Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colleen Louise Bringman, The University of Iowa; Amy L Kimball, The University of Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Paper ID #47988BOARD # 36: Work-In-Progress: Enhancing Biomedical Engineering Educationthrough Collaboration with Physical TherapyProf. Colleen Louise Bringman, The University of Iowa Colleen Bringman is an Associate Professor of Instruction in the Roy J. Carver Biomedical Engineering department at The University of Iowa, where she also serves as the lab manager for the Carver Medical Device Design Laboratory. After earning a B.S.E and M.S. in Biomedical Engineering from The University of Iowa, Colleen completed her Ph.D. and post-doctoral training in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science at the University of Iowa. Her

Conference Session

Academe/Industry Collaboration

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabin Sapkota, Northwestern State University of Louisiana; Laurie D. Morrow, Central Louisiana Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in the workforce market. Department of Labor [5] reportsapproximately 200,000 electrical, electronics, and industrial technician were employed in the USin 2016MethodThis paper uses a case-study approach with the example of the unique ‘earn and learn’ program,Advanced Manufacturing Technician (AMT) in Louisiana. Authors were directly involved withthe AMT program before its inception and through the program’s development, approvalprocess, and delivery methods. Also of note, the authors’ participation in various relevantconferences such as the annual conference by America Society for Engineering Education(ASEE) and Conference on Industry and Education Collaboration (CEIC), provided guidance forthem to propose the framework of a modified

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Todd Dunn

Page 10.1142.1addition, the popularization of easy-to-use scheduling software has “democratized CPM schedulewriting....but it has also put scheduling in the hands of many inexperienced and poorly trained “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright @ 2005, American Society for Engineering Education”practitioners.”2. The paper outlines, in detail, several straightforward approaches that can beemployed to achieve accurate updates to CPM construction schedules.1) The importance of accurate updates. Students in civil engineering technology programs often gain practice in developing CPM construction schedules. They are exposed to the essentials of

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Peter Schuyler; Kenneth Quinn

industry by providing lifelong educational opportunities foremployees, and create a new income for the college. These outcomes have helped to foster an expanding andadvantageous relationship between industry and engineering technology. This paper will outline the necessary stepsto initiate, develop, assess, and gain university approval for these types of collaborative education agreements. Theseagreements between industry and academia can help us to meet today’s demand for rapidly changing technologicaleducational needs.IntroductionTechnology and technology education are rapidly changing fields. It is a significant challenge for programs andhigher education institutions to maintain pace with industry and its needs. As corporate demand for

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Simmons, University of Florida

Paper ID #36561A Collaborative Autoethnography: Examining ProfessionalFormation and Workplace Sustainability in Discipline-basedEngineering Education ResearchMadeline Polmear (Dr.) Madeline Polmear is a Marie Sklodowska-Curie, EUTOPIA Science & Innovation Cofund Fellow in the Law, Science, Technology & Society research group at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium. Her primary research interests relate to engineering ethics education and the development of societal responsibility and professional competence inside and outside the classroom. She also works in the areas of informal learning and diversity

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3- Multi- and Inter-disciplinary, Collaboration, and Engagement in Practice

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malle Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jacob Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

education, asset-based pedagogy, broadening participation, and engineering identity.Jacob Grohs Jake Grohs is an associate professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. His primary research interests focus on systems thinking, applied educational research through multi-stakeholder partnerships, and collaborative change. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Benefits, Roles and Tensions: Understanding the Process of Collaboration in Rural Engineering Education Contexts Research Statement Driven by calls from organizations like

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Brian Randolph, University of Toledo

Engineer of the Year in 2005. Page 13.1285.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The WSU Model for Engineering Mathematics Education: A Multiyear Assessment and Expansion to Collaborating InstitutionsAbstract The inability of incoming students to advance past the traditional first-year calculussequence is a primary cause of attrition in engineering programs across the country. As a result,this paper will describe an NSF funded initiative at Wright State University to redefine the wayengineering mathematics is taught, with the goal of increasing student retention, motivation andsuccess in engineering. The WSU approach begins with the development of a novel first

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Jesiek, Purdue University; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Kacey Beddoes, Virginia Tech; Miguel Hurtado, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 14.792.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Internationalizing Engineering Education Research: Mapping Countries and Keywords to Identify New Collaborative HorizonsKeywords: international, collaboration, engineering education research, bibliometricsAbstractWhat are the current levels of activity and leading subject areas of engineering educationresearch, both worldwide and in specific national and regional contexts? And to what extent areengineering education researchers collaborating across countries? Building on prior theoreticaland methodological insights from social studies of science and bibliometrics, we address theseresearch questions by analyzing more than

Conference Session

Opportunities within Graduate Study Programs - Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carey Whitehair; Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Paper ID #19946The Role of Trust in Collaborative Research Settings: Opportunities for Fu-ture Research in Graduate Engineering EducationCarey WhitehairDr. Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Catherine G.P. Berdanier is a Research Associate in the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engi- neering at Pennsylvania State University. She earned her B.S. in Chemistry from The University of South Dakota, her M.S. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering and Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University. Her research interests include graduate-level engineering education, including

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin J. McCave, University of Houston; Courtney June Faber, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Tech; Courtney S. Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Virginia Tech, his M.S. in industrial & systems engineering from Virginia Tech, and his B.S. in industrial engineering from Clemson University.Dr. Courtney S. Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Courtney S. Smith,PhD is a Teaching Assistant Professor at UNC Charlotte. Her research interests span the mentoring experiences of African American women in engineering,minority recruitment and retention, and best practices for diversity and inclusion in the Engineering classroom. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Collaborative Research: Supporting Agency among Early Career Engineering Education Faculty in Diverse Institutional ContextsAbstractGiven the

Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Medha Dalal, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #25452Board 130: Engineering Education Collaborations: Exploring ”Ways of Think-ing” Using a Mixed Methods ApproachDr. Medha Dalal, Arizona State University Medha Dalal has a Ph.D. in Learning, Literacies and Technologies from the Arizona State University with a focus on engineering education. She has a master’s degree in Computer Science and a bachelor’s in Electrical Engineering. Medha has many years of experience teaching and developing curricula in computer science, engineering, and education technology programs. She has worked as an instructional designer at the Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and

Conference Session

FPD4 - Teaching Methods for First Year Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Haungs, California Polytechnic State University; John Clements, California Polytechnic State University; David Janzen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2008-464: IMPROVING ENGINEERING EDUCATION THROUGHCREATIVITY, COLLABORATION, AND CONTEXT IN A FIRST YEAR COURSEMichael Haungs, California Polytechnic State University Michael Haungs is an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department at California Polytechnic State University. He received his B.S. degree in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from the University of California, Berkeley, his M.S. degree in Computer Science from Clemson University, and his PhD in Computer Science from the University of California, Davis. His interests are in systems research, with an emphasis on: Distributed Systems, Networking, Interprocess Communications, Operating Systems and Parallel

Conference Session

Curriculum Development & Assessment in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, Idaho State University; Michael Lineberry, Idaho State University; Leonard Bond, Idaho National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

, following his recent retirement from 30 years at the Argonne National Laboratory.Leonard Bond, Idaho National Laboratory Dr. Bond is Director of the Center for Advanced Energy Studies at the Idaho National Laboratory. Page 11.1248.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 The 2+2 Scholars Program: Collaborative Undergraduate Nuclear Engineering Education in IdahoAbstractThe 2 + 2 Scholars Program brings together nuclear engineering undergraduate students fromthree Idaho universities - Idaho State University (ISU), the University of Idaho (UI), and BoiseState University (BSU) - to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Devlin B. Montfort, Washington State University; Cara J Poor P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

professional engineer with ongoing research in hydrology, water quality, and engineering edu- cation. Her education research includes contributing to the design of an innovative peer-tutoring program, which she continues to implement. Dr. Poor is co-author, with Dr. Brown, of a book of ranking tasks for use in interactive mechanics of materials courses. Page 23.299.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Collaboratively  Developing  Research-­‐Based  Curricular  Materials     To  Improve  Conceptual  Understanding  in  Engineering  Education

Conference Session

Advances in Assessment of Communication and Interdisciplinary Competence

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Arlene Ann Russell; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; Chester G. Wilmot, Louisiana State University; Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; David R. Voltmer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; W. Todd Monroe, Louisiana State University; Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University; Dianne Raubenheimer, Meredith College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 25.744.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Improving Engineering Education with Enhanced Calibrated Peer Review – Assessment of a Collaborative Research ProjectAbstract:Calibrated Peer Review (CPRTM) is an online application that was developed to enable students tocritically review other students’ written assignments as a learning tool for their own written work. Thispaper describes the results of a project to create an enhanced version of CPR, both to allow for the inputand review of visual and spoken (video) components by students and also to permit the expansion of thisfunctionality to the 2500 assignments that

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Imre Rudas, Budapest Polytechnical Institution; Peter Toth, Budapest Tech.

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2009-2533: UTILIZATION OF COOPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVELEARNING IN TECHNICAL TEACHER TRAINING AND ENGINEERINGEDUCATION OVER NATIONAL BOARDERSImre Rudas, Budapest Polytechnical Institution Director, Budapest TechPeter Toth, Budapest Tech. Director, Centre for Teacher Training and Engineering Education, Budapest Tech Page 14.1339.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Utilization of Cooperative and Collaborative Learning in Technical Teacher Training and Engineering Education over National BoarderAbstractThe Masters level Opportunities and Technological Innovation in

Conference Session

NEW THIS YEAR! - ASEE Main Plenary II: Best Paper Recognition & Industry Day Session: Corporate Member Council Speaker

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gale Tenen Spak, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors, Corporate Members Council

for Engineering Education, 2011 m-Outreach for Engineering Continuing Education: A Model for University-Company Collaboration New Jersey Institute of Technology and Cell Podium, LLCThe most prevalent channel today capable of conveying educational and training content is thecell/smart phone. Cell/smart phones possess a unique combination of ubiquity, portability,connectively and low cost which together could make them a valuable educational tool.1 As amethod for providing training and education, m-learning is commonly defined as “e-learningcarried out by means of mobile computational devices” that are “small, autonomous andunobtrusive enough to accompany us in every moment of life”.2Today cell phones

Conference Session

Engineering a Just Future: Cultivating Equity, Voice, and Community in Technical Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University; Theo Sorg, Purdue University; Hector Enrique Rodríguez-Simmonds, Boston College; Sage Maul, Purdue University; Nadia N. Kellam, Arizona State University; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University; Taylor V. Williams, Harding University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #42751WIP: In Search of Community: A Collaborative Inquiry Among NeurodivergentEngineering Education ResearchersDr. Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University Marissa Tsugawa is an assistant professor at Utah State University who leverages mixed-methods research to explore neurodiversity and identity and motivation in engineering. They completed their Ph.D. in Engineering Education where they focused on motivation and identity for engineering graduate students.Theo Sorg, Purdue University Theo Sorg (they/them) is a fifth-year PhD student and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow in the School

Collection

2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Kurt Gramoll

Workshop on Designing, Developing and Implementing Online Collaboration Tools forEngineering Education, Kurt Gramoll, University of Oklahoma With the increased use of computers and electronic media in teaching basic engineering courses comes a need for better online collaboration tools. Many basic tasks, such as office hours, help sessions and even lecturing, can be done more efficiently and conveniently over the Internet with the right collaboration tools. However, there are few commercially available tools that work well for engineering. Engineers have special needs like vector-based graphics that can be edited, equations, illustrations, diagrams and other hard to create images. These tools also

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kanti Prasad

Preparing Students with Industrial Collaboration in Meeting the Challenges in Engineering Design with Consummate VLSI Education Kanti Prasad Ph.D.; P.E. Professor/Founding Director Microelectronics/VLSI Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Lowell Kanti_Prasad@uml.eduAbstract:For in-depth Microelectronics education, state-of-the-art laboratory facilities are requiredto complement theoretical instructions in order to validate the modeled microelectronicdesign from its conception to the finished chip along with its

Collection

2009 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Kanti Prasad

Preparing Students with Industrial Collaboration in Meeting the Challenges in Engineering Design with Consummate VLSI Education Kanti Prasad Ph.D.; P.E. Professor/Founding Director Microelectronics/VLSI Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Lowell Kanti_Prasad@uml.eduAbstract:For in-depth Microelectronics education, state-of-the-art laboratory facilities are requiredto complement theoretical instructions in order to validate the modeled microelectronicdesign from its conception to the finished chip along with its

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2 - Curriculum and Laboratory Development

Collection

2012 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Khairiyah Mohd Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Tagged Topics

Track 2 - Curriculum and Laboratory Development

GC 2012-5640: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS IN DEVELOPING THE PHDIN ENGINEERING EDUCATION PROGRAM IN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGIDr. Khairiyah Mohd Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Dr. Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Uni- versity Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). She is the Director of the UTM Regional Centre for Engineering Education (RCEE), which promotes meaningful research and scholarly practice in engineering education, and manages the PhD in Engineering Education program. Since 2011, she is the Secretary of the Society for Engineering Education Malaysia (SEEM). Prior to becoming the Director of RCEE, Dr. Khairiyah was the Deputy Director at the Centre for Teaching &

Collection

2023 ASEE PNW Section Conference

Authors

Michael Marsolek, Seattle University; Katie Kuder, Seattle University; Joseph Pacini; Patricia Jones; Luis Jaramillo Gomez; Manuela Estrada Giraldo; Manuela Torres Giraldo; Juan Camilo Valencia Reyes; Jose Manuel Rangel Gutierrez de Pineres; Zainab Ahmad, Seattle University; Ian Woodley, Seattle University

Paper ID #40579Increasing Global Education Opportunities for Engineering Students:Pilot Collaborative International Project Studying Coffee WastewaterTreatmentDr. Michael Marsolek, Seattle UniversityDr. Katie Kuder, Seattle University Katie Kuder is Associate Dean and a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the College of Science and Engineering. Dr. Kuder received her B.S. in Civil Engineering from Gonzaga University in 2000. She earned a M.S. (2002) and Ph.D. (2005) in Civil Engineering from Northwestern University, specializing in Structural Engineering and Materials. Her research area is in cement-based

Conference Session

Innovative Adult and Technology Enhanced Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gale Tenen Spak, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Peter Schmitt, Schmitt & Associates, LLC; Cesar Bandera, Cell Podium LLC

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

the field of multimedia has yielded a Small Business of the Year Nomination from the US Air Force, 2007 NJ Entrepreneur award, a NASA Space Act award, various patents and publications, and six Ph.D. graduates. Page 22.1028.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 m-Outreach for Engineering Continuing Education: A Model for University-Company Collaboration New Jersey Institute of Technology and Cell Podium, LLCThe most prevalent channel today capable of conveying educational and training content is thecell/smart phone. Cell/smart phones

Conference Session

CPD Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jenna L. Gorlewicz, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Matthew A. Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Dazhi Yang, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Paper ID #9048The PEER Collaborative: Supporting engineering education research facultywith near-peer mentoring unconference workshopsDr. Alice L Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette Alice L. Pawley is an associate professor in the School of Engineering Education with affiliations with the Women’s Studies Program and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering at Purdue University. She has a B.Eng. in chemical engineering (with distinction) from McGill University, and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in industrial and systems engineering with a Ph.D. minor in women’s studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She

Conference Session

International Division (INTL): Case Studies and Trends

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bhuvaneswari Gopal, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Byrav Ramamurthy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Prasad Edamana

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

. Prasad had ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 A Collaborative International Active Learning Workshop for Engineering Education in India – An Experience Report Bhuvaneswari Gopal School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Byrav Ramamurthy School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Edamana Prasad Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, IndiaAbstractThis experience report describes a 4-day international workshop, a collaborative effort byAmerican

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Chinmay Mahabal; Feyza Achilova; Shakhnoza Kayumova; Eleanor Richard

Work in Progress: Relational Justice and Collaborative Self- Determination in Engineering EducationOverview Within engineering and science education, the value of collaborative work has beenwell established. Research underscores the significant advantages of joint-activity andlearning collaboratively, including social, cognitive, and disciplinary skill development inaddition to cross-cultural communication among people from diverse races, genders, andethnicities (Boaler, 2008). In science and engineering classrooms, the National ResearchCouncil (2015) recognizes environments that provide opportunities for collaborativelearning to be important spaces for developing 21st-century skills needed for all

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

John Robertson

: Page 10.915.1 1. Establish a much higher level of interaction with industry than has been the norm. Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education 2. Use the well-established procedures of Systems Engineering [1] and the Balanced Scorecard [2] to shape strategy and identify targets for change. The industry dialog was relatively easy to enhance. The Phoenix area has a major concentration of semiconductor companies and by a process of personal contacts and references, we assembled an Industry Advisory Board (IAB) with representation from 12 key companies. We sought out people at a sufficiently senior

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Jeanne M. Gerlach; Bill D. Carroll

Collaborating to Build a Teaching Certification in Engineering Jeanne M. Gerlach, Ph.D. Dean, School of Education The University of Texas at Arlington Bill D. Carroll, Ph.D., P.E. Dean, College of Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington AbstractThis paper contains an overview of efforts in Texas to develop grades 8-through-12 teachercertification in engineering. The need and justification for this certification is provided alongwith the process for developing certification standards

Conference Session

Academe/Industry Collaboration

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparajit Koshal; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Michael D. Johnson, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

University of Alabama. She has experi- ence working with many industries such as automotive, chemical distribution etc. on transportation and operations management projects. She works extensively with food banks and food pantries on supply chain management and logistics focused initiatives. Her graduate and undergraduate students are integral part of her service-learning based logistics classes. She teaches courses in strategic relationships among industrial distributors and distribution logistics. Her recent research focuses on engineering education and learning sciences with a focus on how to engage students better to prepare their minds for the future. Her other research interests include empirical studies to