPS WECS will give these urban areas the capability toproduce wind energy using a revolutionary enclosure whichchannels air into a chamber where fluid dynamics greatly II. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING This data will show

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Sandrine Fischer; Kelli Yogi; Eric J. White

knowledge (for an overview, see Hoskinson et al.1). Problem solving,whereby one applies abstract principles in an expert-like fashion in order to achieve a goal, playsa central role in this endeavor.In physics, such abstract principles are commonly embodied through equations and instantiatedthrough word problems. Problems often refer to idealized objects or events (e.g., a block slidingon an inclined lane). Yet, rather than eliciting abstract thinking, such problems reinforce roteassociation with formulas and restrict transfer toward “real-life” situations. Many scholars deemidealized problems responsible for students developing a formulaic approach toward problemsolving (i.e., “plug and chug”), and ultimately leaving introductory courses with poor

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alison Leigh Banka, University of Georgia; Agnes Germaine d'Entremont, P.E., University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Katherine A. Lyon

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

d’Entremont, P.Eng., is an Associate Professor of Teaching in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UBC. Her work focuses on student learning and curriculum development in mechanical en- gineering. She teaches courses in mechanics, including orthopaedic biomechanics and injury biomechan- ics, and mechanical design, and teaches Arts and Commerce students about engineering. Her teaching- related interests include active learning, open educational resources (OER), and open pedagogy. She also focuses on student mental wellbeing and equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) issues in engineering education and the broader engineering profession.Dr. Katherine A. Lyon ©American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

The ABCs of FBDs

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Runyon, Texas A&M University; Vimal Viswanathan, San Jose State University; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Technology Programs, and her research focus is in student engagement and retention in engineering and engineering technology education. Contact: talley@txstate.eduDr. Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University Dr. Hammond is Director of the Texas A&M University Institute for Engineering Education & Innovation and also the chair of the Engineering Education Faculty. She is also Director of the Sketch Recognition Lab and Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering. She is a member of the Center for Population and Aging, the Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems as well as the Institute for Data Science. Hammond is a PI for over 13 million in funded research, from NSF, DARPA, Google

Conference Session

Applications of Technology in Mechanics Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Keith Morris, The University of Georgia; Siddharth Savadatti, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #21147Analysis of Basic Video Metrics in a Flipped Statics CourseBenjamin Keith Morris, The University of Georgia Benjamin Morris is a senior at The University of Georgia with a major in Mechanical Engineering.Dr. Siddharth Savadatti, University of Georgia Dr. Siddharth Savadatti received his PhD in Computational Mechanics from North Carolina State Univer- sity in 2011 and has since been on the faculty of the College of Engineering at the University of Georgia. He teaches mechanics and numerical methods courses such as Statics, Fluid Mechanics, Programming, Numerical Methods for Engineers and Finite Element

Conference Session

Tips of the Trade: Best Practices, Expanded Advice, and Strategies for Implementable Course Improvement

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Thomas Quigley, University of Washington; Mania Orand, Human Centered Design and Engineering ; Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Reflection in Engineering Education (CPREE), funded by a $4.4 million grant from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. She was director of the NSF-funded Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE), a national research center that was funded from 2003-2010. Dr. Atman is the author or co-author on over 115 archival publications. She has been invited to give many keynote addresses, including a Distinguished Lecture at the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) 2014 Annual Conference. Dr. Atman joined the UW in 1998 after seven years on the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on engineering education pedagogy, engineering design learning, assessing the consid

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Bremmer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

’ ability to meaningfully integrate these advancements into their curriculum and their classroom activities 2. The demands placed on teachers by new reform guidelines -- both state and national -- that call for less dependence on textbooks, lectures, and de-contextualized lab work and more emphasis on inquiry-based learning using a real-world context that combines science and mathematics “to solve a human problem, meet a societal need, or develop a product.” 51.1.1 PRISM as a Knowledge-Management ToolPRISM integrates the digital learning space for Indiana’s 6th - 8th grade teachers of science andmathematics. Essentially, our website merges a large, complex, and dispersed physical entityinto a virtual, web-delivered

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ann Marie Blasick, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

as strong ties to faculty and other students, tutoring, availability of numerousstudent clubs, and living/learning communities10,11,12.Still, a large body of research has shown that women who choose to major in engineering uponstarting college tend to graduate at rates similar or higher to those of their male counterparts16,17.Multiple studies, such as Consentino et al.18 and Lord et al.17 found that retention is not theprimary reason for the low percentage of women in engineering, but rather, recruitment. That is,when women enter college intending to study engineering, they usually do eventually graduatewith an engineering degree and don’t transfer to a non-engineering field. However, very fewfemale high school seniors do in fact choose

Conference Session

Engineering as the STEM Glue

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell J. Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Candace Walkington, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Rachaya Srisurichan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Martha W. Alibali

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2011-315: MODAL ENGAGEMENTS IN PRECOLLEGE ENGINEER-ING: TRACKING MATH AND SCIENCE CONCEPTS ACROSS SYMBOLS,SKETCHES, SOFTWARE, SILICONE AND WOODMitchell J. Nathan, University of Wisconsin-Madison Mitchell J. Nathan, BSEE, PhD, is professor of Educational Psychology, with affiliate appointments in Curriculum & Instruction and Psychology at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, and a faculty fel- low at the Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER) and the Center on Education and Work. Dr. Nathan studies the cognitive, embodied, and social processes involved in STEM reasoning, learn- ing and teaching, especially in mathematics and engineering classrooms and in laboratory settings, using both quantitative

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 5: Student-based Recommendations to Increase Accessibility in Undergraduate Engineering Programs

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Emily Violet Landgren, University of Texas at Austin; Maura Borrego, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

as a bottleneck illuminates the ladder of barriers disabled students have to climb tosucceed [6]. We, the authors, typically take a social view of disability in presenting information forengineering instructors to change their practices to be more accessible to all students. A socialperspective of disability defines disability as a consequence of inaccessible environments, ratherthan an inherent problem in individuals. In other words, the environment is disabling, which inthis case is the classroom and administrative system of obtaining accommodations. Instructorscan use the insights gained from these interviews to develop awareness for accessibility in theclassroom beyond formal accommodations and become aware of the ways

Conference Session

Minoritization Processes and Equity in Engineering Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacey Sexton; Amanda Menier, SageFox Consulting Group; Rebecca Zarch, SageFox Consulting Group

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

computing and engineering students, wewill need to develop a research agenda that further elucidates this nascent area of study. Weparticularly expect that intentional work will be needed to uncover the as-yet poorly understoodecosystem surrounding TNB computing students, their advocates, and their allies. In particular,we see a clear need to understand intersections with race and disability, as the 2015 U.S.Transgender Survey showed that TNB people of color and people with disabilities had worseoutcomes than their already marginalized peers [3]. In order to be a force for change for thisgoal, we held a virtual workshop to develop a research agenda that includes TNB students inBPC/BPE for inclusive and intersectional policy, practices, and

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (ELOS) Technical Session 3: Best of ELOS

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Riley, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Paper ID #36812Mobile Phone-Based Contact and Non-Contact Vibration Sensing forStructural Dynamics Teaching LaboratoriesDr. Charles Riley, Oregon Institute of Technology Dr. Riley has been teaching mechanics concepts for over 20 years and has been honored with both the ASCE ExCEEd New Faculty Excellence in Civil Engineering Education Award (2012) and the Beer and Johnston Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award (2013). While he teaches freshman to graduate- level courses across the civil engineering curriculum, his focus is on engineering mechanics. He im- plements classroom demonstrations at every opportunity as part of a

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monique Head, University of Delaware; Christos Aloupis, University of Delaware; James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Allen Jayne, University of Delaware

. Additionally, online tools havebeen developed to increase students’ engagement in an online learning environment, which couldenhance the learning process and diminish students’ feelings of isolation [10]. In particular,video-based breakout rooms have been broadly used in the synchronous format, where studentsare assigned to groups and work together to solve problems [11, 12]. On the other hand, at RHITcourses were offered in-person in Fall 2020; however, the social distancing restrictions,including only one student allowed per desk, did not allow in-person breakout discussions, asallowed in Fall 2021 when some of the restrictions were lifted. The teaching tools andapproaches used, at both UD and RHIT, in Fall 2020 and Fall 2021 and are evaluated in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Skromme, Arizona State University; Srividya Bansal, Arizona State University; Rishabh Gupta, Arizona State University; Tariq M Nasim, Arizona State University; Caleb Redshaw; Benjamin Miller, Arizona State University; Petru Andrei, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Hector Erives, University of Texas at El Paso; Deanna Bailey, Morgan State University; Gregory Wilkins, Morgan State University; Megan O'Donnell, Arizona State University; Wendy Barnard, Arizona State University

answer-based, though in a limited number of cases they may requestsome intermediate steps. Little assessment data on student learning in linear circuits using suchtools has however been reported.A more sophisticated though complex approach is step-based learning, where every major step ofa student’s work is accepted by the computer and immediately evaluated, giving more frequentfeedback. Such systems in general have been shown to produce learning gains of 0.76σcomparable to those achieved by very expensive expert tutoring (0.79σ), and significantly betterthan those usually found for answer-based systems (0.31σ) [9]. A system of this type calledCircuit Tutor has been developed and assessed in several prior studies [10-20]. In controlled

Conference Session

LEES 3: Assessing/Addressing Mental Health

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, San Jose State University; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

revealed how the ubiquity ofthat stress culture leads to the normalization and trivialization of mental health challenges. Thecommon thinking seems to be that because all engineering students are stressed out, there are noreal mental health challenges to be concerned about; anyone suffering is just like everyone else,and therefore not to be taken seriously. In other words, mental health challenges are beingconflated with a level of stress engineering students should be able to handle (see section 6) bystudents, faculty, and counselors. Common is being conflated with unproblematic. As oneinterviewee explained, engineering “is really tough, so we’re all depressed, like all messed upmentally, so everything gets swept under the rug. It's like almost

Conference Session

Mentoring, Case Study of Racial and Ethnic Diversity, Identity Dilemmas, Cultural Homelessness and Intersectionality, and Transfer Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Farmer Cox, The Ohio State University; Kristen Moore, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

college leaders were present. One director went so far as to say that Chloe’s leadership was untested and questionable when a junior faculty candidate applied to work in the research center he led. Amanda is a white woman and administrator in the college of engineering who oversees the college’s executive leadership program, which offers support for research center directors. Chloe asks Amanda for advice about her difficulties with the center directors. Amanda tells Chloe the center directors have never behaved the way she is describing them. When Chloe probes Amanda for more insights, Amanda admits that several people have told her that Chloe is too emotional and demanding. In fact, the